[Incidence of cardiovascular disease and validity of equations of coronary risk in diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome]. / Incidencia de enfermedad cardiovascular y validez de las tablas de riesgo coronario en pacientes diabéticos con síndrome metabólico.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We aimed to analyze the contribution of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the glycemic control on the incidence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Our goal was also to validate to 10 years the coronary risk functions charts that use the original Framingham equation (Framingham-Wilson) and the calibrated one for the Spanish population (Framingham-REGICOR) in diabetic patients with MetS. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We included a total of 206 diabetic patients from a primary care center (63.6% with MetS), with no history of cardiovascular disease, in whom the coronary risk could be calculated prior to 1 January 1995. All were followed up during 10 years. RESULTS: The incidence of stroke, coronary and global events was similar in diabetic patients with and without MetS (15.3% vs 14.7%, 9.2% vs 9.3% and 20.6% vs 21.3%, respectively). The presence of glycosylated hemoglobin > or = 7% increased the risk of global cardiovascular events (relative risk [RR], 2.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-4.09) and stroke (RR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.17-9.84). The considered coronary risk in Framingham-Wilson and REGICOR equations was higher in the patients with MetS (29.6% and 12.4% vs 23.4% and 9.4%, respectively; p < 0,01), but the validity criteria of these equations in the diabetic population are very discreet. CONCLUSIONS: A value of glycosylated hemoglobin > or = 7% increases the risk of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients whereas the incidence of this events was similar in patients with and without MetS. The utility of the Framingham-Wilson and REGICOR equations is reduced in the diabetic population.

[Predictive capacity, comparison and clinic consequences of the Framingham-Wilson and REGICOR tables in persons for whom care has been provided at a health care center, Badajoz, Spain]. / Capacidad predictiva, comparación y consecuencias clínicas de las tablas de Framingham-Wilson y regicor en personas atendidas en un centro de salud de Badajoz.

BACKGROUND: Framingham's original equation modified by Wilson and the REGICOR calibration are widely recommended in coronary risk stratification. This study is aimed at: (1) Analyzing the ten-year predictiveness of the Framingham-Wilson and REGICOR tables among a population for which care has been provided at an urban health care center (2) Evaluating the concordance use of hypolipemiant and antihypertensive drugs resulting from these tables. METHODS: Observational, longitudinal, retrospective study of a cohort of patients for whom care was provided at a primary care center. A total of 1011 patients ages 35-74 (mean age 55.7, 56.0% females) without any evidence of cardiovascular disease. Those patients having a > or =20% risk in Wilson and > or =10% in REGICOR were considered high-risk. RESULTS: The actual coronary risk of the population was 10.7%, whilst the mean coronary risk estimated with the functions was 17.0% in Wilson and 6.6% in REGICOR. A total 29.6% was classified high-risk in Wilson as compared to the 18.2% in RECIGOR (p < 0.05). The percentage of high-risk males was significantly higher in Wilson than in REGICOR (49.0% vs. 29.4%, p < 0.01). The Kappa index was 0.70 (95 CI: 0.67, 0.73). A total of 39.5% of the patients (as per Wilson) and 31.4% (as per REGICOR) were candidates for taking hypolipemiant drugs (p < 0.001). The validity criteria of both of these functions are quite discreet: sensitivity, specificity and odds ratio diagnosed at 50.9%, 73.1% and 2.11 in Wilson and 28.7%, 83.1% and 1.98 in REGICOR, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Wilson and REGICOR tables show an acceptable degree of concordance, but their validity parameters are discreet. The Framingham-Wilson function screens a higher percentage of patients as being candidates for hypolipemiant drugs.

