[Vitamin D deficiency in chronic liver disease, clinical-epidemiological analysis and report after vitamin d supplementation]. / Déficit de vitamina D en la enfermedad hepática crónica, análisis clínico epidemiológico y tras aporte vitamínico.

INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D (VD) is known to have multiple extra-skeletal health functions. There is emerging interest in exploring the relationship between vitamin D and chronic liver disease (CLD). OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of VD deficiency in patients with CLD in our setting and to assess whether VD supplementation influences plasma levels and is associated with improved liver function. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a study in 2 phases. First, we analysed clinical and epidemiological characteristics in 94 patients with CLD; second, different doses of calcifediol (25-OH-VD) were administered to patients with VD deficiency (<20ng/mL) and insufficiency (20-30ng/mL). Plasma concentrations and liver function (Child-Pugh and MELD) at the end of treatment were compared with baseline data. RESULTS: Deficient or insufficient VD levels were found in 87% of the patients, with an average concentration of 18.8ng/mL. Levels were lower in patients with cirrhosis (15.9ng/mL) (P=.002) and in alcoholic liver disease. VD levels were inversely proportional to the degree of liver function: Child A (16.52ng/mL) vs C (7.75ng/mL). After VD supplementation, optimal serum levels were achieved in 94% of patients and significant improvements were observed in platelet count, albumin levels (P<.05) and functional status assessed by the Child-Pugh scale (P<.05). CONCLUSION: Given the high prevalence of VD deficiency or insufficiency, the need for screening should be considered in the population with CLD. VD supplementation could be safe and effective.

[Upper endoscopy findings in obese morbid patients candidates for bariatric surgery]. / Hallazgos de la endoscopia digestiva alta en pacientes con obesidad mórbida candidatos a cirugía bariátrica.

INTRODUCTION: Body mass index has been associated with the presence and severity of various gastrointestinal symptoms. The aim of the study was to analyze the endoscopic findings and gastric histology of morbidly obese candidates for bariatric surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively included patients undergoing bariatric surgery at the Hospital de León from March 2005 to April 2013. The findings of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and antral histology were collected. The relationship of body mass index (BMI) with gastroscopy findings and the presence of Helicobacter pylori were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 194 patients were included. An abnormality on endoscopy or antral biopsy was found in 48.7% and 78.9% of the patients, respectively. Three patients had gastric peptic ulcer, and consequently the intervention was postponed until healing. H.pylori infection was found in 63.9% of the patients. The presence of H.pylori and endoscopic findings were not related to BMI. CONCLUSION: Gastroesophageal disease is common in morbidly obese patients and approximately half of the patients had some kind of alteration on endoscopy. Gastroscopy and H.pylori testing prior to surgery is required to rule out disease that could delay or contraindicate surgery.

Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but not visceral adiposity index, in severely obese patients.

The visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a marker of visceral fat distribution and dysfunction. Visceral adiposity is related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, there is some controversy regarding the association between VAI and NAFLD.The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between VAI and NAFLD and to describe the related factors in severely obese patients. A total of 139 patients who underwent bariatric surgery were included in this cross-sectional study. Liver biopsy was performed during surgery. Univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted to study the features related to VAI. A univariate analysis was conducted to identify which factors were associated with liver histology. In the univariate analysis, steatosis, liver inflammation, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis were associated with VAI. In the multivariate analysis, only HOMA (Beta: 0.06; p < 0.01) and metabolic syndrome (Beta: 1.23; p < 0.01) were related to VAI. HOMA, the presence of metabolic syndrome, and waist circumference (WC) were statistically related to the NAFLD activity score (NAS score): HOMA: 0-2: 5.04; 3-4: 7.83; > or = 5: 11,32; p < 0.01; MS: 0-2: 37 %; 3-4: 33.3 %; > or = 5: 76%; p < 0.01; WC: 0-2: 128.7 cm; 3-4: 130.7; > or = 5: 140.6; p < 0.01). For the prediction of NASH (NAS score > or = 5), the AUROC curve were 0.71 (CI 95 %: 0.63-0.79) for VAI and 0.7 (CI 95 %: 0.62-0.78) for WC. In conclusion, HOMA, WC and metabolic syndrome are related to liver histology in patients with severe obesity. In the multivariate analysis, VAI was associated with HOMA and metabolic syndrome, but not with liver histology.

Vitamin D levels and bone turnover markers are not related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in severely obese patients.

