Partially functional NARROW LEAF1 balances leaf photosynthesis and plant architecture for greater rice yield.

NARROW LEAF1 (NAL1) is an elite gene in rice (Oryza sativa), given its close connection to leaf photosynthesis, hybrid vigor, and yield-related agronomic traits; however, the underlying mechanism by which this gene affects these traits remains elusive. In this study, we systematically measured leaf photosynthetic parameters, leaf anatomical parameters, architectural parameters, and agronomic traits in indica cultivar 9311, in 9311 with the native NAL1 replaced by the Nipponbare NAL1 (9311-NIL), and in 9311 with the NAL1 fully mutated (9311-nal1). Leaf length, width, and spikelet number gradually increased from lowest to highest in 9311-nal1, 9311, and 9311-NIL. In contrast, the leaf photosynthetic rate on a leaf area basis, leaf thickness, and panicle number gradually decreased from highest to lowest in 9311-nal1, 9311, and 9311-NIL. RNA-seq analysis showed that NAL1 negatively regulates the expression of photosynthesis-related genes; NAL1 also influenced expression of many genes related to phytohormone signaling, as also shown by different leaf contents of 3-Indoleacetic acid, jasmonic acid, Gibberellin A3, and isopentenyladenine among these genotypes. Furthermore, field experiments with different planting densities showed that 9311 had a larger biomass and yield advantage under low planting density compared to either 9311-NIL or 9311-nall. This study shows both direct and indirect effects of NAL1 on leaf photosynthesis; furthermore, we show that a partially functional NAL1 allele helps maintain a balanced leaf photosynthesis and plant architecture for increased biomass and grain yield in the field.

[Comparative Analysis of Clinical Efficacy of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Plus Lavage System in the Treatment of Wagner Grade 3-5 Diabetic Foot Ulcers Combined with Infection].

Objective: To compare and analyze the clinical efficacy of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) combined with lavage system in the treatment of Wagner grade 3-5 diabetic foot ulcers combined with infections. Methods: The clinical data of 100 patients with Wagner grade 3-5 diabetic foot ulcers combined with infections admitted to our department between January 2016 and January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the methods of surgical wound management, they were divided into two groups, a combination treatment group treated by NPWT plus a lavage system and a single treatment group receiving NPWT only. Patients were studied for the types of bacterial infection found in the wounds, the amount of time it took for the wound bacterial culture to turn negative, and the status of blood inflammatory indicators, including white blood cell count and C-reactive protein (CRP). Data concerning hospitalization were collected, including the waiting time before the first operation, the number of operations, length of hospital stay, NPWT usage time, and wound closure time. In addition, data concerning patient condition after discharge were also collected, including the duration of out-of-hospital antibiotic use, the final wound healing rate, the final wound healing time, and long-term wound complications, which include wound dehiscence, new ulcer, infection recurrence, readmission, reoperation, and amputation. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in age, sex, course of disease, lesion side, lesion size and combined diseases between the two groups. Likewise, there was no significant difference in the species and genus, or the composition of bacteria found in the wounds ( P>0.05). However, the combination treatment group showed better results than the single treatment group did in the amount of time it took for wound bacterial culture to turn negative ( P<0.05). As for the blood inflammatory indicators, there was no significant difference between the two groups except that the CRP of the combination group decreased more significantly than that of the single treatment group did at one week postop. The number of surgeries, length of hospital stay, NPWT use time, and wound closure time were lower in the combination treatment group than those in the single treatment group ( P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in long-term wound complications between the two groups. Conclusion: When applying NPWT plus lavage system in the treatment of Wagner grade 3-5 diabetic foot ulcers combined with infection, wound infection can be controlled effectively at an early stage and the amount of time needed for wound bacterial culture to turn negative can also be reduced. In addition, the combination treatment stimulates granulation growth of the wounds to effectively cover the wound at an early stage.

Systems model-guided rice yield improvements based on genes controlling source, sink, and flow.

A large number of genes related to source, sink, and flow have been identified after decades of research in plant genetics. Unfortunately, these genes have not been effectively utilized in modern crop breeding. This perspective paper aims to examine the reasons behind such a phenomenon and propose a strategy to resolve this situation. Specifically, we first systematically survey the currently cloned genes related to source, sink, and flow; then we discuss three factors hindering effective application of these identified genes, which include the lack of effective methods to identify limiting or critical steps in a signaling network, the misplacement of emphasis on properties, at the leaf, instead of the whole canopy level, and the non-linear complex interaction between source, sink, and flow. Finally, we propose the development of systems models of source, sink and flow, together with a detailed simulation of interactions between them and their surrounding environments, to guide effective use of the identified elements in modern rice breeding. These systems models will contribute directly to the definition of crop ideotype and also identification of critical features and parameters that limit the yield potential in current cultivars.

