RESUMEN
Unexpected pathogen transmission between animals, humans and their shared environments can impact all aspects of society. The Tripartite organisations-the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)-have been collaborating for over two decades. The inclusion of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) with the Tripartite, forming the 'Quadripartite' in 2021, creates a new and important avenue to engage environment sectors in the development of additional tools and resources for One Health coordination and improved health security globally. Beginning formally in 2010, the Tripartite set out strategic directions for the coordination of global activities to address health risks at the human-animal-environment interface. This paper highlights the historical background of this collaboration in the specific area of health security, using country examples to demonstrate lessons learnt and the evolution and pairing of Tripartite programmes and processes to jointly develop and deliver capacity strengthening tools to countries and strengthen performance for iterative evaluations. Evaluation frameworks, such as the International Health Regulations (IHR) Monitoring and Evaluation Framework, the WOAH Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) Pathway and the FAO multisectoral evaluation tools for epidemiology and surveillance, support a shared global vision for health security, ultimately serving to inform decision making and provide a systematic approach for improved One Health capacity strengthening in countries. Supported by the IHR-PVS National Bridging Workshops and the development of the Tripartite Zoonoses Guide and related operational tools, the Tripartite and now Quadripartite, are working alongside countries to address critical gaps at the human-animal-environment interface.
Asunto(s)
Salud Única , Animales , Humanos , Organización Mundial de la Salud , Salud Global , Naciones Unidas , Reglamento Sanitario InternacionalRESUMEN
One Health refers to the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals and our environment. The One Health approach is increasingly popular in the context of growing threats from emerging zoonoses, antimicrobial resistance and climate change. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Organisation for Animal Health and World Health Organization have been working together in the wake of the avian influenza crisis in the Asia-Pacific region to provide strong leadership to endorse the One Health concept and promote interagency and intersectoral collaboration. The programme on highly pathogenic emerging diseases in Asia (2009-2014) led to the establishment of a regional tripartite coordination mechanism in the Asia-Pacific region to support collaboration between the animal and human health sectors. The remit of this mechanism has expanded to include other priority One Health challenges, such as antimicrobial resistance and food safety. The mechanism has helped to organize eight Asia-Pacific workshops on multisectoral collaboration for the prevention and control of zoonoses since 2010, facilitating advocacy and operationalization of One Health at regional and country levels. The tripartite group and international partners have developed several One Health tools, which are useful for operationalization of One Health at the country level. Member States are encouraged to develop a One Health strategic framework taking into account the country's context and priorities.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Cooperativa , Sector de Atención de Salud/organización & administración , Salud Única , Medicina Veterinaria/organización & administración , Zoonosis/prevención & control , Animales , Asia , Humanos , Islas del Pacífico , Naciones Unidas , Organización Mundial de la SaludRESUMEN
Forty peptides were synthesized corresponding to hydrophilic clusters of amino acids within the sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) nonstructural proteins (NSP). Six peptides were studied in more detail and the most promising, a 2B peptide, was evaluated in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using sera from naive, vaccinated, and vaccinated-and-challenged cattle as well as bovine sera from field outbreaks. The performance of the new NSP peptide ELISA was compared to that of 4 commercial NSP ELISA kits. Antibody to 2B was detectable from the end of the first week to the second week after infection in most of the nonvaccinated animals and by the second to third week in vaccinated-and-challenged animals. The sensitivity of the 2B peptide ELISA was comparable to the 3ABC Ceditest (Ceditest FMDV-NS, Cedi Diagnostics B.V.; Chung et al., 2002). With some modification and further validation, this 2B test could be useful as a screening or conformational NSP test in postvaccination surveillance for FMD.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Virus de la Fiebre Aftosa/inmunología , Fiebre Aftosa/inmunología , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/inmunología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Bovinos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Péptidos/síntesis química , Péptidos/inmunología , Vacunación/veterinaria , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/química , Vacunas Virales/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is remarkably efficient at establishing chronic infection. One of the reasons for this appears to be the suppression of the accessory cell function of professional antigen presenting cells. In the present study, the immunosuppressive activity of HCV protein was examined on dendritic cells (DCs) generated from mouse bone marrow progenitor cells in vitro. We found that the DCs forced to express HCV protein have defective allostimulatory ability. DCs expressing HCV protein were phenotypically indistinguishable from normal DCs. However, they were unable to produce IL-12 effectively when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. The functional domain of the HCV protein essential for immunosuppression was determined using a series of NH2-and C-terminal deletion mutants of HCV core protein. We found that amino acid residues residing between the 21st and the 40th residues from the NH2-terminus of HCV core protein are required for immunosuppression. These findings suggest that HCV core protein suppresses the elicitation of protective Th1 responses by the inhibition of IL-12 production by DCs.
