Whole-genome scan for guttural pouch tympany in Arabian and German warmblood horses.

Equine guttural pouch tympany (GPT) is a hereditary disease in foals of several breeds, including thoroughbreds, Arabian, Quarter and warmblood horses. We performed a whole-genome scan for GPT in 143 horses from five Arabian and five German warmblood families and genotyped 257 microsatellites. Chromosome-wide significant linkage was detected on ECA2 and ECA15 using multipoint non-parametric linkage analyses. Analyses stratified by sex revealed chromosome-wide significant linkage on ECA2 for fillies and chromosome-wide significant linkage on ECA15 for colts. For Arabian colts, the quantitative trait locus (QTL) on ECA15 was genome-wide significant. Haplotypes including two to four microsatellites within the QTL on ECA2 and 15 in fillies and colts, respectively, were significantly associated with GPT for both breeds. Thus, our analysis indicated sex-specific QTL, a fact which is in agreement with a two- to fourfold higher incidence of GPT in females. This is the first report of QTL for equine GPT and a first step towards identifying genes responsible for GPT.

Necrosis of the nasal conchae in 12 horses.

Twelve horses with a history of a unilateral malodorous nasal discharge were examined clinically, endoscopically and radiographically. The head of one of the horses was examined by computed tomography. Tissue samples were taken for microbiology from four of the horses and for histology from three. The conchal necrosis was unilateral in 11 of the horses and bilateral in the other, and no particular concha was affected more than the others. The affected tissue was removed transendoscopically with a polypectomy snare while the horses were sedated and standing. Mild disinfectants were used locally in six of the horses. After the removal of all the necrotic tissue, the affected concha healed without any complications in all 12 horses.

Reactivity of equine airways--a study on precision-cut lung slices.

A study was performed to evaluate the use of precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) for studies on the contraction of equine airways. Lungs of 10 horses were taken to prepare PCLS of approximately 250 microm from equine lung tissue using a special microtome. The lung slices were cultured and the enclosed small airways were monitored using a microscope with coupled digital camera, which was used to determine the airway luminal area and diameter from digital images. As indicated by the beating of the ciliated epithelium and reactivity of airways on methacholine challenge, the tissue slices were found to be viable for at least 24 h. The airways were not precontracted, as indicated by a missing dilatory effect of 1 mmol/L clenbuterol. Bronchoconstriction induced by both methacholine and histamine was found to be dose dependent. EC(50) values based on luminal area were 1.12 micromol/L x / / 3.82 for methacholine and 0.68 micromol/L x / / 6.99 for histamine. In conclusion, the PCLS technique is promising for studies on small airways in the equine lung. In the present study the basic principles of in vitro (ex vivo) examinations with equine PCLS on airway reactivity were developed.

An unusual mucinous osteoma with features of an ossifying fibroma in the nasal cavity of a horse.

A 4-month-old Warm-blooded colt presented with facial distorsion and an abnormal respiratory noise of 2 weeks' duration. A proliferative mass was found endoscopically and by computer tomography. Clinical differential diagnosis included cyst formation of the concha, malformation and neoplasia. Euthanasia was followed by post-mortem examination, which revealed a well-circumscribed, semi-solid, jelly like structure, measuring 14.5 x 9.0 x 12.0 cm, in the left posterior nasal cavity extending into the left frontal and maxillary sinus. Histologically, the mass consisted of trabeculae of woven bone, focal lamellar bone and fibroblast proliferation within a moderate fibro-vascular stroma. Abundant mucin production was noted within areas of fibroblastic differentiation. Some areas contained irregularly shaped spicules of osteoid rimmed by osteoblasts, randomly distributed within a moderately vascularized, fibro-osseous stroma. On the basis of the histopathological features, a nasal mucinous osteoma with focal ossifying fibroma-like structures was diagnosed.

