'The (second) year of first aid': a 15-month follow-up after a 3-day first aid programme.

AIM: First aid education in early childhood can be an effective method to increase the number of trained bystanders. Our aim was to evaluate the long-term effects of a 3-day first aid programme for all primary school-age groups (7-14 years old). METHODS: This study was a 15-month follow-up of our previous investigation. Five-hundred and twenty-four primary school children were involved in this study. Measurements were made on the following topics: adult basic life support, using an automated external defibrillator (AED), handling an unconscious patient, managing bleeding and calling the ambulance. Data collection was made with a self-made questionnaire and skill test. RESULTS: Knowledge and skills were significantly higher after 15 months than before training (p<0.01). However, these results were significantly worse than immediately and 4 months after training (p<0.01). Based on the questionnaire, more than three-quarters knew the emergency phone number 15 months after training. Approximately two-thirds of the children could use the correct hand position in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the correct compression-ventilation ratio and an AED, and half of them could perform correct recovery position at 15 months. Correct assessment of breathing was similar in a situation game than before training. Self-efficacy improved significantly after training (p<0.01) and remained improved after 4 and 15 months when compared with before training (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Participants could remember some aspects of first aid long term. However, knowledge and skills had declined after 15 months, so refresher training would be recommended. Self-efficacy towards first aid improved after training and remained high after 15 months.

'The year of first aid': effectiveness of a 3-day first aid programme for 7-14-year-old primary school children.

AIM OF THE STUDY: Bystanders can play an important role in the event of sudden injury or illness. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of a 3-day first aid course for all primary school age groups (7-14 years old). METHODS: 582 school children were involved in the study. Training consisted of three sessions with transfer of theoretical knowledge and practical skills about first aid. The following most urgent situations were addressed in our study: adult basic life support (BLS), using an automated external defibrillator (AED), handling an unconscious patient, managing bleeding and calling the ambulance. Data collection was made with a questionnaire developed for the study and observation. Students were tested before, immediately after and 4 months after training. Results were considered significant in case of p<0.05. RESULTS: Prior to training there was a low level of knowledge and skills on BLS, management of the unconscious patient, use of an AED and management of bleeding. Knowledge and skills improved significantly in all of these categories (p<0.01) and remained significantly higher than the pre-test level at 4 months after training (p<0.01). Younger children overall performed less well than older children, but significantly improved over the pre-test level both immediately and 4 months after training (p<0.01). Prior first aid training was associated with knowledge of the correct ambulance number (p=0.015) and management of bleeding (p=0.041). Prior to training, age was associated with pre-test knowledge and skills of all topics (p<0.01); after training, it was only associated with AED use (p<0.001). There was a significant correlation between the depth of chest compression and children's age, weight, height and body mass index (p<0.001). Ventilation depended on the same factors (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Children aged 7-14 years are able to perform basic life-saving skills. Knowledge retention after 4 months is good for skills, but thinking in algorithms is difficult for these children.

[At what age can children perform effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation? - Effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills among primary school children]. / Hány éves kortól képesek a gyermekek újraéleszteni? ­ A hatékonyság felmérése általános iskolás gyermekek körében.

INTRODUCTION: In cardiac arrest life can be saved by bystanders. AIM: Our aim was to determine at what age can schoolchildren perform correct cardiopulmonary resuscitation. METHOD: 164 schoolchildren (age 7-14) were involved in the study. A basic life support training consisted of 45 minutes education in small groups (8-10 children). They were tested during a 2-minute-long continuous cardiopulmonary resuscitation scenario using the "AMBU CPR Software". RESULTS: Average depth of chest compression was 44.07 ± 12.6 mm. 43.9% of participants were able to do effective chest compressions. Average ventilation volume was 0.17 ± 0.31 liter. 12.8% of participants were able to ventilate effectively the patient. It was significant correlation between the chest compression depth (p<0.001) and ventilation (p<0.001) and the children's age, weight, height and BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Primary school children are able to learn cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The ability to do effective chest compressions and ventilation depended on the children's physical capability. Orv. Hetil., 2017, 158(4), 147-152.

Direct effects of physical training on markers of bone metabolism and serum sclerostin concentrations in older adults with low bone mass.

