Liquid Drug Delivery Approaches for the Treatment of Occlusive Arterial Disease: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: Local Liquid drug (LLD) delivery devices have recently emerged as a novel approach to treat peripheral arterial disease. This systemic review aims to identify and evaluate the clinical utility of the most commonly used delivery devices. METHODS: A systemic review was performed using the Medical Subjects Heading terms of "drug delivery," "liquid," "local," and "cardiovascular disease" in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. RESULTS: Four commonly used delivery devices were identified, including (1) the Bullfrog Micro-Infusion Device, (2) the ClearWay RX Catheter, (3) the Occlusion Perfusion Catheter, and (4) the Targeted Adjustable Pharmaceutical Administration. All have shown to successfully deliver liquid therapeutic into the target lesion and have exhibited favorable safety and efficacy profiles in preclinical and clinical trials. The LLD devices have the ability to treat very long or multiple lesions with a single device, providing a more economical option. The safety profile in LLD clinical studies is also favorable in view of recent concerns regarding adverse events with crystalline-paclitaxel-coated devices. CONCLUSION: There is clear clinical evidence to support the concept of local liquid delivery to treat occlusive arterial disease. CLINICAL IMPACT: The 'leave nothing behind' strategy has been at the forefront of the most recent innovations in the field of interventional cardiology and vascular interventions. Although drug coated balloons have overcome limitations associated with plain old balloon angioplasty and peripheral stents, recent safety concerns and cost considerations have impacted their usage. In this review, various liquid drug delivery devices are presented, showcasing their capabilities and success in both preclinical and clinical settings. These innovative liquid delivery devices, capable of targeted delivery and their ability to be re-used for multiple treatment sites, may provide solutions for current unmet clinical needs.

Complete spatiotemporal quantification of cardiac motion in mice through enhanced acquisition and super-resolution reconstruction.

The quantification of cardiac motion using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has shown promise as an early-stage marker for cardiovascular diseases. Despite the growing popularity of CMR-based myocardial strain calculations, measures of complete spatiotemporal strains (i.e., three-dimensional strains over the cardiac cycle) remain elusive. Complete spatiotemporal strain calculations are primarily hampered by poor spatial resolution, with the rapid motion of the cardiac wall also challenging the reproducibility of such strains. We hypothesize that a super-resolution reconstruction (SRR) framework that leverages combined image acquisitions at multiple orientations will enhance the reproducibility of complete spatiotemporal strain estimation. Two sets of CMR acquisitions were obtained for five wild-type mice, combining short-axis scans with radial and orthogonal long-axis scans. Super-resolution reconstruction, integrated with tissue classification, was performed to generate full four-dimensional (4D) images. The resulting enhanced and full 4D images enabled complete quantification of the motion in terms of 4D myocardial strains. Additionally, the effects of SRR in improving accurate strain measurements were evaluated using an in-silico heart phantom. The SRR framework revealed near isotropic spatial resolution, high structural similarity, and minimal loss of contrast, which led to overall improvements in strain accuracy. In essence, a comprehensive methodology was generated to quantify complete and reproducible myocardial deformation, aiding in the much-needed standardization of complete spatiotemporal strain calculations.

Pulmonary vein morphology by free-breathing whole heart magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla versus breathhold multi-detector computed tomography.

PURPOSE: To compare pulmonary vein and left atrial anatomy using three-dimensional free-breathing whole-heart magnetic resonance imaging (MR) at 3 Tesla (T) and multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three subjects (19 male, age 49 ± 12 years) underwent free-breathing 3T MR and contrast-enhanced MDCT during inspiratory breath hold. Pulmonary vein parameters (ostial areas, diameters, angles) were measured. RESULTS: All pulmonary veins and anomalies were identified by 3T MR and by MDCT. The right-sided pulmonary veins were directed more posteriorly, the right superior pulmonary vein more inferiorly, and the right inferior pulmonary vein more superiorly by 3T MR when compared with MDCT. The cross-sectional area, perimeters and minimum diameters of right-sided pulmonary vein ostia were significantly larger by MR, as were the maximum diameters of right and left inferior pulmonary veins. There were no significant differences between techniques in distance to first pulmonary vein branch. CONCLUSION: Pulmonary vein measurements demonstrated significant differences in angulations and dimensions when 3T MR is compared with MDCT. These differences likely represent hemodynamic and respiratory variation during free-breathing with MR versus breath-holding with MDCT. MR imaging at 3T during free-breathing offers an alternate method to define pulmonary vein and left atrial anatomy without exposure to radiation.

