Helical plasma filaments from the self-channeling of intense femtosecond laser pulses in optical fibers: publisher's note.

This publisher's note contains a correction to Opt. Lett.47, 1 (2022)10.1364/OL.445321.

Helical plasma filaments from the self-channeling of intense femtosecond laser pulses in optical fibers.

We experimentally and numerically study the ignition of helical-shaped plasma filaments in standard optical fibers. Femtosecond pulses with megawatt peak power with proper off-axis and tilted coupling in the fiber core produce plasma skew rays. These last for distances as long as 1000 wavelengths thanks to a combination of linear waveguiding and the self-channeling effect. Peculiar is the case of graded-index multimode fibers; here the spatial self-imaging places constraints on the helix pitch. These results may find applications for fabricating fibers with helical-shaped core micro-structuration as well as for designing laser components and three-dimensional optical memories.

An Evaluation of Renal Care received by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Patients admitted in a Tertiary Hospital in Sierra Leone.

INTRODUCTION: The burden of HIV is on the rise and patients with HIV are also vulnerable to renal impairment from both acute and chronic causes. This study sets out to evaluate renal care received by such patients. METHODS: The study was conducted at Connaught Hospital, the main tertiary hospital (for medical and surgical cases) in the country. A retrospective review of all admitted patients with HIV between January and December 2019. Data was collected using a well- structured study proforma. RESULTS: A total of 230 patients were admitted with HIV during the study period. The mean age of patients was 36.9 ± (11.5) years with a female preponderance of 61.3%. A vast majority of the patients (54.8%) could afford to do some renal investigations and only 13.9% were seen by renal physicians; 69.1% of patients with azotaemia died while on admission. CONCLUSION: The extent of renal care observed from the study was poor because the majority of the patients were not seen by renal physicians and could not afford renal investigations. Also, the occurrence of renal impairment in patients with HIV suggests a poor prognosis.

INTRODUCTION: Le fardeau du VIH est en augmentation et les patients séropositifs sont également vulnérables à l'insuffisance rénale due à des causes aiguës et chroniques. Cette étude a pour but d'évaluer les soins rénaux reçus par ces patients. MÉTHODES: L'étude a été menée à l'hôpital Connaught, le principal établissement tertiaire (pour les cas médicaux et chirurgicaux) du pays; un examen rétrospectif de tous les patients admis avec le VIH entre janvier et décembre 2019. Les données ont été recueillies à l'aide d'un proforma d'étude bien structuré. RÉSULTATS: Un total de 230 patients ont été admis avec le VIH au cours de la période d'étude. L'âge moyen des patients était de 36,9±(11,5) ans avec une prépondérance féminine de 61,3%. La grande majorité des patients (54,8 %) pouvaient se permettre de faire quelques examens rénaux et seuls 13,9 % ont été vus par des médecins spécialisés dans les maladies rénales; 69,1 % des patients atteints d'azotémie sont décédés pendant leur admission. CONCLUSION: L'étendue des soins rénaux observés dans cette étude est faible car la majorité des patients n'ont pas été vus par des médecins rénaux et ne pouvaient pas se permettre de faire des examens rénaux. De plus, la présence d'une insuffisance rénale chez les patients atteints du VIH suggère un mauvais pronostic. Mots clés: Soins rénaux, patients VIH, Hôpital tertiaire, Sierra Leone.

Experimental observation of self-imaging in SMF-28 optical fibers.

Spatial self-imaging, consisting of the periodic replication of the optical transverse beam profile along the propagation direction, can be achieved in guided wave systems when all excited modes interfere in phase. We exploited material defects photoluminescence for directly visualizing self-imaging in a few-mode, nominal singlemode SMF-28 optical fiber. Visible luminescence was excited by intense femtosecond infrared pulses via multiphoton absorption processes. Our method permits us to determine the mode propagation constants and the cutoff wavelength of transverse fiber modes.

Spatial beam self-cleaning and supercontinuum generation with Yb-doped multimode graded-index fiber taper based on accelerating self-imaging and dissipative landscape.