Noninvasive detection and evaluation of atherosclerotic coronary plaques with multislice computed tomography.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy in determining coronary lesion configuration by multislice computed tomography (MSCT). The results were compared with the findings of intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS). BACKGROUND: The risk of acute coronary syndromes caused by plaque disruption and thrombosis depends on plaque composition rather than stenosis severity. Thus, the reliable noninvasive assessment of plaque configuration would constitute an important step forward for risk stratification in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Just recently, MSCT scanners became available for general purpose scanning. Due to improved spatial and temporal resolution, this new technology holds promise to allow for differentiation of coronary lesion configuration. METHODS: The ICUS and MSCT scans (Somatom Volume Zoom, Siemens, Forchheim, Germany) were performed in 15 patients. Plaque composition was analyzed according to ICUS (plaque echogenity: soft, intermediate, calcified) and MSCT criteria (plaque density expressed by Hounsfield units [HU]). RESULTS: Thirty-four plaques were analyzed. With ICUS, the plaques were classified as soft (n = 12), intermediate (n = 5) and calcified (n = 17). Using MSCT, soft plaques had a density of 14 +/- 26 HU (range -42 to +47 HU), intermediate plaques of 91 +/- 21 HU (61 to 112 HU) and calcified plaques of 419 +/- 194 HU (126 to 736 HU). Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test revealed a significant difference of plaque density among the three groups (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that coronary lesion configuration might be correctly differentiated by MSCT. Since also rupture-prone soft plaques can be detected by MSCT, this noninvasive method might become an important diagnostic tool for risk stratification in the near future.

[The development of verrucous pastern dermatitis syndrome in heavy draught horses. Part I: Review of the literature]. / Zur Entstehung von Warzenmauke bei Kaltblutpferden. Teil I: Literaturübersicht.

Verrucous pastern dermatitis is a chronic hyperplastic dermatopathy of the feet of horses which is characterized by a greasy, odorous coating of the skin and, in advanced stages, by clearly demarcated calluses and wart-like proliferations. The disease occurs almost exclusively in cold-blooded and other heavy horses, with certain breeds affected most frequently. It is considered a distinct disease entity within the framework of pastern dermatitis syndrome. There is no consensus in the literature about relationship of the disease to the sex and age of the horse. Horses with a high cannon circumference and pronounced fetlock tufts of hair seem to be affected most severely. In chiefly anecdotal reports the cause of the disease or its aggravation has been ascribed to housing conditions and environmental influences, chemicals, mechanical insults, feeding, or infections with Chorioptes skin mites. It thus seems likely that the disease is affected by a variety of factors. Although verrucous pastern dermatitis has been known for hundreds of years, its etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear.

[Verrucous pastern dermatitis syndrome in heavy draught horses. Part II: Clinical findings]. / Zur Entstehung von Warzenmauke bei Kaltblutpferden. Teil II: Klinische Untersuchungen.

In the present field study the skin of the feet of 37 heavy draught horses of different breeds showing verrucous pastern dermatitis was examined clinically. Included were the degree of severity of the disease and the prevalence of anatomically normal structures associated with the skin: fetlock tufts of hair ("feathering"), ergots, chestnuts, bulges in the pastern region, cannon circumference. Each horse was examined for Chorioptes sp. skin mites. Information was also collected on the development of the skin alterations and housing conditions and feeding. These individual data were correlated with the clinical degree of severity of verrucous pastern dermatitis, which was evaluated using a numerical code (scoring system). In addition, punch biopsies were taken from the diseased skin of the feet and from healthy skin of the neck for comparative patho-histological examination (see Part III). Verrucous pastern dermatitis is a chronic disease which can be divided into four groups: scaling (group I), hyperkeratotic and hyperplastic plaque-like lesions (group II), tuberous skin masses (group III), and verrucous skin lesions with rugged surfaces (group IV). No correlation was found between the clinical degree of severity of the skin lesions and sex, breed, amount of work, use of stallions for breeding, grooming condition of the hair, white markings in the foot region, or Chorioptes sp. infestation. In regard to feeding it was found that the amount of maize and oats fed had some influence on the clinical degree of severity. Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between the clinical degree of severity and the age, the grooming condition of the hooves, and the mean cannon circumference. The prevalence of fetlock tufts of hair, chestnuts, ergots, and anatomically normal bulges in the pastern region also increased significantly with the clinical degree of severity. Furthermore the study revealed that the clinical degree of severity depended on the hygienic conditions of the stables and of the ground where the horses were kept outdoors.