[Validation of 3 equations of coronary risk in diabetic population of a primary care center]. / Validación de tres ecuaciones de riesgo coronario en población diabética de un centro de salud.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We intended to validate to 10 years 3 equations of coronary risk that use the function of original Framingham (Framingham-Anderson and Framingham-Wilson) and calibrated for Spanish population (Framingham-REGICOR) in diabetic patients type 2. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We included a total of 190 diabetic patients from a primary care center, without coronary heart disease, in whom the coronary risk could be calculated before 1 January 1995. All were followed during 10 years. RESULTS: The highest score of cardiovascular risk was obtained in the Framingham-Wilson function chart (25.4%) and the lowest in the Framingham-REGICOR (10.8%). The real incidence of coronary events was 14.7% (p < 0.001). Statistically significant differences between patients with or without coronary events were only observed in the Framingham-REGICOR equation (13.3% vs 10.3%; p = 0.046). Framingham-Anderson and Framingham-Wilson functions charts more than doubled the risk of coronary disease in men (p < 0.001). The agreement degree between the 3 functions was acceptable except for the calculation of coronary risk in men between Framingham-REGICOR and Framingham-Wilson equations (kappa index = 0.3). Framingham-Anderson and Framingham-Wilson functions charts showed similar profiles for the patients with high coronary risk. Sensitivity was superior in Framingham-Anderson and Framingham-Wilson functions (67.8%) and specificity was optimal in Framingham-REGICOR equation (51.2%). The positives predictive values were low and the negatives predictive values were high. CONCLUSIONS: The equations of Framingham-Wilson and Framingham-Anderson overestimate the coronary risk in diabetics, whereas the Framingham-REGICOR functions underestimates it. The utility of these 3 methods is reduced in the diabetic population.

Capacidad predictiva, comparación y consecuencias clínicas de las tablas de Framingham-Wilson y Regicor en personas atendidas en un Centro de Salud de Badajoz / Predictive capacity, comparison and clinic consecuences of the Framingham- Wilson and REGICOR tables in persons for whom care has been provided at a health care center, Badajoz, Spain

Fundamento: La ecuación original de Framingham modificada por Wilson y la calibrada del REGICOR son ampliamente recomendadas en la estratificación del riesgo coronario. Este estudio tiene por objetivos: 1) Analizar la capacidad predictiva a diez años de las tablas de Framingham-Wilson y REGICOR en población atendida en un centro de salud urbano; y 2) Evaluar la concordancia y el consumo de fármacos hipolipemiantes y antihipertensivos derivado de su uso. Métodos: Estudio observacional, longitudinal, retrospectivo de una cohorte de pacientes atendidos en un centro de atención primaria. Un total de 1.011 pacientes de 35-74 años (media 55,7 años, 56,0% mujeres) sin evidencia de enfermedad cardiovascular. Se consideró pacientes de riesgo alto aquellos con un riesgo >20% en Wilson y >10% en REGICOR. Resultados: El riesgo coronario real de la población fue del 10,7% mientras que el riesgo coronario medio estimado con las funciones fue 17,0% en Wilson y 6,6% en REGICOR. El 29,6% fue catalogado de riesgo alto en Wilson frente al 18,2% en REGICOR (p<0,05), siendo también significativamente mayor el porcentaje de varones de riesgo alto en Wilson que en REGICOR (49,0% vs 29,4%, p<0,01). El índice Kappa fue 0,70 (IC 95%: 0,67; 0,73). El 39,5% de los pacientes (según Wilson) y el 31,4% (según REGICOR) serían candidatos al tratamiento con hipolipemiantes (p<0,001). Los criterios de validez de ambas funciones son muy discretos: sensibilidad, especificidad y odds ratio diagnósticas del 50,9%, 73,1% y 2,11 en Wilson y 28,7%, 83,1% y 1,98, en REGICOR, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Las tablas de Wilson y REGICOR presentan concordancia aceptable pero sus parámetros de validez son discretos. La función Framingham-Wilson selecciona un mayor porcentaje de pacientes candidatos a recibir tratamiento con hipolipemiantes

Background: Framingham’s original equation modified by Wilson and the REGICOR calibration are widely recommended in coronary risk stratification. This study is aimed at: 1) Analyzing the ten-year predictiveness of the Framingham- Wilson and REGICOR tables among a population for which care has been provided at an urban health care center 2) Evaluating the concordance use of hypolipemiant and antihypertensive drugs resulting from these tables. Methods: Observational, longitudinal, retrospective study of a cohort of patients for whom care was provided at a primary care center. A total of 1011 patients ages 35-74 (mean age 55.7, 56.0% females) without any evidence of cardiovascular disease. Those patients having a >20% risk in Wilson and >10% in REGICOR were considered high-risk. Results: The actual coronary risk of the population was 10.7%, whilst the mean coronary risk estimated with the functions was 17.0% in Wilson and 6.6% in REGICOR. A total 29.6% was classified high-risk in Wilson as compared to the 18.2% in RECIGOR (p<0.05). The percentage of high-risk males was significantly higher in Wilson than in REGICOR (49.0% vs. 29.4%, p<0.01). The Kappa index was 0.70 (95 CI: 0.67, 0.73). A total of 39.5% of the patients (as per Wilson) and 31.4% (as per REGICOR) were candidates for taking hypolipemiant drugs (p<0.001). The validity criteria of both of these functions are quite discreet: sensitivity, specificity and odds ratio diagnosed at 50.9%, 73.1% and 2.11 in Wilson and 28.7%, 83.1% and 1.98 in REGICOR, respectively. Conclusions. The Wilson and REGICOR tables show an acceptable degree of concordance, but their validity parameters are discreet. The Framingham-Wilson function screens a higher percentage of patients as being candidates for hypolipemiant drugs

