Stratification of mouse vaginal epithelium 2. Identification of factors inducing stratification.

Stratification of the vaginal epithelium is regulated by stromal factors. To analyze the mechanisms of stratification in vitro, 3 dimensional (3D) co-culture models were established with clonal cell lines. In the models, stromal cells were embedded in collagen gel and epithelial cells were seeded on the gel. In the 3D co-culture, stromal SV-6c4a1b cells induced epithelial stratification but stromal MV-1e6g1a cells did not, suggesting that SV-6c4a1b cells secrete molecules to induce stratification. Microarray analyses of these stromal cell lines identified chordin-like 1 (Chrd1) and WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2 (Wisp2) as candidate genes inducing stratification. Chrdl1 variant1 and variant2 mRNAs were expressed not only in stromal SV-6c4a1b and MV-1e6g1a cells but also in epithelial SV-4b6b cells. Wisp2-overexpressing MV-1e6g1a cells, secreting WISP2 as much as SV-6c4a1b cells, induced stratification of epithelial cells. In addition, Wisp2-knockdowned SV-6c4a1b cells were unable to induce epithelial stratification. These results suggest that WISP2 is one of the stromal factors inducing stratification of the mouse vaginal epithelium.

Relationship Between Cerebrospinal Fluid Alzheimer's Disease Biomarker Values Measured via Lumipulse Assays and Conventional ELISA: Single-Center Experience and Systematic Review.

Background: Although Lumipulse assays and conventional ELISA are strongly correlated, the precise relationship between their measured values remains undetermined. Objective: To determine the relationship between Lumipulse and ELISA measurement values. Methods: Patients who underwent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker measurements and consented to biobanking between December 2021 and June 2023 were included. The relationship between values measured via Lumipulse assays and conventional ELISA were evaluated by Passing-Bablok analyses for amyloid-ß 1-42 (Aß42), total tau (t-tau), and phospho-tau 181 (p-tau 181). Studies using both assays were systematically searched for in PubMed and summarized after quality assessment. Results: Regression line slopes and intercepts were 1.41 (1.23 to 1.60) and -77.8 (-198.4 to 44.5) for Aß42, 0.94 (0.88 to 1.01) and 98.2 (76.9 to 114.4) for t-tau, and 1.60 (1.43 to 1.75) and -21.1 (-26.9 to -15.6) for p-tau181. Spearman's correlation coefficients were 0.90, 0.95, and 0.95 for Aß42, t-tau, and p-tau181, respectively. We identified 13 other studies that included 2,117 patients in total. Aß42 slope varied among studies, suggesting inter-lab difference of ELISA. The slope and intercept of t-tau were approximately 1 and 0, respectively, suggesting small proportional and systematic differences. Conversely, the p-tau181 slope was significantly higher than 1, distributed between 1.5-2 in most studies, with intercepts significantly lower than 0, suggesting proportional and systematic differences. Conclusions: We characterized different relationship between measurement values for each biomarker, which may be useful for understanding the differences in CSF biomarker measurement values on different platforms and for future global harmonization.

Neuropathological changes associated with aberrant cerebrospinal fluid p-tau181 and Aß42 in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.

Recent studies suggest that increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) phospho-tau is associated with brain amyloid pathology rather than the tau pathology. However, confirmation using gold standard neuropathological assessments remains limited. This study aimed to determine background pathologies associated with aberrant CSF p-tau181 and amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aß42) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. We retrospectively studied all patients with antemortem CSF and postmortem neuropathologic data at our institution. Comprehensive neuropathologic assessments were conducted for all patients, including Thal phase, Braak NFT stage, and CERAD score for AD. CSF concentrations of p-tau181 and Aß42 were compared between AD neuropathological scores at autopsy by one-way ANOVA stratified by other pathologies. A total of 127 patients with AD (n = 22), Lewy body disease (n = 26), primary tauopathies (n = 30), TDP-43 proteinopathy (n = 16), and other diseases (n = 33) were included. The age at lumbar puncture was 76.3 ± 9.1 years, 40.8% were female, and median time from lumbar puncture to autopsy was 637 (175-1625) days. While Braak NFT 0-II was prevalent without amyloid pathology, Braak NFT ≥IV was observed exclusively in patients with amyloid pathology. Stratified analyses showed that CSF p-tau181 was slightly but significantly higher in patients with high Thal phase or CERAD score even in those with Braak NFT 0-II at autopsy. In patients with amyloid pathology, CSF p-tau181 was significantly and more profoundly elevated in those with Braak NFT ≥III at autopsy. CSF Aß42 was lower in patients with high amyloid pathological scores. However, 34% with Thal ≤ 2 and 38% with CERAD ≤ sparse also showed decreased Aß42. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) were overrepresented in this group. These results neuropathologically confirmed previous studies that CSF p-tau181 levels were slightly elevated with amyloid pathology alone and were even higher with tau pathology, and that CSFAß42 can be decreased in PSP/CBD.