Asunto(s)
Células Dendríticas/efectos de los fármacos , Hepacivirus/química , Inmunosupresores/farmacología , Proteínas del Núcleo Viral/farmacología , Animales , Células de la Médula Ósea/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Hepacivirus/genética , Inmunohistoquímica , Inmunosupresores/química , Interleucina-12/metabolismo , Prueba de Cultivo Mixto de Linfocitos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Mutación/genética , Mutación/fisiología , Fenotipo , Plásmidos/genética , Transfección , Proteínas del Núcleo Viral/química , Proteínas del Núcleo Viral/genéticaRESUMEN
The immune defense against FMDV has been correlated to the antibody mediated component. However, there are occasions when some animals with high virus neutralising (VN) antibody are not protected following challenge and some with low neutralising antibody which do not succumb to disease. The importance of cell mediated immunity in clinical protection is less clear and so we investigated the source and production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in re-stimulated whole blood of FMDV immunized cattle and its correlation to vaccine induced protection and FMDV persistence. We were able to show a positive correlation between IFN-γ response and vaccine induced protection as well as reduction of long term persistence of FMD virus. When combining this IFN-γ response in re-stimulated blood with virus neutralizing antibody titer in serum on the day of challenge, a better correlation of vaccine-induced protection with IFN-γ and VN antibody was predicted. Our investigations also showed that CD4+ T-cells are the major proliferating phenotype and IFN-γ producing cells.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Virus de la Fiebre Aftosa/inmunología , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Animales , Bovinos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Inmunidad Celular/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Linfocitos/citología , Linfocitos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
It is essential to rapidly and precisely diagnose rabies. In this study, we evaluated four diagnostic methods, indirect fluorescent antibody test (FAT), virus isolation (VI), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and rapid immunodiagnostic assay (RIDA), to detect rabies in animal brain homogenates. Out of the 110 animal brain samples tested, 20 (18.2%) were positive for rabies according to the FAT. Compared to the FAT, the sensitivities of VI, RT-PCR, and RIDA were 100, 100, and 95%, respectively. The specificities of VI, RT-PCR and RIDA were found to be 100, 100, and 98.9%, respectively. Rabies viruses circulating in Korea were isolated and propagated in murine neuroblastoma (NG108-15) cells with titers ranging from 10(1.5) to 10(4.5) TCID(50)/mL. Although the RIDA findings did not completely coincide with results obtained from FAT, VI, and RT-PCR, RIDA appears to be a fast and reliable assay that can be used to analyze brain samples. In summary, the results from our study showed that VI, RT-PCR, and RIDA can be used as supplementary diagnostic tools for detecting rabies viruses in both laboratory and field settings.