On the possibility of estimating myocardial fiber architecture from cardiac strains.

The myocardium is composed of a complex network of contractile myofibers that are organized in such a way as to produce efficient contraction and relaxation of the heart. The myofiber architecture in the myocardium is a key determinant of cardiac motion and the global or organ-level function of the heart. Reports of architectural remodeling in cardiac diseases, such as pulmonary hypertension and myocardial infarction, potentially contributing to cardiac dysfunction call for the inclusion of an architectural marker for an improved assessment of cardiac function. However, the in-vivo quantification of three-dimensional myo-architecture has proven challenging. In this work, we examine the sensitivity of cardiac strains to varying myofiber orientation using a multiscale finite-element model of the LV. Additionally, we present an inverse modeling approach to predict the myocardium fiber structure from cardiac strains. Our results indicate a strong correlation between fiber orientation and LV kinematics, corroborating that the fiber structure is a principal determinant of LV contractile behavior. Our inverse model was capable of accurately predicting the myocardial fiber range and regional fiber angles from strain measures. A concrete understanding of the link between LV myofiber structure and motion, and the development of non-invasive and feasible means of characterizing the myocardium architecture is expected to lead to advanced LV functional metrics and improved prognostic assessment of structural heart disease.

Disrupted Stiffness Ratio Alters Nuclear Mechanosensing.

The ability of endothelial cells to sense and respond to dynamic changes in blood flow is critical for vascular homeostasis and cardiovascular health. The mechanical and geometric properties of the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments affect mechanotransduction. We hypothesized that alterations to these parameters have resulting mechanosensory consequences. Using atomic force microscopy and mathematical modeling, we assessed how the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartment stiffnesses modulate shear stress transfer to the nucleus within aging endothelial cells. Our computational studies revealed that the critical parameter controlling shear transfer is not the individual mechanics of these compartments, but the stiffness ratio between them. Replicatively aged cells had a reduced stiffness ratio, attenuating shear transfer, while the ratio was not altered in a genetic model of accelerated aging. We provide a theoretical framework suggesting that dysregulation of the shear stress response can be uniquely imparted by relative mechanical changes in subcellular compartments.

Assessing low levels of mechanical stress in aortic atherosclerotic lesions from apolipoprotein E-/- mice--brief report.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the fact that mechanical stresses are well recognized as key determinants for atherosclerotic plaque rupture, very little is known about stress amplitude and distribution in atherosclerotic lesions, even in the standard apolipoprotein E (apoE)-/- mouse model of atherosclerosis. Our objectives were to combine immunohistology, atomic force microscopy measurements, and finite element computational analysis for the accurate quantification of stress amplitude and distribution in apoE-/- mouse aortic atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Residual stresses and strains were released by radially cutting aortic arch segments from 7- to 30-week-old pathological apoE-/- (n=25) and healthy control mice (n=20). Immunohistology, atomic force microscopy, and biomechanical modeling taking into account regional residual stresses and strains were performed. Maximum stress values were observed in the normal arterial wall (276±71 kPa), whereas low values (<20 kPa) were observed in all plaque areas. Stress distribution was not correlated to macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS: Low mechanical stress amplitude was observed in apoE-/- mouse aortic atherosclerotic lesions. This original study provides a basis for further investigations aimed at determining whether low stress levels are responsible for the apparently higher stability of murine aortic atherosclerotic lesions.

Mapping elasticity moduli of atherosclerotic plaque in situ via atomic force microscopy.