[Molecular mechanism involved in adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells induced by nicotine and Porphyromonas gingivalis-LPS].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate molecular mechanism involved in nicotine in combination with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g) caused monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. METHODS: The effect of nicotine, P.g-lipopolysaccharide (P.g-LPS) and their combination on the proliferation of U937 cells was determined by CCK-8 method. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression was investigated by real-time PCR after U937 cells were treated with nicotine, P.g-LPS and their combination. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), the expressions of monocyte chemoattractant protein CCL-8 and adhesion molecules including vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (Vcam-1), very late antigen 4 alpha (VLA4α), tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 (OX40) and OX40 ligand (OX40L) were detected by real-time PCR or Western blotting assays after HUVEC cells were treated with nicotine, P.g-LPS and their combination. Adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells was detected after the HUVECs and U937 cells were stimulated with nicotine, P.g-LPS and their combination, respectively. RESULTS: P.g-LPS did not affect the proliferative ability of nicotine in U937 cells. However, the ability of P.g-LPS induced IL-6 expression was inhibited by 100 µmol/L nicotine in U937 cells. In HUVECs, the expressions of CCL-8, Vcam-1, VLA4α, OX40 and OX40L were significantly up-regulated by nicotine and P.g-LPS combination compared with nicotine alone, P.g-LPS alone and the untreated control. Adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs results showed that the two types of cells treated with nicotine in combination with P.g-LPS could markedly increase the adhesion ability of monocytes to HUVECs. CONCLUSION: P.g-LPS in combination with nicotine could recruit monocytes to endothelial lesion through up-regulation of CCL-8, and promote adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells through enhancement of Vcam-1/VLA4α and OX40/OX40L interactions, which could be involved in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis.

[Intracellular mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis induced interleukin-8 upregulation in endothelial cells].

OBJECTIVE: To find out the mechanisms by which Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) regulates interleukin (IL)-8 expression in endothelial cells. METHODS: P. gingivalis was applied to infect human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and the expressions of nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1, NOD2 and IL-8 were detected at mRNA and protein levels. Then the NOD1/NOD2 gene was silenced by RNA interference targeting NOD1 or NOD2 mRNA, followed by P. gingivalis treatment in the HUVECs, and the expression levels of NOD1/NOD2 and IL-8 were examined by real-time PCR, Western-blot or ELISA. In order to confirm the relationship between NOD1/NOD2 and IL-8 in the HUVECs, the agonists for NOD1 and NOD2, DAP and MDP were used in this study. RESULTS: P. gingivalis was activated the expressions of NOD1 and NOD2 in the HUVECs. Meanwhile, IL-8 expression level was also upreguated after P. gingivalis treatment (P<0.01). Knocking down of NOD1 or NOD2, the expression level of NOD1 or NOD2 was decreased, and P. gingivalis-induced IL-8 expression was attenuated in the HUVECs (P<0.01). Compared with normal cells, the NOD1 and NOD2 agonists, DAP and MDP, successfully increased IL-8 expression respectively (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: NOD1 and NOD2 play an important role in the inflammation of HUVECs caused by P. gingivalis in the expression of IL-8.

Transcriptome analysis unravels key pathways and hub genes related to immature fruit abscission in Camellia oleifera.

Immature fruit abscission of Camellia oleifera (C. oleifera) is a common problem limiting yield increases. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying immature fruit abscission in C. oleifera are unclear. In this study, we systematically investigated changes in the morphological, physiological, and gene expression of fruit abscission zones (FAZs) of soon-to-abscise fruits (M2). We found that fruit abscission before ripening mainly occurs during the August abscission stage of 'Huashuo'. At the beginning of this stage, the FAZs of M2 have a marked dent, and the separation layer structures are preliminarily formed. Phytohormone analysis showed that the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in the FAZs of M2 were significantly decreased compared with the non-abscised fruits, while the content of trans-zeatin (TZR) was increased. Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) mainly involved in phytohormone metabolism, including ethylene, auxin, JA, and the cis-zeatin signal transduction pathway. There were also many DEGs involved in cell wall catabolism. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) further suggested that the transcription factors NAC100 and ERF114 participate in the immature fruit abscission of C. oleifera. This study provides insights into the fruit abscission mechanism of C. oleifera.

