Factors Associated with Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake Among Young Children - United States, 2021.

Introduction: Because limited data exist about factors related to sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake among younger children, we investigated factors associated with SSB intake among US children aged 1 to 5 years. Methods: We examined SSB intake (0, 1-3, or ≥4 times/week) by using data from the 2021 National Survey of Children's Health. We performed a multinomial logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for select sociodemographic and household factors associated with moderate (1-3 times/week) and high (≥4 times/week) SSB intake. Results: Overall, 36% of children consumed SSBs 1 to 3 times/week and 21% consumed 4 or more times/week. Both moderate and high SSB intake were associated with child's age, child's race and ethnicity, highest caregiver education level, household income, primary household language, and frequency of family meals. For example, children who lived in households with caregiver education level of high school graduate or less were significantly more likely to have moderate (aOR, 2.06) and high (aOR, 2.81) SSB intake than those who lived in households with caregiver education level of college degree or higher. High SSB intake was also associated with marginal household food sufficiency, nonmetropolitan statistical area status, and receipt of government food benefits. Conclusion: Several sociodemographic and household factors were significantly associated with SSB intake among children aged 1 to 5 years. Public health initiatives designed to address SSB intake among young children in various settings including pediatric health care, early care and education, and the child's home could consider key associated factors.

Factors Associated with Daily Fruit and Vegetable Intakes among Children Aged 1-5 Years in the United States.

To describe child, caregiver, and household characteristics associated with fruit and vegetable intakes among US children aged 1-5 years, we examined fruit and vegetable intakes (less than daily vs. daily) using data from the 2021 National Survey of Children's Health among children aged 1-5 years. Multiple logistic regression provided adjusted odds ratios for factors associated with (1) daily fruit and (2) daily vegetable intakes. Among children aged 1-5 years, 68% (n = 11,124) consumed fruit daily, and 51% (n = 8292) consumed vegetables daily. Both daily fruit and daily vegetable intake were associated with child age, child race and ethnicity, and frequency of family meals. For example, children who ate a family meal 4-6 days/week (aOR 0.69; 95% CI 0.57, 0.83) or 0-3 days/week (aOR 0.57; 95% CI 0.46, 0.72) were less likely to consume fruit daily compared to children who had a family meal every day. Participation in food assistance programs, food insufficiency, and household income were not significantly associated with odds of daily fruit or daily vegetable intake in the adjusted models. Several factors were associated with daily fruit and vegetable intake among children aged 1-5. Strategies aimed at increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in early childhood may consider these child, caregiver, and household characteristics. Pediatric healthcare providers, early childhood education centers, and families of young children may be important partners in this work.

Serologic responses to the MVA-based JYNNEOS mpox vaccine in a cohort of participants from the District of Columbia (D.C.).

We assessed early antibody responses after two doses of JYNNEOS (IMVANEX) mpox vaccine in the District of Columbia (D.C.) in persons at high risk for mpox without characteristic lesions or rash. Participants with PCR mpox negative specimens (oral swab, blood, and/or rectal swab) on the day of receipt of the first vaccine dose and who provided a baseline (day 0) serum sample and at least one serum sample at âˆ¼28, ∼42-56 days, or 180 days post vaccination were included in this analysis. Orthopoxvirus (OPXV)-specific IgG and IgM ELISAs and neutralizing antibody titers were performed, and longitudinal serologic responses were examined. Based on participants' IgG and IgM antibody levels at baseline, they were categorized as naïve or non-naïve. Linear mixed effects regression models were conducted to determine if IgG antibody response over time varied by age, sex, HIV status, and route of administration for both naïve and non-naïve participants. Among both naïve and non-naïve participants IgG seropositivity rates increased until day 42-56, with 89.4 % of naïve and 92.1 % of non-naïve participants having detectable IgG antibodies. The proportion of naive participants with detectable IgG antibodies declined by day 180 (67.7 %) but remained high among non-naïve participants (94.4 %). Neutralizing antibody titers displayed a similar pattern, increasing initially post vaccination but declining by day 180 among naïve participants. There were no significant serologic response differences by age, sex, or HIV status. Serologic response did vary by route of vaccine administration, with those receiving a combination of intradermal and subcutaneous doses displaying significantly higher IgG values than those receiving both doses intradermally. These analyses provide initial insights into the immunogenicity of a two-dose JYNNEOS PEP regimen in individuals at high risk of mpox exposure in the United States.