Several studies have suggested that evolving mechanical stresses and strains drive atherosclerotic plaque development and vulnerability. Especially, stress distribution in the plaque fibrous capsule is an important determinant for the risk of vulnerable plaque rupture. Knowledge of the stiffness of atherosclerotic plaque components is therefore of critical importance. In this work, force mapping experiments using atomic force microscopy (AFM) were conducted in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mouse, which represents the most widely used experimental model for studying mechanisms underlying the development of atherosclerotic lesions. To obtain the elastic material properties of fibrous caps and lipidic cores of atherosclerotic plaques, serial cross-sections of aortic arch lesions were probed at different sites. Atherosclerotic plaque sub-structures were subdivided into cellular fibrotic, hypocellular fibrotic and lipidic rich areas according to histological staining. Hertz's contact mechanics were used to determine elasticity (Young's) moduli that were related to the underlying histological plaque structure. Cellular fibrotic regions exhibit a mean Young modulus of 10.4±5.7kPa. Hypocellular fibrous caps were almost six-times stiffer, with average modulus value of 59.4±47.4kPa, locally rising up to ∼250kPa. Lipid rich areas exhibit a rather large range of Young's moduli, with average value of 5.5±3.5kPa. Such precise quantification of plaque stiffness heterogeneity will allow investigators to have prospectively a better monitoring of atherosclerotic disease evolution, including arterial wall remodeling and plaque rupture, in response to mechanical constraints imposed by vascular shear stress and blood pressure.

Is arterial wall-strain stiffening an additional process responsible for atherosclerosis in coronary bifurcations?: an in vivo study based on dynamic CT and MRI.

Coronary bifurcations represent specific regions of the arterial tree that are susceptible to atherosclerotic lesions. While the effects of vessel compliance, curvature, pulsatile blood flow, and cardiac motion on coronary endothelial shear stress have been widely explored, the effects of myocardial contraction on arterial wall stress/strain (WS/S) and vessel stiffness distributions remain unclear. Local increase of vessel stiffness resulting from wall-strain stiffening phenomenon (a local process due to the nonlinear mechanical properties of the arterial wall) may be critical in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify WS/S and stiffness in coronary bifurcations and to investigate correlations with plaque sites. Anatomic coronary geometry and cardiac motion were generated based on both computed tomography and MRI examinations of eight patients with minimal coronary disease. Computational structural analyses using the finite element method were subsequently performed, and spatial luminal arterial wall stretch (LW(Stretch)) and stiffness (LW(Stiff)) distributions in the left main coronary bifurcations were calculated. Our results show that all plaque sites were concomitantly subject to high LW(Stretch) and high LW(Stiff), with mean amplitudes of 34.7 ± 1.6% and 442.4 ± 113.0 kPa, respectively. The mean LW(Stiff) amplitude was found slightly greater at the plaque sites on the left main coronary artery (mean value: 482.2 ± 88.1 kPa) compared with those computed on the left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries (416.3 ± 61.5 and 428.7 ± 181.8 kPa, respectively). These findings suggest that local wall stiffness plays a role in the initiation of atherosclerotic lesions.

Machine-Learning based model order reduction of a biomechanical model of the human tongue.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This paper presents the results of a Machine-Learning based Model Order Reduction (MOR) method applied to a complex 3D Finite Element (FE) biomechanical model of the human tongue, in order to create a Digital Twin Model (DTM) that enables real-time simulations. The DTM is designed for future inclusion in a computer assisted protocol for tongue surgery planning. METHODS: The proposed method uses an "a posteriori" MOR that allows, from a limited number of simulations with the FE model, to predict in real time mechanical responses of the human tongue to muscle activations. RESULTS: The MOR method is evaluated for simulations associated with separate single tongue muscle activations. It is shown to be able to account with a sub-millimetric spatial accuracy for the non-linear dynamical behavior of the tongue model observed in these simulations. CONCLUSION: Further evaluations of the MOR method will include tongue movements induced by multiple muscle activations. At this stage our MOR method offers promising perspectives for the use of the tongue model in a clinical context to predict the impact of tongue surgery on tongue mobility. As a long term application, this DTM of the tongue could be used to predict the functional consequences of the surgery in terms of speech production and swallowing.

Precision delivery of liquid therapy into the arterial wall for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease.

Perfusion catheters have recently emerged as a novel approach to deliver liquid anti-proliferative agents into flow obstructed arterial segments. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of luminal delivery pressure on liquid drug penetration into the vessel wall. An ex vivo model using harvested porcine carotid arteries and a two-dimensional computational model were utilized to determine the impact of delivery pressure of liquid therapy into the arterial wall. A pig peripheral injury model determined the impact of intra-luminal delivery pressure on drug retention. Ex vivo results demonstrated that depth of fluid penetration varies from 6.93 ± 1.90% at 0 atm to 27.75 ± 6.61% penetration of the medial layer at 0.4 atm. Computational results had similar outcomes, as penetration varied between 4.4% and 22.84%. The in vivo results demonstrated significant increase in drug delivery to the arterial tissue at 0.4 atm versus 0.1 atm at 1 h (23.43 ± 13.59 ng/mg vs. 2.49 ± 1.81 ng/mg, p = 0.026) and 7 days (0.50 ± 0.39 ng/mg vs. 0.018 ± 0.023 ng/mg, p = 0.0496). The result of this study provides an innovative strategic and technical approach to enable targeted liquid therapy.

