The FDA approved PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 enhances in vitro the anti-neoplastic efficacy of Axitinib against c-myc-amplified high-risk medulloblastoma.

Aberrant receptor kinase signalling and tumour neovascularization are hallmarks of medulloblastoma development and are both considered valuable therapeutic targets. In addition to VEGFR1/2, expression of PDGFR α/ß in particular has been documented as characteristic of metastatic disease correlating with poor prognosis. Therefore, we have been suggested that the clinically approved multi-kinase angiogenesis inhibitor Axitinib, which specifically targets these kinases, might constitute a promising option for medulloblastoma treatment. Indeed, our results delineate anti-neoplastic activity of Axitinib in medulloblastoma cell lines modelling the most aggressive c-myc-amplified Non-WNT/Non-SHH and SHH-TP53-mutated tumours. Exposure of medulloblastoma cell lines to Axitinib results in marked inhibition of proliferation and profound induction of cell death. The differential efficacy of Axitinib is in line with target expression of medulloblastoma cells identifying VEGFR 1/2, PDGFR α/ß and c-kit as potential markers for drug application. The high specificity of Axitinib and the consequential low impact on the haematopoietic and immune system render this drug ideal multi-modal treatment approaches. In this context, we demonstrate that the clinically available PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 enhances the anti-neoplastic efficacy of Axitinib against c-myc-amplified medulloblastoma. Our findings provide a rational to further evaluate Axitinib alone and in combination with other therapeutic agents for the treatment of most aggressive medulloblastoma subtypes.

A hydrogen-bond flip-flop through a Bjerrum-type defect.

Back and forth: Femtosecond two-dimensional infrared exchange spectroscopy was used to study the dynamics of the reversal of an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The H-bond reversal resembles a flip-flop motion that is facilitated by two concerted disrotatory torsional isomerizations and that occurs on a time scale of about 2 ps.

From single hydrogen bonds to extended hydrogen-bond wires: low-dimensional model systems for vibrational spectroscopy of associated liquids.

It is fair to say that if we ever wish to understand the anomalous properties of water, we need to study hydrogen bonds. Such a statement is based on statistical mechanics, which tells us how to calculate the structure and the thermodynamic properties of fluids and dense liquids from the forces between the particles. However, in the case of complex associated liquids, such calculations present a formidable--if not even insurmountable--challenge, which largely reflects our still-limited understanding of the hydrogen-bonding phenomenon itself. More experimental research on hydrogen-bonded systems is required to develop a comprehensive, satisfactory theory for associated liquids. This Review gives an introduction to the latest experimental technique currently being used to study the ultrafast structural dynamics of hydrogen bonds, namely two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy, and its applications to hydrogen-bonded systems of systematically increasing complexity, starting from the single hydrogen bond of a diol to low-dimensional extended networks of stereoselectively synthesized polyalcohols.

Ultrafast internal dynamics of flexible hydrogen-bonded supramolecular complexes.

Supramolecular chemistry is intimately linked to the dynamical interplay between intermolecular forces and intramolecular flexibility. Here, we studied the ultrafast equilibrium dynamics of a supramolecular hydrogen-bonded receptor-substrate complex, 18-crown-6 monohydrate, using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and two-dimensional infrared (2DIR) spectroscopy in combination with numerical simulations based on molecular mechanics, density functional theory, and transition state theory. The theoretical calculations suggest that the flexibility of the macrocyclic crown ether receptor is related to an ultrafast crankshaft isomerization occurring on a time scale of several picoseconds and that the OH stretching vibrations of the substrate can serve as internal probes for the receptor's flexibility. The importance of population transfer among the vibrational modes of a given binding motif and of chemical exchange between spectroscopically distinguishable binding motifs for shaping the two-dimensional infrared spectrum and its temporal evolution is discussed.

Vibrational relaxation of azide ions in liquid-to-supercritical water.

The dynamics of vibrational energy relaxation (VER) of the aqueous azide anion was studied over a wide temperature (300 K ≤ T ≤ 663 K) and density (0.6 g cm(-3) ≤ ρ ≤ 1.0 g cm(-3)) range thereby covering the liquid and the supercritical phase of the water solvent. Femtosecond mid-infrared spectroscopy on the ν(3) band associated with the asymmetric stretching vibration of the azide anion was used to monitor the relaxation dynamics in a time-resolved fashion. The variation of the vibrational relaxation rate constant with temperature and density was found to be rather small. Surprisingly, the simple isolated binary collision model is able to fully reproduce the experimentally observed temperature and density dependence of the relaxation rate provided a local density correction around the vibrationally excited solute based on classical molecular dynamics simulations is used. The simulations further suggest that head-on collisions of the solvent with the terminal nitrogen atoms rather than side-on collisions with the central nitrogen atom of the azide govern the vibrational energy relaxation of this system. Finally, the importance of hydrogen bonding for the VER dynamics in this system is briefly discussed.

The anti-neoplastic activity of Vandetanib against high-risk medulloblastoma variants is profoundly enhanced by additional PI3K inhibition.

Medulloblastoma is comprised of at least four molecular subgroups with distinct clinical outcome (WHO classification 2016). SHH-TP53-mutated as well as MYC-amplified Non-WNT/Non-SHH medulloblastoma show the worst prognosis.Here we present evidence that single application of the multi-kinase inhibitor Vandetanib displays anti-neoplastic efficacy against cell lines derived from high-risk SHH-TP53-mutated and MYC-amplified Non-WNT/Non-SHH medulloblastoma. The narrow target spectrum of Vandetanib along with a favourable toxicity profile renders this drug ideal for multimodal treatment approaches. In this context our investigation documents that Vandetanib in combination with the clinically available PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 leads to enhanced cytotoxicity against MYC-amplified and SHH-TP53-mutated medulloblastoma. In line with these findings we show for MYC-amplified medulloblastoma a profound reduction in activity of the oncogenes STAT3 and AKT. Furthermore, we document that Vandetanib and the standard chemotherapeutic Etoposide display additive anti-neoplastic efficacy in the investigated medulloblastoma cell lines that could be further enhanced by PI3K inhibition. Of note, the combination of Vandetanib, GDC-0941 and Etoposide results in MYC-amplified and SHH-TP53-mutated cell lines in complete loss of cell viability. Our findings therefore provide a rational to further evaluate Vandetanib in combination with PI3K inhibitors as well as standard chemotherapeutics in vivo for the treatment of most aggressive medulloblastoma variants.