Efficient correction for CT image artifacts caused by objects extending outside the scan field of view.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a method of eliminating CT image artifacts generated by objects extending outside the scan field of view, such as obese or inadequately positioned patients. CT projection data are measured only within the scan field of view and thus are abruptly discontinuous at the projection boundaries if the scanned object extends outside the scan field of view. This data discontinuity causes an artifact that consists of a bright peripheral band that obscures objects near the boundary of the scan field of view. An adaptive mathematical extrapolation scheme with low computational expense was applied to reduce the data discontinuity prior to convolution in a filtered backprojection reconstruction. Despite extended projection length, the convolution length was not increased and thus the reconstruction time was not affected. Raw projection data from ten patients whose bodies extended beyond the scan field of view were reconstructed using a conventional method and our extended reconstruction method. Limitations of the algorithm are investigated and extensions for further improvement are discussed. The images reconstructed by conventional filtered backprojection demonstrated peripheral bright-band artifacts near the boundary of the scan field of view. Images reconstructed with our technique were free of such artifacts and clearly showed the anatomy at the periphery of the scan field of view with correct attenuation values. We conclude that bright-band artifacts generated by obese patients whose bodies extend beyond the scan field of view were eliminated with our reconstruction method, which reduces boundary data discontinuity. The algorithm can be generalized to objects with inhomogeneous peripheral density and to true "Region of Interest Reconstruction" from truncated projections.

Image reconstruction and performance evaluation for ECG-gated spiral scanning with a 16-slice CT system.

We present an image reconstruction approach and a performance evaluation for ECG-gate cardiac spiral scanning with recently introduced 16-slice CT equipment. We present an extension of the Adaptive Cardio Volume (ACV) reconstruction approach for ECG-gated multislice spiral scanning. We discuss the image z reformation introduced to control the spiral slice width of the final images and give an overview of the reformation functions chosen. We investigate image quality and discuss the maximum number of slices that can be reconstructed without severe cone-beam artifacts. Slice sensitivity profiles (SSPs) and transverse resolution are evaluated as a function of the patient's heart rate. We demonstrate the influence of slice width on the visualization of stents and plaques and show the impact of reduced gantry rotation time (0.42 s) on temporal resolution. Deviating from general purpose spiral scanning cone-beam reconstruction is not required for ECG-gated cardiac CT with up to 16 slices. Using the ACV approach with image reformation, SSPs are well defined and independent of the patient's heart rate. With 0.75 mm collimated slice width, the measured full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the smallest reconstructed slice is about 0.83 mm. Using this slice width and overlapping image reconstruction, cylindrical holes 0.6-0.7 mm in diameter can be resolved in a z-resolution phantom. Adequate visualization of the coronary arteries requires reconstruction slice widths not larger than 1.5 mm. Visualization of stents and severe calcifications is significantly improved with sub-mm slice width. Experimental evidence for the theoretically predicted temporal resolution and for the variation of temporal resolution depending on the position in the field of measurement (FOM) is presented. With 0.42 s gantry rotation temporal resolution reaches its optimum of 105 ms in the center of the FOM at 81 bpm. First scans on human subjects demonstrate the potential to expand the range of heart rates accessible to routine clinical examinations. A 16-slice platform can cover the heart with sub-mm slices within short breath-hold times, allowing for improved cardiac imaging due to isotropic sub-mm spatial resolution.

Current development of cardiac imaging with multidetector-row CT.

Multidector-row CT (MDCT) with retrospective ECG gating allows scanning the entire heart with 1.25 mm slice thickness and 250 ms effective exposure time within 35 s investigation time. The resulting images allow for an accurate high-resolution assessment of morphological detail of both the coronary arteries and the cardiac chambers. Performing a contrast-enhanced MDCT angiography (MD-CTA) in addition to a non-enhanced scan for the detection and quantification of coronary calcifications may be indicated in patients with atypical chest pain and in young patients with high cardiovascular risk. This group of patients may show non-calcified plaques as the first sign of their coronary artery disease. As the proximal part of the coronary arteries is well displayed by MD-CTA it also helps to delineate the course in anomalous coronary vessels. Additional information is drawn from the preoperative use of MD-CTA do determine the distance of the left internal mammarian artery to the left anterior descending coronary artery prior to minimal invasive bypass grafting. Additional indications for MD-CTA are the non-invasive follow up after venous bypass grafting, PTCA, and coronary stent interventions. MD-CTA allows following the course of the coronary vessels to the level of third generation coronary segmental arteries. A definite diagonis to rule out coronary artery disease can be reliably made in vessels with a diameter of 1.5 mm or greater. With MDCT a number of different atherosclerotic changes can be observed in diseased coronary arteries. Non-stenotic lesions may show tiny calcifications surrounded by large areas of irregularly distributed soft tissue. Calcifications in this type of atherosclerotic coronary artery wall changes appear as 'the tip of iceberg'. Heavy calcifications usually tend to be non-stenotic because of vessel remodelling resulting in a widening of the coronary vessel lumen. Therefore, heavy calcifications appear to ack like an 'internal stent' for a coronary vessel segment. Humps of soft tissue either with or without calcifications are more likely to cause significant coronary artery disease and correlate with stenoses of >50% on selective coronary catheter. These humps consist of well-defined soft tissue in the coronary artery wall. The density of this soft tissue may vary between 30-70 HU. In cases where a coronary vessel is occluded by thrombotic material, a typical sign is found with enlargement of the coronary vessel, a hypodense center and a hyperdense rim. Vessel occlusion without thrombus may also appear within a collapsed and dense lumen. In addition to the investigation of the coronary arteries, CTA with MDCT is well suited to assess the presence and morphology of myocardial scars and aneurysms, intracardial tumors and thrombi.