Investigation of peri-implant diseases prevalence and related risk indicators in patients with treated severe periodontitis over 4 years after restoration.

Background/purpose: History of periodontitis is a well-documented risk indicator of peri-implantitis. However, the influence of severity of periodontitis is still unclear, especially for severe periodontitis. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of peri-implant disease and analyze the risk indicators in patients with treated severe periodontitis. Materials and methods: A total of 182 implants from 88 patients (44 males and 44 females) with severe periodontitis with a mean fellow-up period of 76.5 months were enrolled in this study. Patient and implant information, and periodontal and peri-implant conditions were collected to evaluate the prevalence of peri-implant disease and risk indicators. Results: The prevalence of peri-implantitis was 9.1% and 6.6% at the patient-level and implant-level. The prevalence of peri-implant mucositis was 76.1% and 51.1% at the patient-level and implant-level. Risk indicators of peri-implantitis included older age (OR: 1.132), poor proximal cleaning habits (OR: 14.218), implants in anterior area (OR: 10.36), poor periodontal disease control (OR: 12.76), high peri-implant plaque index (OR: 4.27), and keratinized tissue width (KTW)＜2 mm (OR: 19.203). Conclusion: Implants in patients with severe periodontitis after periodontal treatment and maintenance show a low prevalence (9.1%) of peri-implantitis and a relatively high prevalence (76.2%) of peri-implant mucositis. Patient age, peri-implant proximal cleaning habits, implant position, periodontal disease control, peri-implant plaque index, and KTW are associated with prevalence of peri-implantitis.

Modified approach of regenerative treatment for distal intrabony defect beneath non-keratinized mucosa at terminal molar: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Intrabony defects beneath non-keratinized mucosa are frequently observed at the distal site of terminal molars. Consequently, the application of regenerative treatment using the modified wedge-flap technique is considered impractical for these specific dental conditions. CASE SUMMARY: This article proposes a modified surgical procedure aimed at exposing the distal intrabony defect by making a vertical incision in the keratinized buccal gingiva. The primary objective is to maintain gingival flap stability, thereby facilitating periodontal regeneration. The described technique was successfully employed in a case involving the left mandibular second molar, which presented with an intrabony defect without keratinized gingiva at the distal site. In this case, an incision was made on the disto-buccal gingival tissue, creating a tunnel-like separation of the distal non-keratinized soft tissue to expose the intrabony defect. Subsequently, bone grafting and guided tissue regeneration surgeries were performed, resulting in satisfactory bone fill at 9 mo postoperatively. CONCLUSION: This technique offers a regenerative opportunity for the intrabony defects beneath non-keratinized mucosa and is recommended for further research.

The expression levels of chemotaxis-related molecules CXC chemokine receptor 1, interleukin-8, and pro-platelet basic protein in gingival tissues.

Background/purpose: Excessive host immune response is thought to be an important cause of periodontal tissue damage during periodontitis. The potent chemotaxis produced by locally released chemokines is the key signal to trigger this response. Here, we aimed to investigate the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 1 (CXCR1), and chemokines interleukin-8 (IL-8) and pro-platelet basic protein (PPBP) in human inflammatory gingival tissues compared with healthy tissues. Materials and methods: A total of 54 human gingival tissues, 27 healthy and 27 inflammatory samples, were collected. Fifteen specimens of each group were employed for quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to determine the mRNA levels of CXCR1, IL-8, and PPBP. Six samples of each group were used for Western blotting to investigate the protein expression of CXCR1 and for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the protein levels of IL-8 and PPBP, respectively. Results: The mRNA levels of chemokine receptor CXCR1, chemokine IL-8, and PPBP in inflammatory gingival tissues were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (P < 0.05). The protein levels of CXCR1, IL-8, and PPBP in inflammatory gingival tissues were also significantly higher than those in healthy gingival tissues (P < 0.05). Conclusion: When compared to healthy gingival tissues, the expression of CXCR1, IL-8, and PPBP in inflammatory gingival tissues is higher.

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of GlHMGS, a gene encoding hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase from Ganoderma lucidum (Ling-zhi) in ganoderic acid biosynthesis pathway.

