Design, synthesis and evaluation of new classes of nonquaternary reactivators for acetylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphates.

A new series of nonquaternary conjugates for reactivation of both nerve agents and pesticides inhibited hAChE were described in this paper. It was found that substituted salicylaldehydes conjugated to aminobenzamide through piperidine would produce efficient reactivators for sarin, VX and tabun inhibited hAChE, such as L6M1R3, L6M1R5 to L6M1R7, L4M1R3 and L4M1R5 to L4M1R7. The in vitro reactivation experiment for pesticides inhibited hAChE of these new synthesized oximes were conducted for the first time. Despite they were less efficient than obidoxime, some of them were highlighted as equal or more efficient reactivators in comparison to 2-PAM. It was found that introduction of peripheral site ligands could increase oximes' binding affinity for inhibited hAChE in most cases, which resulted in greater reactivation ability.

Conjugates of salicylaldoximes and peripheral site ligands: Novel efficient nonquaternary reactivators for nerve agent-inhibited acetylcholinesterase.

A new family of nonquaternary reactivators for nerve agent-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) were designed, synthesized and tested in this paper. It was found that salicylaldoximes were able to quickly cleave the P-S bond of organophosphate and avoid the reinhibition phenomenon in the reactivation process, but they lacked reactivating ability due to poor affinity for AChE. Based on a dual site binding strategy, different peripheral site ligands of AChE were introduced to achieve extra affinity. The in vitro reactivation experiments demonstrated that some of the yielding conjugates exhibited similar or even superior ability to reactivate sarin-, VX- or tabun-inhibited hAChE in comparison with the mono- and bis-pyridinium aldoximes currently used. Moreover, due to greatly improved lipophilicity, these nonquaternary conjugates hold promise for the development of efficient centrally activating reactivators.

The Interplay between Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Ferroptosis during Ischemia-Associated Central Nervous System Diseases.

Cerebral ischemia, a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide, triggers a cascade of molecular and cellular pathologies linked to several central nervous system (CNS) disorders. These disorders primarily encompass ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), epilepsy, and other CNS conditions. Despite substantial progress in understanding and treating the underlying pathological processes in various neurological diseases, there is still a notable absence of effective therapeutic approaches aimed specifically at mitigating the damage caused by these illnesses. Remarkably, ischemia causes severe damage to cells in ischemia-associated CNS diseases. Cerebral ischemia initiates oxygen and glucose deprivation, which subsequently promotes mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, mitophagy dysfunction, and excessive mitochondrial fission, triggering various forms of cell death such as autophagy, apoptosis, as well as ferroptosis. Ferroptosis, a novel type of regulated cell death (RCD), is characterized by iron-dependent accumulation of lethal reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. Mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis both play critical roles in the pathogenic progression of ischemia-associated CNS diseases. In recent years, growing evidence has indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction interplays with ferroptosis to aggravate cerebral ischemia injury. However, the potential connections between mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis in cerebral ischemia have not yet been clarified. Thus, we analyzed the underlying mechanism between mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis in ischemia-associated CNS diseases. We also discovered that GSH depletion and GPX4 inactivation cause lipoxygenase activation and calcium influx following cerebral ischemia injury, resulting in MPTP opening and mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, dysfunction in mitochondrial electron transport and an imbalanced fusion-to-fission ratio can lead to the accumulation of ROS and iron overload, which further contribute to the occurrence of ferroptosis. This creates a vicious cycle that continuously worsens cerebral ischemia injury. In this study, our focus is on exploring the interplay between mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis, which may offer new insights into potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of ischemia-associated CNS diseases.

Cucurbitacin IIa exerts antidepressant-like effects on mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress.

Cucurbitacin IIa (CuIIa) is the major active component of the Helmseya amabilis root and is known to have antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we examined the antidepressant-like effects of CuIIa in a mouse model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and investigated the possible underlying mechanisms. To evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of CuIIa on depression-like behaviors, mice were subjected to the open-field test, the elevated plus-maze test, the forced-swimming test, and the tail-suspension test. We found that CuIIa treatment reversed the CUMS-induced behavioral abnormalities. Western blot analyses showed that CUMS significantly decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) phosphorylation, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype GluN2B and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor GluA1 expression in the amygdala; in addition, the expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor A subunit α2 was upregulated in CUMS mice. These CUMS-induced changes were all normalized by CuIIa treatment and administration of the BDNF antagonist ANA-12 can block the antidepressant effect of CuIIa. Our findings suggest that the antidepressant-like effects of CuIIa may be exerted by regulation of the CaMKIIα-CREB-BDNF pathway and the balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the amygdala.

[Change of platelet count and P-selectin in preserved platelet concentrates].

To observe the change of quantity and quality of platelets preserved in a full-sealed bag, and explore the difference of platelets preserved in oscillating and static conditions at (22 +/- 2) degrees C, the platelet concentrates were prepared with a CS-3000-plus blood cell separator, the platelet counts were performed with automatic blood cell analyzer and P-selectin in supernatant of platelet concentrates was detected by ELISA. The results showed that both of platelet count and P-selectin content in the platelet concentrates had no significant difference between oscillating and static preservation condition. With prolongation of preserved time, the platelet count decreased and P-selectin content increased gradually in both preserved conditions. There was no difference in the platelet counts during 0 - 72 hours preservation in both conditions, and significant difference was seen in 96 - 120 hours preservation. It was concluded that the expired date for platelet product preserved in CS-3000-plus blood cell separator full-sealed system should be 3 days. Under the condition of (22 +/- 2) degrees C, the quality of the platelet preserved in oscillating state is not superior to static preservation.