Subsecond multi-slice computed tomography: basics and applications.

The recent advent of multislice-scanning is the first real quantum leap in computed tomography since the introduction of spiral CT in the early 90s. We discuss basic theoretical considerations important for the design of multislice scanners. Then, specific issues, like the design of the detector and spiral interpolation schemes are addressed briefly for the SOMATOM PLUS 4 Volume Zoom. The theoretical concepts are validated with phantom measurements. We finally show the large potential of the new technology for clinical applications. The concurrent acquisition of multiple slices results in a dramatic reduction of scan time for a given scan technique. This allows scanning volumes previously inaccessible. Similarly, given volumes can be scanned at narrower collimation, i.e. higher axial resolution in a given time. From data acquired at narrow collimation, both high-resolution studies and standard images can be reconstructed in the so-called Combi-Mode. This on the one hand reduces dose exposure to the patient because repeated scanning of a patient is no longer required. On the other hand, standard reconstructions benefit from narrow collimation as Partial Volume Artifacts are drastically suppressed. The rotational speed of 0.5 s of the SOMATOM PLUS 4 Volume Zoom furthermore opens up a whole range of new applications in cardiac CT. For the first time, virtually motion-free images can be acquired even for large volumes in a single breathhold by the combination of fast rotation and ECG triggering, respectively gating. We explain the underlying concepts and present initial results. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the impact of the new technique on image display and postprocessing.

New technical developments in multislice CT, part 2: sub-millimeter 16-slice scanning and increased gantry rotation speed for cardiac imaging.

Despite all promising advances, some challenges remain for ECG-gated multislice CT examinations of the heart and the coronary arteries with current 4-slice detectors: adequate visualization of stents and severely calcified coronary arteries, examination of patients with higher heart rates and patients, who cannot adequately hold their breath for at least 30 sec. The new generation of multislice CT systems offering simultaneous acquisition of up to 16 sub-millimeter slices and gantry rotation times shorter than 0.5 sec has the potential to overcome these limitations. We describe the technical principles of cardiac scanning with a state-of-the-art 16-slice CT equipment (SOMATOM Sensation 16, Siemens AG, Forchheim, Germany). We discuss an extension of the Adaptive Cardio Volume (ACV) reconstruction approach for ECG-gated multislice spiral CT. We show the impact of reduced gantry rotation time (0.42 sec) on temporal resolution, and we demonstrate the influence of slice width on the visualization of stents and plaques. Deviating from general purpose applications a cone-correction is not required for cardiac scanning with 16-slice CT systems. In addition to the absolute improvement, the temporal resolution shows a different dependence on the patient's heart rate for 0.42 sec rotation time, reaching its optimum (105 msec) at 81 BPM. This has the potential to expand the range of heart rates accessible to routine clinical examinations. Owing to sub-millimeter slice width and optimized in-plane resolution characteristics, visualization of stents and severe calcifications in coronary arteries is significantly improved. Clinical experience will be needed to fully evaluate the potential of 16-slice technology for cardiac imaging.

[Optimizing image reconstruction timing for the RR interval in imaging coronary arteries with multi-slice computerized tomography]. / Optimierung des Bild-Rekonstruktionszeitpunktes im RR-Intervall für die Darstellung der Koronararterien mittels Mehrzeilen-Computertomographie.