A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase gene, designated as GlHMGS (GenBank accession No. JN391469) involved in ganoderic acid (GA) biosynthesis pathway was cloned from Ganoderma lucidum. The full-length cDNA of GlHMGS (GenBank accession No. JN391468) was found to contain an open reading frame of 1,413 bp encoding a polypeptide of 471 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of GlHMGS shared high homology with other known hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS) enzymes. In addition, functional complementation of GlHMGS in a mutant yeast strain YSC1021 lacking HMGS activity demonstrated that the cloned cDNA encodes a functional HMGS. A 1,561 bp promoter sequence was isolated and its putative regulatory elements and potential specific transcription factor binding sites were analyzed. GlHMGS expression profile analysis revealed that salicylic acid, abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate up-regulated GlHMGS transcript levels over the control. Further expression analysis revealed that the developmental stage and carbon source had significant effects on GlHMGS transcript levels. GlHMGS expression peaked on day 16 before decreasing with prolonged culture time. The highest mRNA level was observed when the carbon source was maltose. Overexpression of GlHMGS enhanced GA content in G. lucidum. This study provides useful information for further studying this gene and on its function in the ganoderic acid biosynthetic pathway in G. lucidum.

[Translational Medicine and its application in stem cell research for periodontal regeneration].

Translational Medicine is an evolutional concept that encompasses the rapid translation of basic research for use in clinical disease diagnosis, prevention, treatment and finally in public health promotion. It follows the idea "from bench to bedside and back", and hence relies on cooperation between laboratory research and clinical care. Translation process is a complex process that requires both research and non-research activities. During the past ten years, there has been intense interest in the development of new clinical procedures, therapeutic molecules, and prototypes based on translational medicine concept including dentistry. Periodontitis is a globally prevalent inflammatory disease that causes the destruction of the tooth supporting apparatus. Current methods to reconstitute lost periodontal structures have been shown to have limited and variable outcomes. Stem cell therapy can be used for periodontal regeneration and it is also one of the hot topics in translational regenerative medicine. In this article, recent advances and current status of translational medicine in stem cell therapy in periodontal regeneration field were reviewed. However, a number of biological, technical and clinical hurdles must be overcome before stem cell therapy could be used in clinics.

Subgingival Microbial Profiles of Young Chinese Adults with Stage I/II Periodontitis, Gingivitis and Periodontal Health Status.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the subgingival microbiota of Stage I/II periodontitis, gingivitis with different degrees of severity, and periodontal health in subjects in a Chinese young adult population. METHODS: Subgingival plaque samples were collected from 15 Stage I/II periodontitis patients, 38 gingivitis patients and 15 periodontally healthy individuals, all aged from 18 to 21 years. Gingivitis patients were divided into two subgroups according to the Bleeding Index (BI) of their sampled teeth: gingivitis with above median BI (G-HBI) and below median BI (G-LBI). The subgingival plaque samples were collected from teeth 16, 26, 36, 46, 11 and 31 according to FDI notation. The V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of all the samples was sequenced and analysed. RESULTS: The Stage I/II periodontitis, gingivitis and periodontal health groups showed distinct subgingival microbiota profiles. When the gingivitis patients were stratified into two subgroups, the community structure of G-HBI showed no significant difference from early-stage periodontitis, but differed from G-LBI and the healthy group. Most periodontitis-related taxa were most abundant in Stage I/II periodontitis, followed by G-HBI, G-LBI and the periodontally healthy group. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Filifactor alocis, Tannerella forsythia, Saccharibacteria TM7 G-5 356, Lachnospiraceae G-8 500, Peptostreptococcaceae spp. and Syntrophomonadaceae VIIIG-1 435 were associated with Stage I/II periodontitis. Porphyromonas 275, Leptotrichia 417 and Saccharibacteria TM7 G-2 350 were associated with gingivitis. Porphyromonas gingivalis was significantly more abundant in G-HBI than in G-LBI. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this preliminary study, gingivitis and early-stage periodontitis were associated with an increased degree of dysbiosis in the subgingival microbiota in a Chinese young adult population.

Active Flavonoids From Lagotis brachystachya Attenuate Monosodium Urate-Induced Gouty Arthritis via Inhibiting TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Pathway and NLRP3 Expression.