Incidencia de enfermedad cardiovascular y validez de las tablas de riesgo coronario en pacientes diabéticos con síndrome metabólico / Incidence of cardiovascular disease and validity of equations of coronary risk in diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome

Fundamento y objetivo: Los objetivos del estudio han sido, por un lado, analizar la contribución del síndrome metabólico (SM) y el control glucémico sobre la incidencia de enfermedad cardiovascular en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2, y por otro, evaluar a 10 años las tablas de riesgo coronario que utilizan la función de Framingham original (Framingham-Wilson) y la calibrada para población española (Framingham-REGICOR) en pacientes con diabetes y SM. Pacientes y método: Se incluyó en el estudio a un total de 206 pacientes con diabetes de un centro de salud urbano (un 63,6% con SM), sin antecedentes de enfermedades cardiovasculares, a quienes se les pudo calcular el riesgo coronario antes del 1 de enero de 1995. El período de seguimiento fue de 10 años. Resultados: La incidencia de episodios cardiovasculares fue similar en los pacientes con y sin SM: un 15,3 frente al 14,7% de eventos coronarios; un 9,2 frente a un 9,3% de episodios cerebrovasculares, y un 20,6 frente a un 21,3% de eventos cardiovasculares globales. Los valores de hemoglobina glucosilada iguales o mayores del 7% incrementaron el riesgo de episodios cardiovasculares globales, con un riesgo relativo de 2,13 (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,10-4,09) y de acontecimientos cerebrovasculares, con un riesgo relativo de 3,4 (IC del 95%, 1,17-9,84). El riesgo coronario estimado en las 2 ecuaciones fue mayor en los pacientes con SM ­un 29,6 frente a un 23,4% (p < 0,01) en la de Framingham-Wilson y un 12,4 frente a un 9,4% (p < 0,01) en la de Framingham-REGICOR­, pero los criterios de validez de estas ecuaciones en población diabética son muy discretos. Conclusiones: Un valor de hemoglobina glucosilada del 7% o superior incrementa el riesgo de episodios cardiovasculares en pacientes diabéticos, mientras que la incidencia de estos eventos fue similar en pacientes con y sin SM. La utilidad de las ecuaciones de Framingham-Wilson y REGICOR es reducida en población diabética

Background and objective: We aimed to analyze the contribution of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the glycemic control on the incidence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Our goal was also to validate to 10 years the coronary risk functions charts that use the original Framingham equation (Framingham-Wilson) and the calibrated one for the Spanish population (Framingham-REGICOR) in diabetic patients with MetS. Patients and method: We included a total of 206 diabetic patients from a primary care center (63.6% with MetS), with no history of cardiovascular disease, in whom the coronary risk could be calculated prior to 1 January 1995. All were followed up during 10 years. Results: The incidence of stroke, coronary and global events was similar in diabetic patients with and without MetS (15.3% vs 14.7%, 9.2% vs 9.3% and 20.6% vs 21.3%, respectively). The presence of glycosylated hemoglobin >= 7% increased the risk of global cardiovascular events (relative risk [RR], 2.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-4.09) and stroke (RR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.17-9.84). The considered coronary risk in Framingham-Wilson and REGICOR equations was higher in the patients with MetS (29.6% and 12.4% vs 23.4% and 9.4%, respectively; p = 7% increases the risk of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients whereas the incidence of this events was similar in patients with and without MetS. The utility of the Framingham-Wilson and REGICOR equations is reduced in the diabetic population

Validación de tres ecuaciones de riesgo coronario en población diabética de un centro de salud / Validation of 3 equations of coronary risk in diabetic population of a primary care center