BACKGROUND: Morbidly obese patients usually present vitamin D deficiency or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Low vitamin D levels have been recently related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between vitamin D, bone turnover markers and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome in severely obese patients. METHODS: One hundred and ten patients who underwent bariatric surgery were included. Liver biopsy was taken during surgery. Two univariate analyses were carried out in order to i) analyse the relationship between liver histology and vitamin D-bone turnover markers (intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin and Carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks) and ii) establish the association between metabolic syndrome components-insulin resistance (HOMA) and vitamin D-bone turnover markers. RESULTS: 70% of the patients had lower levels of vitamin D or secondary hyperparathyroidism. None of the components of liver histology were associated with levels of vitamin D or with bone turnover parameters. Patients with metabolic syndrome showed lower levels of PTH and osteocalcin (72,42 (29,47) vs 61.25(19.59) p-Value: 0.022; 19.79 (10.43) vs 16.87(10.25) p-Value: 0,028, respectively). HOMA was not related to Vitamin D or bone turnover markers. CONCLUSION: Low levels of vitamin D or hyperparathyroidism are common in severely obese patients. Vitamin D and bone metabolism markers were associated neither to NAFLD nor with metabolic syndrome in our series of obese morbid patients.

Antecedentes: los pacientes con obesidad mórbida presentan frecuentemente déficit de vitamina D o hiperparatiroidismo secundario. Presentar niveles bajos de vitamina D se ha asociado recientemente con el hígado graso no alcohólico (EHNA). El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación de la vitamina D y los marcadores de recambio óseo con el hígado graso no alcohólico y el síndrome metabólico, en pacientes con obesidad mórbida. Métodos: Ciento diez pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica fueron incluidos, obteniéndose una biopsia hepática durante la cirugía. Dos análisis univariados se llevaron a cabo con el fin de: i) analizar la relación de la histología hepática con la vitamina D y marcadores de recambio óseo (hormona paratiroidea intacta (PTH), osteocalcina y enlaces cruzados de colágeno carboxi-terminal) y ii) establecer la asociación de los componentes del síndrome metabólico y resistencia a la insulina (HOMA) con los marcadores de recambio óseo y vitamina D. Resultados: El 70% de los pacientes presentaron niveles bajos de vitamina D o hiperparatiroidismo secundario. Ninguno de los componentes de la histología hepática resultó asociciado con los niveles de vitamina D o con los parámetros de recambio óseo. Los pacientes con síndrome metabólico mostraron un nivel menor de PTH (72,42 (29,47) vs 61,25 (19,59) Valor p: 0.022) y de osteocalcina 19,79 (10,43) vs 16,87 (10,25) p-valor: 0.028). El HOMA no resultó relacionado con la vitamina D o con los marcadores de recambio óseo. Conclusión: Niveles bajos de vitamina D e hiperparatiroidismo secundario son hallazgos frecuentes en pacientes con obesidad mórbida en nuestro medio. Los marcadores de la vitamina D y recambio óseo no resultaron asociados con el hígado graso no alcohólico, ni con el síndrome metabólico en nuestra serie de pacientes obesos mórbidos.

Déficit de vitamina D en la enfermedad hepática crónica, análisis clínico epidemiológico y tras aporte vitamínico / Vitamin D deficiency in chronic liver disease, clinical-epidemiological analysis and report after vitamin d supplementation

INTRODUCCIÓN: La vitamina D (VD) participa en multitud de funciones extraesqueléticas en el organismo y cada vez es más importante su relación con las enfermedades hepáticas crónicas (EHC). OBJETIVOS: Analizar la prevalencia de déficit o insuficiencia de VD en los pacientes con EHC de nuestra área. Evaluar si el aporte de VD influye en la concentración sérica y se asocia a mejoría de la función hepática. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Realizamos un estudio en 2 fases. En el primer tiempo se analizaron características clínico-epidemiológicas de 94 pacientes con EHC; en un segundo tiempo, se administraron diferentes dosis de calcifediol (25-OH-VD) a aquellos pacientes con déficit (<20ng/mL) e insuficiencia (20-30ng/mL) de VD. Se determinaron concentraciones plasmáticas, variables analíticas y de función hepática (Child-Pugh y MELD) al finalizar el tratamiento y se compararon con los datos basales. RESULTADOS: El 87% de los pacientes tenían concentraciones deficitarias o insuficientes de VD, con una media de 18,8ng/mL, siendo menor en los cirróticos (15,9ng/mL) (p = 0,002) y en la etiología por alcohol. Igualmente la concentración sérica de VD era inversamente proporcionales al grado de función hepática: Child A (16,52ng/mL) vs. C (7,75ng/mL). Tras el aporte con VD, se consiguió normalizar los niveles en el 94% de los pacientes, mejorar significativamente la cifra de plaquetas, de albúmina (p < 0,05) y el grado funcional valorado por la escala de Child-Pugh (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: Dada la alta prevalencia de déficit o insuficiencia de VD debería plantearse la necesidad de cribado en la población con EHC. El aporte de VD podría ser seguro y eficaz

INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D (VD) is known to have multiple extra-skeletal health functions. There is emerging interest in exploring the relationship between vitamin D and chronic liver disease (CLD). OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of VD deficiency in patients with CLD in our setting and to assess whether VD supplementation influences plasma levels and is associated with improved liver function. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a study in 2 phases. First, we analysed clinical and epidemiological characteristics in 94 patients with CLD; second, different doses of calcifediol (25-OH-VD) were administered to patients with VD deficiency (<20ng/mL) and insufficiency (20-30ng/mL). Plasma concentrations and liver function (Child-Pugh and MELD) at the end of treatment were compared with baseline data. RESULTS: Deficient or insufficient VD levels were found in 87% of the patients, with an average concentration of 18.8ng/mL. Levels were lower in patients with cirrhosis (15.9ng/mL) (P=.002) and in alcoholic liver disease. VD levels were inversely proportional to the degree of liver function: Child A (16.52ng/mL) vs C (7.75ng/mL). After VD supplementation, optimal serum levels were achieved in 94% of patients and significant improvements were observed in platelet count, albumin levels (P<.05) and functional status assessed by the Child-Pugh scale (P<.05). CONCLUSION: Given the high prevalence of VD deficiency or insufficiency, the need for screening should be considered in the population with CLD. VD supplementation could be safe and effective

Reactivación de tuberculosis pulmonar durante el tratamiento con triple terapia de la hepatitis C / Reactivation of pulmonary tuberculosis during treatment with triple therapy for hepatitis C

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Hallazgos de la endoscopia digestiva alta en pacientes con obesidad mórbida candidatos a cirugía bariátrica / Upper endoscopy findings in obese morbid patients candidates for bariatric surgery

INTRODUCCIÓN: El índice de masa corporal se ha relacionado con la presencia de patología digestiva. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los hallazgos endoscópicos y la histología gástrica de pacientes con obesidad mórbida candidatos a cirugía bariátrica en nuestro medio. MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron de manera retrospectiva los pacientes intervenidos de cirugía bariátrica en el Hospital de León desde marzo 2005 hasta abril 2013. Se recogieron los hallazgos de la endoscopia digestiva alta y la histología antral. Se estudió si el índice de masa corporal (IMC) estaba relacionado con los hallazgos de la gastroscopia o la presencia de Helicobacter pylori. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 194 pacientes. El 48,7 y el 78,9% de los pacientes presentaron alguna alteración en la endoscopia o en la biopsia antral, respectivamente. Tres pacientes presentaron úlcera gástrica péptica, demorándose la intervención hasta la curación. El 63,9% de los pacientes presentaron infección por H. pylori. La presencia de H. pylori y los hallazgos endoscópicos no se relacionaron con el IMC. CONCLUSIÓN: La patología gastroesofágica es frecuente en obesos mórbidos, y aproximadamente la mitad de los pacientes tenían algún tipo de alteración en la endoscopia. La realización de una gastroscopia e investigar la infección por H. pylori previa a la cirugía es necesario con el fin de descartar patología potencialmente susceptible de contraindicar o demorar la intervención

INTRODUCTION: Body mass index has been associated with the presence and severity of various gastrointestinal symptoms. The aim of the study was to analyze the endoscopic findings and gastric histology of morbidly obese candidates for bariatric surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively included patients undergoing bariatric surgery at the Hospital de León from March 2005 to April 2013. The findings of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and antral histology were collected. The relationship of body mass index (BMI) with gastroscopy findings and the presence ofHelicobacter pylori were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 194 patients were included. An abnormality on endoscopy or antral biopsy was found in 48.7% and 78.9% of the patients, respectively. Three patients had gastric peptic ulcer, and consequently the intervention was postponed until healing. H. pylori infection was found in 63.9% of the patients. The presence of H. pylori and endoscopic findings were not related to BMI. CONCLUSION: Gastroesophageal disease is common in morbidly obese patients and approximately half of the patients had some kind of alteration on endoscopy. Gastroscopy and H. pylori testing prior to surgery is required to rule out disease that could delay or contraindicate surgery

Hepatitis asociada a acetato de glatirámero / Hepatitis induced by glatiramer acetate