Lagotis brachystachya Maxim is a characteristic herb commonly used in Tibetan medicine. Tibetan medicine records it as an important medicine for the clinical treatment of "Yellow Water Disease," the symptoms of which are similar to that of arthritis. Our previous study showed that the flavonoid fraction extracted from L. brachystachya could attenuate hyperuricemia. However, the effects of the active flavonoids on gouty arthritis remain elusive, and the underlying mechanism is not understood. In the present study, the effects of the active flavonoids were evaluated in rats or Raw264.7 cells with gouty arthritis induced by monosodium urate (MSU) crystal, followed by the detection of TLR4, MyD88, pNF-κB, and NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) expression. The swelling of the ankle joint induced by MSU crystal began to be relieved 6 h post the administration with the active flavonoids. In addition, the active flavonoids not only alleviated MSU crystal-induced inflammation in synovial tissues by histopathological examination but also reduced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) levels in the joint tissue fluid of MSU crystal-induced rats. Furthermore, Western blot analysis indicated that the active flavonoids reduced the production of these cytokines by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and decreasing NLRP3 expression in synovial tissues of rats. More importantly, the inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 expression was also confirmed in MSU-induced Raw264.7 cells. In conclusion, these results indicated that the active flavonoids from L. brachystachya could effectively attenuate gouty arthritis induced by MSU crystal through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 expression in vivo and in vitro, suggesting several potential candidates for the treatment of gouty arthritis.

Association between periodontal disease and coronary heart disease.

There were increasing studies on the association of periodontal diseases with coronary heart disease (CHD) in the recent 20 years. This article reviewed the evidence supporting the association between periodontal disease and CHD, the possible mechanisms explaining the association, and the possible effect of periodontal treatment on the risk of CHD. In general, it is suggested that periodontal disease especially, periodontitis is modestly associated with CHD. Besides there are some common risk factors, such as smoking, stress, elder age, male gender and low socioeconomic status, between these two diseases, long chronic periodontal infections by periodontal pathogens, the systemic acute-phase response and host immuno-inflammatory response to the exposures of periodontal infection appear to be the important mechanisms for connecting the periodontal disease and CHD. Periodontal treatment can decrease the infection of periodontal pathogens and therefore, reduce the systemic inflammatory burden. It was observed in some studies that periodontal treatment could reduce the serum inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein and improve endothelial function. Even though the studies on effect of periodontal interfere on CHD are still limited now, it appears hopeful that periodontal treatment could reduce the risk of CHD and therefore become one of the preventing strategies for CHD.

Evaluation of neuroactive effects of ethanol extract of Schisandra chinensis, Schisandrin, and Schisandrin B and determination of underlying mechanisms by zebrafish behavioral profiling.

Schisandra chinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been used to treat sleep disorders. Zebrafish sleep/wake behavioral profiling provides a high-throughput platform to screen chemicals, but has never been used to study extracts and components from TCM. In the present study, the ethanol extract of Schisandra chinensis and its two main lignin components, schisandrin and schisandrin B, were studied in zebrafish. We found that the ethanol extract had bidirectional improvement in rest and activity in zebrafish. Schisandrin and schisandrin B were both sedative and active components. We predicted that schisandrin was related to serotonin pathway and the enthanol extract of Schisandra chinensis was related to seoronin and domapine pathways using a database of zebrafish behaviors. These predictions were confirmed in experiments using Caenorhabditis elegans. In conclusion, zebrafish behavior profiling could be used as a high-throughput platform to screen neuroactive effects and predict molecular pathways of extracts and components from TCM.

[Construction of 3D complex of porous beta-tricalcium phosphate/collagen scaffolds and dog periodontal ligament cells].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the construction of 3D complex of porous beta-tricalcium phosphate/collagen scaffolds (beta-TCP/col) and dog periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs). METHODS: Dog PDLCs were isolated, cultured and identified. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of beta-TCP/col on the proliferation of PDLCs. The cells were seeded onto porous beta-TCP/col scaffolds. The cellular capability of adhesion and growth on porous beta-TCP/col surface was investigated visually by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: The cytotoxicity assay indicated that there was no significant difference between beta-TCP/col and the control during the 7 days (P>0.05). SEM showed cells successfully adhered to porous beta-TCP/col scaffolds and spread extensively. Matrix secretions were found on the cell surface. CONCLUSION: Porous beta-tricalcium phosphate/collagen scaffolds were of good biocompatibility to the dog periodontal ligament cells, and were potential ideal candidates for periodontal tissue engineering.

Proposing a Novel, Three-level Definition of Periodontitis using Probing Depth, Clinical Attachment Loss and Bleeding on Probing: Analysis of a Rural Chinese Population.