Asunto(s)
Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente Indirecta/veterinaria , Inmunoensayo/veterinaria , Virus de la Rabia/aislamiento & purificación , Rabia/veterinaria , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/veterinaria , Animales , Antígenos Virales/sangre , Encéfalo/virología , ARN Viral/genética , ARN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Rabia/diagnóstico , Rabia/virología , Virus de la Rabia/genética , República de Corea , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
We analyzed the nucleotide sequences of the G-L (glycoprotein-large protein) intergenic non-coding region of 33 strains of the rabies virus (RABV) isolated in South Korea in 1998-2010 and compared the sequences with those of previously reported non-Korean strains. The similarities of the nucleotide sequences of the G-L region among all Korean RABV isolates ranged from 97.1 to 100%. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the G-L region, the Korean RABV isolates were classified into three distinct subgroups with high similarity and were most closely related to the non-Korean NeiMeng1025C isolate, which was isolated from a rabid raccoon dog in eastern China, suggesting that the Korean RABV isolates originate from a rabid raccoon dog in northeastern Asia. Our results indicated that G-L region, as a useful phylogenetic indicator, is equivalent to the nucleoprotein (N) or glycoprotein (G) gene for study of RABV molecular epidemiology and that the Korean RABV isolates showing a few substitutions in the G-L region are continuously circulating in South Korea.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Virus de la Rabia/genética , Rabia/veterinaria , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/virología , ADN Viral/genética , ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN/genética , Enfermedades de los Perros/virología , Perros , Glicoproteínas/genética , Epidemiología Molecular , Filogenia , Rabia/epidemiología , Rabia/virología , Virus de la Rabia/aislamiento & purificación , República de Corea/epidemiología , Proteínas Virales/genéticaRESUMEN
The nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) of 11 Korean rabies virus (RABV) isolates collected from animals diagnosed with rabies between 2008 and 2009 were subjected to molecular and phylogenetic analyses. Six isolates originated from domestic animals (cattle and dogs) and five were obtained from wild free-ranging raccoon dogs. The similarities in the nucleotide sequences of the N gene among all Korean isolates ranged from 98.1 to 99.8%, while those of the G gene ranged from 97.9 to 99.3%. Based on the nucleotide analysis of the N and G genes, the Korean RABV isolates were confirmed as genotype I of Lyssavirus and classified into four distinct subgroups with high similarity. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Korean isolates were most closely related to the non-Korean NeiMeng1025B and 857r strains, which were isolated from rabid raccoon dogs in Eastern China and Russia, respectively. These findings suggest that the Korean RABV isolates originated from a rabid raccoon dog in Northeastern Asia. Genetic analysis of the Korean RABV isolates revealed no substitutions at several antigenic sites, indicating that the isolates circulating in Korea may be pathogenic in several hosts.
Asunto(s)
Virus de la Rabia/genética , Rabia/veterinaria , Perros Mapache/virología , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/virología , China , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/virología , Perros , Glicoproteínas/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Nucleoproteínas/genética , Filogenia , Virus de la Rabia/clasificación , Virus de la Rabia/patogenicidad , República de Corea , Federación de Rusia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Homología de Secuencia de Ácido NucleicoRESUMEN
Climate change induced by recent global warming may have a significant impact on vector-borne and zoonotic diseases. For example, the distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has expanded into new regions. We surveyed the levels of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies against JEV (Family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) in wild birds captured in Korea. Blood samples were collected from 1,316 wild birds including the following migratory birds: Oceanodroma castro (n = 4), Anas formosa (n = 7), Anas penelope (n = 20), Fulica atra (n = 30), Anas acuta (n = 89), Anas crecca (n = 154), Anas platyrhynchos (n = 214), Aix galericulata (n = 310), and Anas poecilorhyncha (n = 488). All were captured in 16 locations in several Korea provinces between April 2007 and December 2009. Out of the 1,316 serum samples tested, 1,141 (86.7%) were positive for JEV. Wild birds captured in 2009 had a higher seroprevalence of ant-JEV antibodies than those captured in 2007. Wild birds with an HI antibody titer of 1 : 1,280 or higher accounted for 21.2% (280/1,316) of the animals tested. These findings indicated that wild birds from the region examined in our study have been exposed to JEV and may pose a high risk for introducing a new JEV genotype into Korea.