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Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but not visceral adiposity index, in severely obese patients / La resistencia a la insulina y el síndrome metabólico se relacionan con la enfermedad grasa del hígado pero no con el índice de adiposidad visceral en pacientes con obesidad severa

The visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a marker of visceral fat distribution and dysfunction. Visceral adiposity is related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, there is some controversy regarding the association between VAI and NAFLD. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between VAI and NAFLD and to describe the related factors in severely obese patients. A total of 139 patients who underwent bariatric surgery were included in this cross-sectional study. Liver biopsy was performed during surgery. Univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted to study the features related to VAI. A univariate analysis was conducted to identify which factors were associated with liver histology. In the univariate analysis, steatosis, liver inflammation, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis were associated with VAI. In the multivariate analysis, only HOMA (Beta: 0.06; p < 0.01) and metabolic syndrome (Beta: 1.23; p < 0.01) were related to VAI. HOMA, the presence of metabolic syndrome, and waist circumference (WC) were statistically related to the NAFLD activity score (NAS score): HOMA: 0-2: 5.04; 3-4: 7.83; ≥ 5: 11,32; p < 0.01; MS: 0-2: 37 %; 3-4: 33.3 %; ≥ 5: 76%; p < 0.01; WC: 0-2: 128.7 cm; 3-4: 130.7; ≥ 5: 140.6; p < 0.01). For the prediction of NASH (NAS score ≥ 5), the AUROC curve were 0.71 (CI 95 %: 0.63-0.79) for VAI and 0.7 (CI 95 %: 0.62-0.78) for WC. In conclusion, HOMA, WC and metabolic syndrome are related to liver histology in patients with severe obesity. In the multivariate analysis, VAI was associated with HOMA and metabolic syndrome, but not with liver histology (AU)

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Vitamin D levels and bone turnover markers are not related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in severely obese patients / Los niveles de vitamina D y marcadores de recambio óseo no se encuentran relacionados con el hígado graso no alcóholico en obesos mórbidos

Background: Morbidly obese patients usually present vitamin D deficiency or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Low vitamin D levels have been recently related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between vitamin D, bone turnover markers and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome in severely obese patients. Methods: One hundred and ten patients who underwent bariatric surgery were included. Liver biopsy was taken during surgery. Two univariate analyses were carried out in order to i) analyse the relationship between liver histology and vitamin D-bone turnover markers (intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin and Carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks) and ii) establish the association between metabolic syndrome components-insulin resistance (HOMA) and vitamin D-bone turnover markers. Results: 70% of the patients had lower levels of vitamin D or secondary hyperparathyroidism. None of the components of liver histology were associated with levels of vitamin D or with bone turnover parameters. Patients with metabolic syndrome showed lower levels of PTH and osteocalcin (72,42 (29,47) vs 61.25(19.59) p-Value: 0.022; 19.79 (10.43) vs 16.87(10.25) p-Value: 0,028, respectively). HOMA was not related to Vitamin D or bone turnover markers. Conclusion: Low levels of vitamin D or hyperparathyroidism are common in severely obese patients. Vitamin D and bone metabolism markers were associated neither to NAFLD nor with metabolic syndrome in our series of obese morbid patients (AU)

Antecedentes: los pacientes con obesidad mórbida presentan frecuentemente déficit de vitamina D o hiperparatiroidismo secundario. Presentar niveles bajos de vitamina D se ha asociado recientemente con el hígado graso no alcohólico (EHNA). El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación de la vitamina D y los marcadores de recambio óseo con el hígado graso no alcohólico y el síndrome metabólico, en pacientes con obesidad mórbida. Métodos: Ciento diez pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica fueron incluidos, obteniéndose una biopsia hepática durante la cirugía. Dos análisis univariados se llevaron a cabo con el fin de: i) analizar la relación de la histología hepática con la vitamina D y marcadores de recambio óseo (hormona paratiroidea intacta (PTH), osteocalcina y enlaces cruzados de colágeno carboxi-terminal) y ii) establecer la asociación de los componentes del síndrome metabólico y resistencia a la insulina (HOMA) con los marcadores de recambio óseo y vitamina D. Resultados: El 70% de los pacientes presentaron niveles bajos de vitamina D o hiperparatiroidismo secundario. Ninguno de los componentes de la histología hepática resultó asociado con los niveles de vitamina D o con los parámetros de recambio óseo. Los pacientes con síndrome metabólico mostraron un nivel menor de PTH (72,42 (29,47) vs 61,25 (19,59) Valor p: 0.022) y de osteocalcina 19,79 (10,43) vs 16,87 (10,25) p-valor: 0.028). El HOMA no resultó relacionado con la vitamina D o con los marcadores de recambio óseo. Conclusión: Niveles bajos de vitamina D e hiperparatiroidismo secundario son hallazgos frecuentes en pacientes con obesidad mórbida en nuestro medio. Los marcadores de la vitamina D y recambio óseo no resultaron asociados con el hígado graso no alcohólico, ni con el síndrome metabólico en nuestra serie de pacientes obesos mórbidos (AU)