We experimentally demonstrate spatial beam self-cleaning and supercontinuum generation in a tapered Ytterbium-doped multimode optical fiber with parabolic core refractive index profile when 1064 nm pulsed beams propagate from wider (122 µm) into smaller (37 µm) diameter. In the passive mode, increasing the input beam peak power above 20 kW leads to a bell-shaped output beam profile. In the active configuration, gain from the pump laser diode permits to combine beam self-cleaning with supercontinuum generation between 520-2600 nm. By taper cut-back, we observed that the dissipative landscape, i.e., a non-monotonic variation of the average beam power along the MMF, leads to modal transitions of self-cleaned beams along the taper length.

[Peritoneal dialysis in a tropical area, a reality]. / Dialyse péritonéale en milieu tropical, une réalité.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease is now regarded as amajor public health concern. This is especially true in developing countries where it accounts for significant morbidity, mortality and decreased life expectancy. The main problem for developing countries is the cost of dialysis. Indeed, the availability of peritoneal dialysis for renal replacement therapy is low in sub-Saharan Africa. Since March 2004 peritoneal dialysis has been available to some patients with end-stage renal disease in Senegal. The purpose of this study was to assess epidemiologic, clinical, technical patterns and outcomes in patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis in the first three years of the program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This three-year retropective study identified 26 patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis for end-stage renal disease for a period of at least 15 days. Patients not meeting these criteria were not included. All patients had a Baxter type transfer set. Lactate-bicarbonate solution was used for countinuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. In 3 cases, Icodextrin- and amino-acid based-solutions were employed. In automated peritoneal dialysis, the Home Choice machine was used for all patients. Epidemiological, clinical/paraclinical data and outcomes were noted for each patient. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients were included in the study. Median age was 48 +/- 6 years with a M/F sex ratio of 1.17. Most patients (84%) were literate. Diabetic nephropathy and nephroangiosclerosis were the main causes of end-stage renal disease. The mean Charlson score was 3 (range, 2 to 5). Mean residual diuresis was 435 mL/day. The peritonitis rate was 1 per 20 patient months. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common germs. Six patients presented catheter infection: exit-site in 4 and tunnel in 2. Catheter obstruction occurred in three cases. At the end of the study, 6 patients were still in automated peritoneal dialysis and 8 in countinuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Six 6 patients died and 6 were switched to hemodialysis. CONCLUSION: Peritoneal dialysis is available as a renal replacement therapy in Senegal. It has allowed end-stage renal disease patients greater autonomy in their working place.

[Nocardiosis: 4 cases in Senegal]. / Nocardiose: 4 observations au Sénégal.

The purpose of this report is to describe four cases of nocardiosis observed over an eight-year period in medical units of Principal Hospital in Dakar, Senegal. It is a rare infection occurring mainly in people with weakened immune systems. Pulmonary forms are predominate and clinical and laboratory presentation can mimic pulmonary tuberculosis. Diagnosis should be suspected in patients presenting pulmonary infections and negative sputum bacilloscopy. Nocardia bacteria should be identified before starting antibiotic treatment. Patients require long-term antibiotic treatment with third generation cephalosporins or sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim.

[Merkel cell carcinoma of the gingival mucosa in a black young adult]. / Carcinome à cellule de Merkel gingival chez un adulte jeune de race noire.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive primary neuroendocrine neoplasm of the skin with a poor prognosis. It occurs mainly in the skin of white elderly patients. Its occurrence in intraoral mucosal sites is rare. We report a rare case of MCC that arose in the gingival mucosa of young black adult.

Rainbow Archimedean spiral emission from optical fibres.

We demonstrate a new practical approach for generating multicolour spiral-shaped beams. It makes use of a standard silica optical fibre, combined with a tilted input laser beam. The resulting breaking of the fibre axial symmetry leads to the propagation of a helical beam. The associated output far-field has a spiral shape, independently of the input laser power value. Whereas, with a high-power near-infrared femtosecond laser, a visible supercontinuum spiral emission is generated. With appropriate control of the input laser coupling conditions, the colours of the spiral spatially self-organize in a rainbow distribution. Our method is independent of the laser source wavelength and polarization. Therefore, standard optical fibres may be used for generating spiral beams in many applications, ranging from communications to optical tweezers and quantum optics.