OBJECTIVE: To propose a novel, three-level (severe, moderate, mild) case definition using probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and bleeding on probing (BOP) for epidemiologic studies on periodontitis. METHODS: Case definitions (DEF) 1-30 with PD, CAL and BOP were made. Based on data from epidemiologic research in Chengde (Hebei Province, China) in 1992, prevalence of periodontitis by DEF1-30 was calculated and compared with a reference (definitions by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American Academy of Periodontology in 2012). Sensitivity, specificity, Youden Index, Cohen's kappa coefficient (CKC) and the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated for the definitions selected. RESULTS: DEF1 and DEF18 for periodontitis, DEF2, DEF3, DEF19 for moderate and severe periodontitis, and DEF5, DEF13, DEF14, DEF21 and DEF25 for severe periodontitis, which were similar for estimation of periodontitis prevalence compared with the reference, were selected. DEF18 for periodontitis, DEF19 for moderate and severe periodontitis, and DEF5 for severe periodontitis were selected because they showed higher values for the Youden Index, CKC and AUC, and formed a three-level definition. CONCLUSION: A novel three-level case classification of periodontitis using three parameters of PD, CAL and BOP was proposed. The estimated periodontitis prevalence according to the novel proposed definition is close to the prevalence according to the CDC/AAP definition.

Subgingival Microbiome of Gingivitis in Chinese Undergraduates.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the microbiome composition of health and gingivitis in Chinese undergraduates with high-throughput sequencing. METHODS: Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons was performed with the MiSeq system to compare subgingival bacterial communities from 54 subjects with gingivitis and 12 periodontally healthy controls. RESULTS: A total of 1,967,372 sequences representing 14 phyla, 104 genera, and 96 species were detected. Analysis of similarities (Anosim) test and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed significantly different community profiles between the health control and the subjects with gingivitis. Alpha-diversity metrics were significantly higher in the subgingival plaque of the subjects with gingivitis compared with that of the healthy control. Overall, the relative abundance of 35 genera and 46 species were significantly different between the two groups, among them 28 genera and 45 species showed higher relative abundance in the subjects with gingivitis, whereas seven genera and one species showed a higher relative abundance in the healthy control. The genera Porphyromonas, Treponema, and Tannerella showed higher relative abundance in the subjects with gingivitis, while the genera Capnocytophaga showed higher proportions in health controls. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas endodontalis had higher relative abundance in gingivitis. Among them, Porphyromonas gingivalis was most abundant. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed significantly different microbial community composition and structures of subgingival plaque between subjects with gingivitis and healthy controls. Subjects with gingivitis showed greater taxonomic diversity compared with periodontally healthy subjects. The proportion of Porphyromonas, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis, may be associated with gingivitis subjects aged between 18 and 21 years old in China. Adults with gingivitis in this age group may have a higher risk of developing periodontitis.

Staged Management of Missed Lisfranc Injuries: A Report of Short-term Results.

OBJECTIVE: Lisfranc joint injury is a rare injury and can be easily missed at the initial treatment. Once ignored, late reduction is very difficult and requires extensive dissection. Surgical outcome is not as good as in the case of an early reduction. The aim of this cohort study was to analyze the midterm clinical and radiographic outcomes of staged reduction and fixation in a consecutive series of patients with old Lisfranc injuries. METHODS: Fifteen patients (16 feet) with missed Lisfranc injuries were treated with staged reduction. Mean duration between injury and surgery was 4.8 months (3-8 months). In the first stage, an external fixator was applied across the Lisfranc joint or/and Chopart joint and distraction was done at 1-2 mm/day. In the second staged, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) were done and we were able to reduce all the fractures and dislocations. RESULTS: The mean duration between two surgeries was 3.2 weeks (range, 2.5-4.5 weeks). Anatomic reduction was obtained in all 15 patients. At the last follow-up point, 7 feet had good functional results, 5 feet fair, and 4 feet poor functional results. In the 4 patients who achieved poor functional results, 2 cases were due to severe injuries to the articular surface and tissue scaring; 2 cases were due to loss of reduction. For the 4 feet with poor functional results, 2 were scheduled for secondary arthrodesis during the follow-up. The average American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Midfoot Scale (AOFAS) scores for these patients were 75.8 points (range, 43-98 points). The pain visual analog scale (VAS) was 3.1 points at the final follow-up. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that staged reduction and extra-articular fixation should be considered for old Lisfranc injuries with a good reduction, firm stability, and low risk of intraoperative fracture and soft tissue complications.