In vivo estimation of normal left ventricular stiffness and contractility based on routine cine MR acquisition.

Post-myocardial infarction remodeling process is known to alter the mechanical properties of the heart. Biomechanical parameters, such as tissue stiffness and contractility, would be useful for clinicians to better assess the severity of the diseased heart. However, these parameters are difficult to obtain in the current clinical practice. In this paper, we estimated subject-specific in vivo myocardial stiffness and contractility from 21 healthy volunteers, based on left ventricle models constructed from data acquired from routine cardiac MR acquisition only. The subject-specific biomechanical parameters were quantified using an inverse finite-element modelling approach. The personalized models were evaluated against relevant clinical metrics extracted from the MR data, such as circumferential strain, wall thickness and fractional thickening. We obtained the ranges of healthy biomechanical indices of 1.60 ± 0.22 kPa for left ventricular stiffness and 95.13 ± 14.56 kPa for left ventricular contractility. These reference normal values can be used for future model-based investigation on the stiffness and contractility of ischemic myocardium.

Profile order and time-dependent artifacts in contrast-enhanced coronary MR angiography at 3T: origin and prevention.

To enhance the clinical value of coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), high-relaxivity contrast agents have recently been used at 3T. Here we examine a uniform bilateral shadowing artifact observed along the coronary arteries in MRA images collected using such a contrast agent. Simulations were performed to characterize this artifact, including its origin, to determine how best to mitigate this effect, and to optimize a data acquisition/injection scheme. An intraluminal contrast agent concentration model was used to simulate various acquisition strategies with two profile orders for a slow-infusion of a high-relaxivity contrast agent. Filtering effects from temporally variable weighting in k-space are prominent when a centric, radial (CR) profile order is applied during contrast infusion, resulting in decreased signal enhancement and underestimation of vessel width, while both pre- and postinfusion steady-state acquisitions result in overestimation of the vessel width. Acquisition during the brief postinfusion steady-state produces the greatest signal enhancement and minimizes k-space filtering artifacts.

Intraluminal Ultrasonic Palpation Imaging Technique Revisited for Anisotropic Characterization of Healthy and Atherosclerotic Coronary Arteries: A Feasibility Study.

Accurate mechanical characterization of coronary atherosclerotic lesions remains essential for the in vivo detection of vulnerable plaques. Using intravascular ultrasound strain measurements and based on the mechanical response of a circular and concentric vascular model, E. I. Céspedes, C. L. de Korte and A. F. van der Steen developed an elasticity-palpography technique in 2000 to estimate the apparent stress-strain modulus palpogram of the thick subendoluminal arterial wall layer. More recently, this approach was improved by our group to consider the real anatomic shape of the vulnerable plaque. Even though these two studies highlighted original and promising approaches for improving the detection of vulnerable plaques, they did not overcome a main limitation related to the anisotropic mechanical behavior of the vascular tissue. The present study was therefore designed to extend these previous approaches by considering the orthotropic mechanical properties of the arterial wall and lesion constituents. Based on the continuum mechanics theory prescribing the strain field, an elastic anisotropy index was defined. This new anisotropic elasticity-palpography technique was successfully applied to characterize ten coronary plaque and one healthy vessel geometries of patients imaged in vivo with intravascular ultrasound. The results revealed that the anisotropy index-palpograms were estimated with a good accuracy (with a mean relative error of 26.8 ± 48.8%) compared with ground true solutions.

Influence of Collaterals on True FFR Prediction for a Left Main Stenosis with Concomitant Lesions: An In Vitro Study.