[Etiology of spontaneous pneumothorax in Senegal: prospective study in Dakar University Hospital]. / Etiologies du pneumothorax spontané au Sénégal: étude prospective au CHU de Fann-Dakar.

Pneumothorax is defined as the presence of air in the pleural space. There is a paucity of data on pneumothorax in Senegal. The purpose of this prospective study conducted over a 18-month period was to determine the etiological and clinical characteristics of spontaneous pneumothorax in Senegal. This study was conducted in the respiratory disease unit of Dakar University Hospital between June 2005 and November 2006. All patients over the age of 15 years admitted with a diagnosis of spontaneous pneumothorax were included. Sociodemographic, clinical, radiological and biological data were recorded for all patients. Of the 1,053 patients admitted to the unit during the study period, 73 (6.93%) presented spontaneous pneumothorax that was classified as primary in 8 cases and secondary in 65. Median patient age was 32 years (range, 16 to 86). The male-to-female ratio was 3.6/1. The most common cause of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax was pulmonary tuberculosis followed by emphysema. The findings of this study indicate that secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is predominant in Senegal. Pulmonary tuberculosis that is endemic in the country is the main cause of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax and accounts for almost 3/4 of cases.

[Dermatomyositis and polymyositis: 21 cases in Senegal]. / Dermatomyosites et polymyosites: 21 cas au Sénégal.

Dermatopolymyositis (DPM) is a term describing a group of disorders comprising multiple distinct entities depending on interactions between genetic and environmental factor. There is a paucity of studies on DPM in black Africa. The purpose of this report is to describe epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic aspects of dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM) observed at the Principal Hospital in Dakar, Senegal. A retrospective review as conducted of patients hospitalized for DM and PM in Medical Departments of Principal Hospital. Diagnosis of DRM was based on the criteria of Bohan and Peter's in all cases. A series of 21 black African patients was compiled including 15 with DM and 6 with PM. Mean age was 52 years and the M/F sex ratio was 0.6. The mean delay for diagnosis was 6 weeks (range, 3 to 12 weeks). Initial signs were dermatological in 12 patients, pulmonary in one and muscular in the remaining cases. The most common dermatological sign was erythema characterized by a zebra-like aspect on the extended limbs. Erythema was frequently pruriginous with a flagellate aspect on the back. Muscular signs were observed in 18 patients and included pharyngeal manifestations in 10 patients. Amyopathic DM was not observed. Cardiac abnormalities included tachycardia (4 cases), AVB (1), ischemic lesion (1), relaxation disturbances (4), pericardial effusion (3), myocarditis (2) and pulmonary hypertension (1). The most common pulmonary manifestation was interstitial lung disease observed in 6 patients. Gastrointestinal signs were noted in 9 patients including endoscopic evidence of superficial erosion in 4 cases. Electromyography (EMG) tracings revealed myogenic disease in 14 cases including 2 associated with reduced peripheral nervous conduction speed. Severe lymphopenia was observed in 3 patients but HIV serology was negative in all cases. Paraneoplasic DM was observed in 3 cases. Death occurred in 5 cases due to the cancer-related, pulmonary and infectious complications. Based on the findings of this study, the three main features of DM and PM in Senegal are flagellated and often pruriginous erythema, cardiac and interstitial lung disease, and peripheral neural involvement.

[Permanent deafness following typhoid fever: case report from Dakar, Senegal]. / Surdité définitive au décours d'une fièvre typhoïde une observation a Dakar (Sénégal).

Severe infections due to Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi are still common in sub-Saharan Africa where many patients are empirically treated for malaria. In addition to the usual clinical signs and complications of typhoid fever, clinicians practicing in high incidence areas must be aware of less common manifestations. The purpose of this report is to describe a case involving an 18-year-old boy who presented with quinine-resistant febrile coma. The final diagnosis was typhoid fever. After recovery the patient presented complete deafness. Discussion raises the question of whether deafness was secondary to typhoid fever or to drug therapy.

[Shoulder pain revealing tuberculosis of the humerus]. / Une épaule douloureuse révélant une tuberculose osseuse inhabituelle.