CSF P-Tau181 and Other Biomarkers in Patients With Neuronal Intranuclear Inclusion Disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: CSF tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau181) is a widely used biomarker for Alzheimer disease (AD) and has recently been regarded to reflect ß-amyloid and/or p-tau deposition in the AD brain. Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by intranuclear inclusions in neurons, glial cells, and other somatic cells. Symptoms include dementia, neuropathy, and others. CSF biomarkers were not reported. The objective of this study was to investigate whether CSF biomarkers including p-tau181 are altered in patients with NIID. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study. CSF concentrations of p-tau181, total tau, amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aß42), monoamine metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) were compared between 12 patients with NIID, 120 patients with Alzheimer clinical syndrome biologically confirmed based on CSF biomarker profiles, and patients clinically diagnosed with other neurocognitive disorders (dementia with Lewy bodies [DLB], 24; frontotemporal dementia [FTD], 13; progressive supranuclear palsy [PSP], 21; and corticobasal syndrome [CBS], 13). Amyloid PET using Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) was performed in 6 patients with NIID. RESULTS: The mean age of patients with NIID, AD, DLB, FTD, PSP, and CBS was 71.3, 74.6, 76.8, 70.2, 75.5, and 71.9 years, respectively. CSF p-tau181 was significantly higher in NIID (72.7 ± 24.8 pg/mL) compared with DLB, PSP, and CBS and was comparable between NIID and AD. CSF p-tau181 was above the cutoff value (50.0 pg/mL) in 11 of 12 patients with NIID (91.7%). Within these patients, only 2 patients showed decreased CSF Aß42, and these patients showed negative or mild local accumulation in PiB PET, respectively. PiB PET scans were negative in the remaining 4 patients tested. The proportion of patients with increased CSF p-tau181 and normal Aß42 (A-T+) was significantly higher in NIID (75%) compared with DLB, PSP, and CBS (4.2%, 4.8%, and 7.7%, respectively). CSF HVA and 5-HIAA concentrations were significantly higher in patients with NIID compared with disease controls. DISCUSSION: CSF p-tau181 was increased in patients with NIID without amyloid accumulation. Although the deposition of p-tau has not been reported in NIID brains, the molecular mechanism of tau phosphorylation or secretion of p-tau may be altered in NIID.

Development of effective isolation method of ES cells for analysis of differentiation.

Neuroectoderm development is a milestone of vertebrate neurogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the differentiation of neuroectoderm is still unclear, especially in mammals. ES cells co-cultured with PA6 cells can differentiate to neuroectoderm by the stromal cell-derived inducing activity method (SDIA method), but contamination of PA6 cells is an obstacle to the analysis of molecular mechanisms of differentiation. Here we describe a novel method by which differentiated ES cells are easily isolated from PA6 cells. We attempted to induce the differentiation of ES cells using paraformaldehyde-fixed PA6 cells. RT-PCR and DNA microarray analysis revealed that the background noise derived from contaminated PA6 cells disappeared when fixed PA6 cells were used. Furthermore, genes up-regulated during the differentiation of ES cells were expressed in a developing mouse embryo. Thus, our newly developed method will be very useful for identifying novel genes associated with mouse neuroectoderm development in vitro and in vivo.