Fundamento y objetivo: Validar a 10 años 3 ecuaciones de riesgo coronario que utilizan la función de Framingham original (Framingham-Anderson y Framingham-Wilson) y la calibrada para población española (Framingham-REGICOR) en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Pacientes y método: Se incluyó en el estudio a un total de 190 pacientes diabéticos de un centro de salud urbano, sin antecedentes de cardiopatía isquémica, en quienes pudo calcularse el riesgo coronario antes del 1 de enero de 1995 y a los que se realizó un seguimiento de 10 años. Resultados: La mayor puntuación de riesgo se obtuvo en la tabla de Framingham-Wilson (25,4%) y la menor en la de REGICOR (10,8%); la incidencia real de episodios coronarios fue del 14,7% (p < 0,001). Solamente en la ecuación de Framingham-REGICOR se observaron diferencias significativas en el riesgo de los pacientes con y sin episodios coronarios (el 13,3 frente al 10,3%; p = 0,046). Las ecuaciones Framingham-Anderson y Wilson duplicaron y casi triplicaron, respectivamente, la estimación del riesgo coronario en varones (p < 0,001). El grado de concordancia entre las ecuaciones fue aceptable, salvo entre las tablas de Framingham-REGICOR y Wilson en el cálculo de riesgo coronario en varones (índice kappa = 0,3). Las tablas de Framingham-Anderson y Wilson coincidieron plenamente en el perfil de pacientes catalogados de riesgo coronario alto. La sensibilidad fue superior en las funciones de Framingham-Anderson y Wilson (67,8%) y la especificidad en la de Framingham-REGICOR (51,2%), con unos valores predictivos positivos bajos y negativos altos. Conclusiones: Las ecuaciones de Framingham-Wilson y Framingham-Anderson sobrestiman el riesgo coronario en diabéticos, mientras que la de Framingham-REGICOR lo infravalora. La utilidad de estas 3 ecuaciones es reducida en población diabética

Background and objective: We intended to validate to 10 years 3 equations of coronary risk that use the function of original Framingham (Framingham-Anderson and Framingham-Wilson) and calibrated for Spanish population (Framingham-REGICOR) in diabetic patients type 2. Patients and method: We included a total of 190 diabetic patients from a primary care center, without coronary heart disease, in whom the coronary risk could be calculated before 1 January 1995. All were followed during 10 years. Results: The highest score of cardiovascular risk was obtained in the Framingham-Wilson function chart (25.4%) and the lowest in the Framingham-REGICOR (10.8%). The real incidence of coronary events was 14.7% (p < 0.001). Statistically significant diferences between patients with or without coronary events were only observed in the Framingham-REGICOR equation (13.3% vs 10.3%; p = 0.046). Framingham- Anderson and Framingham-Wilson functions charts more than doubled the risk of coronary disease in men (p < 0.001). The agreement degree between the 3 functions was acceptable except for the calculation of coronary risk in men between Framingham-REGICOR and Framingham-Wilson equations (kappa index = 0.3). Framingham-Anderson and Framingham-Wilson functions charts showed similars profiles for the patients with high coronary risk. Sensitivity was superior in Framingham-Anderson and Framingham-Wilson functions (67.8%) and specificity was optimal in Framingham-REGICOR equation (51.2%). The positives predictives values were low and the negatives predictives values were high. Conclusions: The equations of Framingham-Wilson and Framingham-Anderson overestimate the coronary risk in diabetics, whereas the Framingham-REGICOR functions underestimates it. The utility of these 3 methods is reduced in the diabetic population

Tablas de riesgo para diabéticos: ¿son realmente necesarias? / Risk score for diabetic patients. Is really necessary?

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Manual de consulta rápida para la vacunación infantil en Atención Primaria

Contiene: Almacenamiento, conservación y transporte de las vacunas, contraindicaciones y precauciones de la administración de las vacunas, proceso de administración de las vacunas, calendario de vacunaciones sistemáticas infantiles de la Comunidad Autónoma de Extremadura, descripción gráfica de la vacunación sistemática del niño sano, otras vacunas recomendadas en la edad infantil, intervalos entre distintas vacunas y con productos inmunobiológicos, actuación ante una reacción anafiláctica, diagnósticos de Enfermería ante la vacunación.