Tuberculous spondylitis is the most common form of musculoskeletal tuberculosis. However, extraspinal manifestations have been described with tuberculosis of the wrist, femur, foot or shoulder, as in the patient presented. Because of an often-indolent clinical presentation, the diagnosis is delayed and antituberculous treatment is not able to prevent serious bone destruction.

[Pleuro-pulmonary manifestations disclosing hepatic amoebiasis]. / Manifestations pleuropulmonaires révélatrices de l'amibiase hépatique.

During a mission in ex-Yugoslavia between 2001 and 2004, three French soldiers were sent home because of right pneumopathy, right pleurisy after appendicectomy, haemoptysis and liver haematoma, respectively. They previously were stationed in Africa and/or South America. The initial diagnosis was quickly modified: pleuropulmonary manifestations of amoebic hepatic abscess in two cases, and pleuropulmonary amoebiasis in the last case. The outcome was favourable with standard anti-amoebic treatment. The reports illustrate the possibility of hepatic amoebiasis with local pleuropulmonary manifestations and an exceptional case of pleuropulmonary amoebiasis with hepatobronchial fistula. The authors report this experience because it demonstrates that amoebiasis in European countries remains an often forgotten diagnosis. Although known for a long time in developing countries, amoebiasis in the military or in tourists should be systematically considered.

[Epidemiology of primary lung cancer among non-smokers in Senegal]. / Épidémiologie des cancers bronchopulmonaires primitifs des non-fumeurs au Sénégal.

INTRODUCTION: According to global data for 2002, one quarter of new cases of primary bronchopulmonary cancer were non-smokers. We undertook this study with the aim of describing the epidemiological characteristics of non-smokers with primary bronchopulmonary cancer in the Dakar region of Senegal. METHODS: A multicenter descriptive study that included all non-smokers who presented with primary bronchopulmonary cancer between January 1st 2014 and December 31st 2015. The data were captured on an Excel file and then transferred to Epi InfoTM 7 software for analysis. RESULTS: The rate of diagnosis for primary bronchopulmonary cancers was 72.1 %. The prevalence of non-smokers was 33.3 %. The sex ratio was 1.27. The average age was 54.6 years. More than a third of the sample were housewives. Carpenters and craftsmen exposed to metals predominated. Exposure to cooking oils was reported in one case. Three patients presented sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis. Adenocarcinoma was the most common histological type and predominated in young subjects. CONCLUSION: The proportion of primary bronchopulmonary cancers diagnosed among non-smokers is increasing in Dakar. An analytical study of suspected risk factors would be helpful for prevention.

[Clinical, biological and radiological spectrum of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis]. / Profil clinique, biologique et radiologique des nouveaux cas de tuberculose pulmonaire au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann-Dakar.

The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical, biological and the chest-X ray presentations of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. A retrospective study of 200 patients was performed from January to October 2004 in the respiratory diseases unit of Dakar's University Teaching Hospital. Among the 200 cases, 140 (70%) were male, giving a sex ratio of 2.3. The mean age of our patients was 35.5 years (range: 14-81 years). The group age of 20 to 39 years was the most affected (55,5% of patients). The median diagnostic delay was 4 months (range: 7 days to 2 years). Haemoptysis revealed the disease in 27% of cases. The chest X-ray showed bilateral lesions in 65% of cases. When they were unilateral, the right side was the most concerned. Of the 200 patients, the lesions interested all parts of at least one lung in 106 (53%). Among our patients, 153 (76.5%) had cavitations and 145 (72.5%) had infiltrates. A pleural effusion was associated to the lung lesions in 10% of the patients. Biologically, we reported 80% cases (n=160) of hypochromic microcytic anaemia. Of the 27 HIV tests done, 18 (66.7%) were positive all for HIV1. Delay in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was very long and our data illustrate the need for improved education of the community and event of healthcare workers about the benefit of early diagnosis of tuberculosis.

[Arterial hypertension and the kidney]. / Hypertension arterielle et rein.