With the aim of assisting interventional cardiologists during decision making for revascularization, reduced-order (0D) approaches have been developed to predict the true fractional flow reserve (FFRTrue) of individual stenoses in multiple-lesion arrangements. In this study, a general equation was derived to predict the FFRTrue of a left main (LM) coronary stenosis with downstream lesions, one in the left anterior descending (LAD) and the other in the left circumflex (LCx) artery, and distinct collateral circulations supplying each daughter artery. An in vitro model mimicking the fractal nature of LM bifurcation trees with collateral branches was developed to validate the FFR values obtained with the prediction model (FFR Pred Model ). Our results demonstrated that: (1) considering collaterals significantly improved the FFR Pred Model estimation for a moderate LM stenosis with two downstream lesions as compared to computations with no collateral consideration (p < 0.001): mean absolute error |FFR Pred Model - FFRTrue| ± SD was equal to 0.02 ± 0.01 vs. 0.04 ± 0.02 respectively, and (2) Deviations from FFRTrue for LM stenoses are correlated to both, downstream lesion severities and collateral developments. The present study supports the hypothesis that collateral circulations supplying the LAD and LCx must be considered when predicting the FFRTrue of an LM stenosis with downstream lesions.

The motility of normal and cancer cells in response to the combined influence of the substrate rigidity and anisotropic microstructure.

Cell adhesion and migration are strongly influenced by extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture and rigidity, but little is known about the concomitant influence of such environmental signals to cell responses, especially when considering cells of similar origin and morphology, but exhibiting a normal or cancerous phenotype. Using micropatterned polydimethylsiloxane substrates (PDMS) with tunable stiffness (500 kPa, 750 kPa, 2000 kPa) and topography (lines, pillars or unpatterned), we systematically analyse the differential response of normal (3T3) and cancer (SaI/N) fibroblastic cells. Our results demonstrate that both cells exhibit differential morphology and motility responses to changes in substrate rigidity and microtopography. 3T3 polarisation and spreading are influenced by substrate microtopography and rigidity. The cells exhibit a persistent type of migration, which depends on the substrate anisotropy. In contrast, the dynamic of SaI/N spreading is strongly modified by the substrate topography but not by substrate rigidity. SaI/N morphology and migration seem to escape from extracellular cues: the cells exhibit uncorrelated migration trajectories and a large dispersion of their migration speed, which increases with substrate rigidity.

Viscoelastic characterization of soft tissue from dynamic finite element models.

An iterative solution to the inverse problem of elasticity and viscosity is proposed in this paper. A new dynamic finite element model that is consistent with known rheological models has been derived to account for the viscoelastic changes in soft tissue. The model assumes known lumped masses at the nodes, and comprises two vectors of elasticity and viscosity parameters that depend on the material elasticity and viscosity distribution, respectively. Using this deformation model and the observed dynamic data for harmonic excitation, the inverse problem is solved to reconstruct the viscosity and elasticity in the medium by using a Gauss-Newton-based approach. As in other inverse problems, previous knowledge of the parameters on the boundaries of the medium is necessary to assure uniqueness and convergence and to obtain an accurate map of the viscoelastic properties. The sensitivity of the solutions to noise, model and boundary conditions has been studied through numerical simulations. Experimental results are also presented. The viscosity and elasticity of a gelatin-based phantom with inclusion of known properties have been reconstructed and have been shown to be close to the values obtained using standard rheometry.

Noninvasive Vascular Modulography Method for Imaging the Local Elasticity of Atherosclerotic Plaques: Simulation and In Vitro Vessel Phantom Study.

Mechanical and morphological characterization of atherosclerotic lesions in carotid arteries remains an essential step for the evaluation of rupture prone plaques and the prevention of strokes. In this paper, we propose a noninvasive vascular imaging modulography (NIV-iMod) method, which is capable of reconstructing a heterogeneous Young's modulus distribution of a carotid plaque from the Von Mises strain elastogram. Elastograms were computed with noninvasive ultrasound images using the Lagrangian speckle model estimator and a dynamic segmentation-optimization procedure to highlight mechanical heterogeneities. This methodology, based on continuum mechanics, was validated in silico with finite-element model strain fields and ultrasound simulations, and in vitro with polyvinyl alcohol cryogel phantoms based on magnetic resonance imaging geometries of carotid plaques. In silico, our results show that the NiV-iMod method: 1) successfully detected and quantified necrotic core inclusions with high positive predictive value (PPV) and sensitivity value (SV) of 81±10% and 91±6%; 2) quantified Young's moduli of necrotic cores, fibrous tissues, and calcium inclusions with mean values of 32±23, 515±30, and 3160±218 kPa (ground true values are 10, 600, and 5000 kPa); and 3) overestimated the cap thickness by . In vitro, the PPV and SV for detecting soft inclusions were 60±21% and 88±9%, and Young's modulus mean values of mimicking lipid, fibrosis, and calcium were 34±19, 193±14, and 649±118 kPa (ground true values are 25±3, 182±21, and 757±87 kPa).