PURPOSE: Multislice spiral CT is a newly developed technology that allows the non-invasive detection of coronary stenoses and plaques. The acquired raw data are reconstructed at a given time point in the RR interval of the heart cycle. Thus, determination of this time point is a key factor for picture quality and for reliable diagnostic results. This study was performed to investigate the optimal time point for reconstruction within the RR interval. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The coronary arteries of 13 patients were examined with CT. Raw data were reconstructed 250, 350, 450 and 550 ms before the following R wave (absolute reverse retrospective ECG gating) for each patient. Data were then analyzed with a volume rendering mode on a SIEMENS 3 D-Virtuoso workstation. A total of 91 segments (segments 1 and 2 of the RCA, segments 5, 6, 7 and proximal and distal parts of segment 11) were assessed and image quality was classified. RESULTS: Visualization of the left main coronary artery was of a good quality at all time points, segments 6 and 7 of the LAD as well as the proximal and distal parts of segment 11 of the RCX had the best quality at 450 ms absolute reverse retrospective ECG gating. The segments 1 and 2 of the RCA were of best quality 550% ms absolute reverse to the R peak. CONCLUSIONS: Classification of image quality of coronary artery CT scans after retrospectively ECG gated reconstruction is highly determined by the time point of reconstruction in the heart cycle. The optimization of this time point increases diagnostic accuracy and helps to avoid misinterpretation due to image artifacts.

[Cardiac multidetector-row CT: first clinical results of retrospectively ECG-gated spiral with optimized temporal and spatial resolution]. / Multidetector CT des Herzens: Erste Klinische Anwendung einer retrospektiv EKG-gesteuerten Spirale mit optimierter zeitlicher und örtlicher Auflösung zur Darstellung der Herzkranzgefässe.

PURPOSE: The significantly improved temporal and spatial resolution of Multidetector-Row CT opens up new possibilities for cardiac imaging. A method with retrospectively ECG-gated spiral acquisition is presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 10 patients underwent cardiac CT on a fast multi-slice CT system with 4 simultaneously acquired slices and 0.5 s rotation time (Siemens Somatom Volume Zoom). Continuous spiral data of the entire heart volume (5 studies precontrast for calcium scoring, 5 studies with contrast) were acquired together with the patient's ECG and reconstructed with dedicated spiral algorithms providing 250 ms temporal resolution. Three-dimensional image data sets were built up from overlapping slices that were reconstructed in an arbitrary, user-defined phase of the heart cycle (e.g., diastolic phase). To evaluate the capability of the method for functional imaging, complete image volumes were reconstructed from the same spiral data set in different phases of the heart cycle. RESULTS: Within a single breath-hold, a spiral data set of the entire heart volume could be acquired. Typical scan times for standard examinations with 3-mm slice width were 12-17 s, and for high-resolution CT angiographies of the coronary arteries with 1.25-mm slice width about 25-35 s. Motion-free reconstruction of the heart and coronary arteries with high spatial resolution were possible in the diastolic phase of the heart cycle. Multiphase reconstructions from the same spiral scan data set were possible. CONCLUSIONS: Fast multi-slice spiral CT with retrospectively ECG-gated spiral reconstruction is well suited for three-dimensional and functional imaging of the heart, especially for high-resolution imaging of calcified coronary plaques and CT-angiography of the coronary arteries.

[Visualization of coronary arteries in CT as assessed by a new 16 slice technology and reduced gantry rotation time: first experiences]. / Darstellung der Herzkranzgefässe im CT mittels neuer 16-Zeilen-Technologie und reduzierter Rotationszeit: Erste Erfahrungen.

PURPOSE: First evaluation of image quality of a new 16-slice multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) for the assessment of coronary artery disease and lesion detection of the coronary arteries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: On a newly developed 16-slice CT scanner (SOMATOM Sensation 16, Siemens, Forchheim, Germany) a calcium score as well as a contrast-enhanced CT angiography (CTA) were performed on 4 patients with retrospective ECG-gating and a gantry rotation time of 420 ms to exclude or follow-up coronary heart disease. CTA was performed after injecting 120 ml contrast media intravenously. After medication with a ss-Blocker, the heart rate was between 55 and 67 bpm. RESULTS: The scan time for calcium score was 12 s, for CTA 18 s (scan range 15 and 12 cm, respectively). Volume score was between 0 and 256.4. In the CT angiography the entire coronary tree could be visualized in all patients up to the very distal subsegmental branches. In two patients a complete occlusion of the RCA and the LAD were depicted, respectively. In one of these patients, a large aneurysm of the left anterior ventricular wall was also delineated. CONCLUSION: Considering our first experiences with the new 16-slice technology, an excellent visualization of the entire coronary tree including the very distal and side branches due to substantially increased spatial resolution seems to be achievable. In these patients the acquired image quality raises the hope for improved, non-invasive cardiac diagnostics. In larger studies, the clinical impact of this new technology needs to be further investigated.