Arterial hypertension is a factor of major risk of cardiovascular complications which represent the first cause of death in the world. One can define it as a level of blood pressure (140/90 mmHg) beyond which the cardiovascular risk is important and requires a therapeutic action. One of the etiopathogenic assumptions selected is a disordered state of the relation pressure natriuresis wich is the major mechanism of control of long-term arterial pressure. The diagnostic means and of monitoring were the subject of consensus on the level of scientific societies what is not the case of the therapeutic strategy . In more of lifestyle change, the patients with renal diseases generally require an association of antihypertensive drugs whose the thiazide diuretics ones must have a leader place. Their association with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists seem to give the best effectiveness in term of cardioprotection and nephroprotection.

[Nephrotic syndrom with focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in Dakar: epidemiological and clinicopathological characteristics (about 134 cases)]. / Le syndrome néphrotique avec hyalinose segmentaire et focale a Dakar: aspects épidémiologiques et anatomocliniques (a propos de 134 cas).

Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is common and non-specific patterns of glomerular injury encountered in human renal biopsies. Cortico-resistant nephrotic syndrome is the main manifestation. We report epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of FSGS in Dakar. We report the results of a retrospective study about focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) identified from 258 kidney biopsies performed in the medical clinic 1 of A. Le Dantec hospital from January 1993 to December 2003. FSG is found in 134 cases (52%), membranous glomerulonephritis in 32 cases (12,4%), minimal change disease in 20 cases (7.7%). Ninety eigths files were exploitable. FSGS has male gender predominance with a sex ratio of 3. Median age of patients is 28 years (15 and 79 years). Symptomatology is dominated by oedema in 86 cases (87,7%), hypertension in 12 cases (12.2%), hematuria in 5 cases (5.1%), nephrotic proteinuria in 65 cases (66,3%) and no nephrotic proteinuria in 33 cases (33.6%), renal failure in 25 cases (25%)and leucocyturia in 18 cases (18%). FSGS involving more than 50% of glomeruli is encountered in 41 cases (42%), severe interstitial fibrosis is associated in 26 cases. Different pathological aspects are: classical FSGS in 88 cases (88.7%), FSGS " collapsing" in 7 cases (7.1%), FSG "tip-lesion" in one case, FSGS associated to membranous glomerulosclerosis in 2 cases and to diabetic glomerulosclerosis in one case. FSGS is primitive in 88 cases (89,8%) and secondary in 10 cases (10.2%). FSGS is the most common primitive glomerulopathy in Dakar. Nephrotic syndrome is the main manifestation of this disease. Collapsing FSGS is not correlated with the HIV Infection.

[Sandflies Fauna of the Focus of Keur Moussa: Current Data on Diversity and Seasonal Variations (Thies, Senegal)]. / Faune phlébotomienne du foyer leishmanien de Keur Moussa : données actuelles sur la diversité et variations saisonnières (Thiès, Sénégal).

An inter-epidemic oversight was conducted in the cutaneous leishmaniasis focus of Keur Moussa (Thies region) between June 2015 and October 2016, more than 20 years after the last epidemic. The three sampling methods (adhesive traps, CDC light traps, and indoor pyrethroids sprays) allowed the capture of 1,746 sand flies belonging to 2 genera and 24 species, those involved in the transmission of leishmaniasis in Senegal, as well as 11 new species for the focus. The vector of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Senegal, Phlebotomus duboscqi Neveu-Lemaire, 1906, represents 10.9% of this fauna. Sergentomyia schwetzi, one of the species involved, with Sergentomyia dubia and Sergentomyia magna, in the transmission of canine leishmaniasis in Senegal, is the most abundant species with 38.1% of the samples. The other two species have individually smaller percentages. Seasonal variations of the abundance show an intense activity of sandflies at the end of the dry season under the influence of high average temperatures and a humidity exceeding 50%. Rains are a limiting factor. According to the enrichment of the fauna and the high density of the different vectors of leishmaniasis in this focus, particularly P. duboscqi, a specific importance should be given for this focus in order to prevent occurrence of epidemics.