Principal Strain Vascular Elastography: Simulation and Preliminary Clinical Evaluation.

It is difficult to produce reliable polar strain elastograms (radial and circumferential) because the center of the carotid artery is typically unknown. Principal strain imaging can overcome this limitation, but suboptimal lateral displacement estimates make this an impractical approach for visualizing mechanical properties within the carotid artery. We hypothesized that compounded plane wave imaging can minimize this problem. To test this hypothesis, we performed (i) simulations with vessels of varying morphology and mechanical behavior (i.e., isotropic and transversely isotropic), and (ii) a pilot study with 10 healthy volunteers. The accuracy of principal and polar strain (computed using knowledge of the precise vessel center) elastograms varied between 7% and 17%. In both types of elastograms, strain concentrated at the junction between the fibrous cap and the vessel wall, and the strain magnitude decreased with increasing fibrous cap thickness. Elastograms of healthy volunteers were consistent with those of transversely isotropic homogeneous vessels; they were spatially asymmetric, a trend that was common to both principal and polar strains. No significant differences were observed in the mean strain recovered from principal and polar strains (p > 0.05). This investigation indicates that principal strain elastograms measured with compounding plane wave imaging overcome the problems incurred when polar strain elastograms are computed with imprecise estimates of the vessel center.

Effect of crosslinking on the elasticity of polyelectrolyte multilayer films measured by colloidal probe AFM.

A homemade colloidal probe atomic force microscope was used to perform nanoindentation with a spherical probe of 5 microm in diameter, at different approach velocities in order to extract the Young's modulus, E0, of poly(L-lysine)/hyaluronan (PLL/HA) films. This parameter is of prime importance to control cellular adhesion. The films were either kept in their native form or cross-linked with a mixture of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydrosulfosuccinimide (sulfo-NHS), where the EDC concentration was varied from 1 up to 100 mg mL(-1) (approximately from 5 to 500 mM). A model based on Hertz mechanics was used to account for the interactions between film and probe. It is shown that the Young's modulus varies with the approach velocity for the native (PLL/HA) films, whereas for cross-linked ones, E0 is independent from the velocity over the whole range investigated. It is found that for native films, E0 takes a value of 3 kPa at low approach velocities, a velocity domain that should be relevant in cellular adhesion processes. The Young's modulus increases with the EDC concentration used to cross-link the films and levels off at a value of about 400 kPa for EDC concentrations exceeding 40 mg mL(-1). Thus, it is possible by crosslinking PLL/HA films to control their elastic properties with the aim to alter their behavior as to the cellular adhesion.

An extended modeling of the micropipette aspiration experiment for the characterization of the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of adherent thin biological samples: numerical and experimental studies.

The micropipette aspiration (MA) experiment remains a quite widely used micromanipulation technique for quantifying the elastic modulus of cells and, less frequently, of other biological samples. However, moduli estimations derived from MA experiments are only valid if the probed sample is non-adherent to the rigid substrate. This study extends this standard formulation by taking into account the influence of the sample adhesion. Using a finite element analysis of the sample aspiration into the micropipette, we derived a new expression of the aspirated length for linear elastic materials. Our results establish that (i) below a critical value, the thickness h of the probed sample must be considered to get an accurate value of its Young's modulus (ii) this critical value depends both on the Poisson's ratio and on the sample adhesivity. Additionally, we propose a novel method which allows the computation of the intrinsic Young's modulus of the adherent probed sample from its measured apparent elasticity modulus. Thanks to the set of computational graphs we derived from our theoretical analysis, we successfully validate this method by experiments performed on polyacrylamide gels. Interestingly, the original procedure we proposed allows a simultaneous quantification of the Young's modulus and of the Poisson's ratio of the adherent gel. Thus, our revisited analysis of MA experiments extends the application domain of this technique, while contributing to decrease the dispersion of elastic modulus values obtained by this method.