Anemia ferropénica refractaria e intolerancia al gluten: respuesta a la dieta sin gluten / Refractory iron-deficiency anemia and gluten intolerance - Response to gluten-free diet

Introducción: la anemia ferropénica refractaria presenta un origen multifactorial, relacionado con diversas enfermedades digestivas, siendo las más frecuentes la enfermedad celiaca con malabsorción y la EII junto con la intolerancia al gluten aislada. Objetivos: determinar la prevalencia de marcadores serológicos, genéticos e histológicos de intolerancia al gluten y analizar la respuesta a la retirada del gluten de la dieta en estos pacientes. Métodos: se incluyeron de forma prospectiva y consecutiva una serie de pacientes con anemia refractaria. Se les aplicó un protocolo consistente en determinación marcadores serológicos (TGt-2), genéticos (HLA-DQ2/DQ8) e histológicos de enfermedad celíaca. Todos siguieron una dieta sin gluten durante una mediana de 3,6 años. Se interpretó como respuesta positiva la desaparición mantenida de la anemia durante el seguimiento. Resultados: se estudiaron 98 pacientes (84% mujeres) con una edad media de 54 años. Los ac. anti-TGt2 fueron positivos en el 5% de los casos. Un total de 67 casos (68%) presentaban el haplotipo HLA-DQ2 o DQ8 (+). Encontramos atrofia vellositaria (Marsh III) en el 13% de los casos y patrón inflamatorio (Marsh I o II) en el 13%. Los 72 casos restantes (74%) no presentaban alteraciones histológicas duodenales. Se compararon la edad, el tiempo de evolución de la anemia, número de transfusiones, número de dosis de hierro parenteral y tiempo en dieta sin gluten, en función de la presencia o no de atrofia vellositaria y de la positividad para el HLA-DQ2/8, sin encontrar diferencias significativas en ninguna de las variables analizadas. La respuesta fue positiva en el 92% de los casos. Conclusiones: la enfermedad celiaca con atrofia vellositaria es causa poco frecuente de anemia refractaria. Las formas de intolerancia al gluten sin lesión histológica asociada, representan cerca del 75% de los casos y desempeñan, por lo tanto, un papel importante en su aparición(AU)

Introduction: refractory iron-deficiency anemia has a multifactorial origin related to various gastrointestinal conditions, with celiac disease plus malabsorption and IBD together with isolated gluten intolerance being most common. Objectives: to determine the prevalence of serum, genetic, and histological markers for gluten intolerance, and to analyze the response to gluten withdrawal from the diet in these patients. Methods: a number of patients with refractory anemia were prospectively and consecutively enrolled. A protocol to measure serum (TGt-2), genetic (HLA-DQ2/DQ8), and histological markers for celiac disease was applied. All followed a gluten-free diet for a median 3.6 years. Sustained remission of anemia during follow-up was interpreted as positive response. Results: ninety-eight patients (84% females) with a mean age of 54 years were studied. Anti-TGt2 antibodies were positive in 5% of cases. A total of 67 cases (68%) were haplotype HLA-DQ2 or -DQ8 (+). We found villous atrophy (Marsh III) in 13% of patients, and an inflammatory pattern (Marsh I or II) in 13%. All remaining 72 patients (74%) had no histological duodenal changes. Age, anemia duration, number of transfusions, number of parenteral iron doses, and time on a gluten-free diet were all compared according to the presence or absence of villous atrophy and HLADQ2/ 8 positivity, and no significant differences were found for any of the analyzed variables. Response was positive in 92% of subjects. Conclusions: celiac disease with villous atrophy is rarely a cause of refractory anemia. Gluten intolerance with no histological lesions is seen in almost 75% of patients, and therefore plays a relevant role in its development(AU)

Adenocarcinoma del bulbo duodenal con células en anillo de sello / Signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma of the duodenal bulb

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Importancia de la resonancia magnética en el diagnóstico de la microhamartomatosis biliar múltiple (complejos de von Meyenburg) / Importance of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of multiple small biliary hamartomas (von Meyenburg complexes)

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