Visible injury responses.

During a five year experiment on the causes of forest disease, symptoms of visible injury and pest infestations in trees treated with various air pollutants in open-top chambers were observed. Though the long-term experiment was originally not intended to include such investigations, insect infestation and some discoloration of the trees (Beech, Fagus sylvatica; Fir, Abies alba; Spruce, Picea abies) could not be avoided. Abundance and size of some of the insects were measured after two years and at the end of the experiment. Because it was unknown when the first infestation in the chambers occurred, quantitative investigations of the population size provided little information. Visible injury on leaves and needles was infrequent in general. When it occurred, it appeared to be caused by at least three stress factors. However, three different types of symptoms on beech and fir could be attributed mainly to air pollutants. These symptoms consisted of two types of foliar necrosis and browning in beech and needle tip chlorosis in fir. These symptoms have been observed under certain conditions in the German forests. The spruce clone used, however, developed no injuries which could be connected definitely to treatment effects.

Surgical management of equine recurrent uveitis with single port pars plana vitrectomy.

Current information suggests that equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is an immune-mediated reaction to infectious agents or to autologous ophthalmic tissue. Recurrences are associated with progression of irreversible ocular damage. This report describes the intraoperative technique, complications, and long-term results of 38 eyes in 35 horses with ERU that underwent pars plana vitrectomy. The majority of the horses were warm-blooded. Recurrence of ERU was prevented in 35 of the 38 eyes. Some horses, especially in patients with incipient cataracts, developed vision loss in postoperative, quiescent eyes which was usually associated with cataract formation. Vision was stable in 85% of all eyes that underwent vitrectomy. Pars plana vitrectomy in horses appears successful in interrupting the cycle of repeated episodes of ERU, and the subsequent globe destruction in the majority of eyes. Removal of uveitis-induced 'immunologic memory' in the vitreous by vitrectomy may reduce adverse interaction between the vitreous and the uveal tract, and therefore reduce the recurrence of ERU.

Retrospective analysis of 50 cases of guttural pouch tympany in foals.

Between 1994 and 2001, guttural pouch tympany was diagnosed in 51 foals; there were approximately three times as many fillies as colts, of Arabian, different German warmblood breeds and Western horse breeds. There were significantly more Arabian and paint horse foals than expected in comparison with the breed distribution of the foals hospitalised at the Clinic for Horses. The foals' breed and sex did not influence the age of onset, the type and severity of the clinical signs or the recurrence rate. A surgical laser technique was used on 50 of the foals; in 35 cases only one surgical treatment was necessary, in seven cases a second operation was required during the foal's initial period of hospitalisation, and in eight cases a second operation was performed during a second period of hospitalisation. Long-term follow-up information was obtained for 44 of the 50 treated horses; 24 of them were under two years of age and 20 were over two years of age. In six horses, no follow-up information was available. Four horses were euthanased for reasons unrelated to the condition or its treatment. The horses over two years of age were in training or were being used for competitions in dressage or jumping or for breeding purposes, and in only one of them was an adventitious respiratory noise reported. All the horses up to two years of age were reported to be healthy.

[Transendoscopic laser surgery of exercise-induced dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses]. / Transendoskopische Laserchirurgie der belastungsinduzierten Dorsalverlagerung des Gaumensegels beim Pferd.

From 1995 to 1997 11 racehorses, one Hanoverian and one Pony were presented to the clinic with a sudden appearing, very loudly gurgling expiratory respiratory noise. Considering the preliminary report and the clinical and endoscopical findings, as exercise induced dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) was found to be the cause of the respiratory noise. The 13 horses were treated in general anaesthesia by transendoscopic coagulation of the caudal margin of the soft palate with a Neodym-YAG-Laser. This surgical intervention had to be repeated on four horses with unchanged signs. Eight of 13 horses (62%) did not show any respiratory noises after the operation. These horses were again successfully raced and ridden. Only an improvement was observed in two horses (15%), while in three patients (23%) the respiratory noise was unchanged after surgery. The laser chirurgic approach to the exercise induced DDSP offers, compared to previous therapies important advantages, like shorter recoveries, combined with similar success rates.