Une surveillance interépidémique a été menée au niveau du foyer de leishmaniose cutanée de Keur Moussa (région de Thiès) entre juin 2015 et octobre 2016, soit plus de 20 ans après la dernière épidémie. Les trois méthodes d'échantillonnage utilisées (papiers huilés, pièges lumineux CDC et pulvérisations intradomiciliaires avec des pyréthrinoïdes) ont permis la capture de 1 746 phlébotomes appartenant à deux genres et 24 espèces, celles impliquées dans la transmission des leishmanioses au Sénégal et 11 espèces nouvelles pour le foyer. Le vecteur de la leishmaniose cutanée humaine au Sénégal, Phlebotomus duboscqi Neveu-Lemaire, 1906, représente 10,9 % des captures. Sergentomyia schwetzi, l'une des espèces impliquées, avec Sergentomyia dubia et Sergentomyia magna, dans la transmission de la leishmaniose canine au Sénégal, est la plus abondante avec 38,1 % des captures. Les deux autres espèces ont des pourcentages individuels moins importants. Les variations saisonnières d'abondance montrent une intense activité des phlébotomes en fin de saison sèche sous l'influence des températures moyennes élevées et d'une humidité dépassant les 50 %. La pluie constitue un facteur limitant. En vue de prévenir la survenue d'épidémies, une importance particulière devra être accordée à ce foyer, vu l'enrichissement de la faune et les densités élevées des différents vecteurs de leishmanioses dans ce foyer, en particulierP. duboscqi.

[Prevalence Of Tooth Decay In Children From Age 3 To 14 At The Department Of Odontology Of Militairy Hopital Of Bamako (IHB) In Mali]. / Prevalence De La Carie Dentaire Chez Les Enfants De 3 A 14 Ans Dans Le Service D'Odontologie De L'Infirmerie Hopital Militaire De Bamako (IHB) Au Mali.

This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study lasting 8 months from 20 January to 20 September 2013, carried out in the Department of Dentistry of the Bamako IHB Military Hospital. Thus, out of 263 children surveyed, 178 cases of tooth decay were recorded, ie 67.68%. Females accounted for 97 cases or 54.49% with a sex ratio of 1.2; the 3- to 6-year age group accounted for 72 cases, or 40.45%. School children accounted for 85.39% of cases. The children who brushed represent 168 cases or 94.38%. Those who brushed once were the most represented with 145 cases or 86.30%. Almost all patients had consulted for swelling and pain. The group of lower right and left lower temporal molars were the most represented with respectively 24.71% and 28.09%. Temporary teeth were 103 (71.0%) were mainly the most affected. Stage 3 caries known as pulp according to the classification of early childhood caries represented 145 cases, ie 81.46%. The lower jaw represented 142 cases, ie 77.76%. Oral health plays an important role in children to maintain oral functions. It is necessary for eating, developing speech and a positive self-image. It is therefore time to focus on education campaigns, information for behavioral change in oral hygiene and the use of anti-caries adjuvants in children.

Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale, descriptive d'une durée de 8 mois allant du 20 Janvier au 20 Septembre 2013 réalisée dans le service d'Odontologie de l'Infirmerie Hôpital Militaire de Bamako IHB. Ainsi, Sur 263 enfants enquêtés 178 cas de carie dentaire ont été recensés soit une prévalence de67,68 %. Le sexe féminin a représenté 97 cas soit 54,49 % avec un sexe ratio de 1,2. La tranche d'âge de 3 à 6 ans a représenté 72 cas soit 40,45 %.Les enfants scolarisés ont représenté 85,39 % des cas. Les enfants qui se brossaient représentent 168 cas soit 94,38 %. Ceux qui se brossaient une fois ont été les plus représentés avec 145 cas soit 86,30%. La quasi-totalité des patients avaient consulté pour tuméfaction et douleur.Le groupe des molaires temporaires inferieures droite et gauche ont été les plus représentées avec respectivement 24,71% et 28,09 %.Les dents temporaires soient 103 (71,0%) ont été principalement les plus affectées. La carie du stade 3 dite pulpaire selon la classification de la carie de la petite enfance a représenté 145 cas soit 81,46 %. Le maxillaire inferieur a représenté 142 cas soit 77,76%.La santé bucco-dentaire joue un rôle important chez les enfants pour maintenir les fonctions orales. Elle est nécessaire pour manger, développer la parole et une auto-image positive. Il est donc temps de mettre l'accent sur les campagnes d'éducation, information pour un changement de comportement face à l'hygiène bucco-dentaire et à l'utilisation des adjuvants anti carieux chez les enfants.