BACKGROUND: Both gravitational loading and the forces generated by muscle contraction have direct effects on serum markers of bone metabolism. The object of this study was to examine the direct effects of a single session of resistance exercise or walking on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in participants with low bone mass. METHODS: A total of 150 otherwise healthy female subjects (mean age = 59.1 ± 7.1 years) diagnosed with osteoporosis or osteopenia were randomly allocated to either a resistance exercise group (RG; n = 50), walking group (WG; n = 50), or control group (CG; n = 50). Changes in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), carboxy-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), and serum sclerostin concentrations were measured before and immediately after a single exercise intervention. RESULTS: There was no significant change in BALP values in any of the groups. Sclerostin levels increased in the RG and WG, and there was significant difference between the WG and CG after the exercise intervention (P < 0.01). In contrast, the changes in CTX concentrations from baseline were significant in the RG (P < 0.01) but not in the WG (P = 0.11), and there was a significant difference between resistance exercise and walking (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In participants with low bone mass, resistance exercise influenced the serum concentrations of CTX, a marker of bone resorption, but walking did not. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN16329455 ; retrospectively registered on 05/05/2016.

[Adult advanced life support knowledge among ambulance officer/paramedic students in Hungary]. / Mentotiszthallgatók felnott emelt szintu újraélesztéssel kapcsolatos ismeretei Magyarországon.

INTRODUCTION: Resuscitation knowledge is necessery for emergency care workers. AIM: The aim of the authors was to investigate the advanced life support knowledge of paramedic students in Hungary. METHOD: The research has been executed at University of Pécs - Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University - Faculty of Health Sciences, and University of Debrecen - Faculty of Health Care. 97 students (n = 97) were involved in the study from third and fourth grades. Data were recorded with a self-fill-in questionnaire. RESULTS: Average scores were 67.79%. There was no significant difference between women and men (p = 0.725). Younger age improved significantly scores (p = 0.003). Full-time students completed the test significantly better than part-time students (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference between the students from different locations (p = 0.254). CONCLUSIONS: It would be appropriate to increase the number of resuscitation courses and to tighten the exams. The authors propose that it would be reasonable to examine the students' practical skills. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(37), 1476-1482.

[Comparative analysis of attitudes of ambulance personnel and paramedic students regarding death and dying]. / Mentodolgozók és mentotiszthallgatók halállal és haldoklással kapcsolatos attitudjének összehasonlító vizsgálata.

INTRODUCTION: The emergency care staff witness the experience of dying and death on a daily basis. AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the current and future ambulance personnel's fear of death and its influencing factors. METHOD: Quantitative, cross-sectional comparative study was conducted including 106 participants (active rescue ambulance personnel, n = 45 persons; paramedic students, n = 61). A voluntary, anonymous questionnaire survey method (the Neimeyer-Moore Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale) was used for data collection. The data were analyzed using descriptive and mathematical statistical tests (T-test, analysis of variance). RESULTS: The students had a greater fear in the "Fear for Significant Others" factor (p = 0.001). Students showed stronger fear who lived in cities, had higher educational qualifications, who where women (p = 0.036), singles (p = 0.046), those who have not seen a dying person (p = 0.017) and those who were never witnessed death. Greater fear characterized the ambulance personnel who were village residents, those living in a partnership (p = 0.027), those with lower educational level (p = 0.041) and those who had been working for a longer time. CONCLUSIONS: There is no significant difference between the levels of fear of death of the present and future ambulance personnel. However, the practice-oriented education is very important and, training associated with death and dying should be integrated in the educational schedules of the paramedic students.

[Knowledge about basic life support in European students]. / Európai fiatalok alapszintu életmentési ismeretei.

INTRODUCTION: Better knowledge and skills of basic life support can save millions of lives each year in Europe. AIM: The aim of this study was to measure the knowledge about basic life support in European students. METHOD: From 13 European countries 1527 volunteer participated in the survey. The questionnaire consisted of socio-demographic questions and knowledge regarding basic life support. The maximum possible score was 18. RESULTS: Those participants who had basic life support training earned 11.91 points, while those who had not participated in lifesaving education had 9.6 points (p<0.001). Participants from former socialist Eastern European countries reached 10.13 points, while Western Europeans had average 10.85 points (p<0.001). The best results were detected among the Swedish students, and the worst among the Belgians. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results, there are significant differences in the knowledge about basic life support between students from different European countries. Western European youth, and those who were trained had better performance.

[Health survey of ambulance workers with a generic questionnaire (SF-36)]. / A mentodolgozók egészségi állapotának vizsgálata generikus kérdoívvel (SF-36).

INTRODUCTION: The high work-related stress among ambulance workers is a widely known a phenomenon. AIM: The aim of the authors was to asses self-reported health status of ambulance workers. METHOD: An anonym self-fill-in questionnaire applying SF-36 was used among workers from the northern and western regions of Hungarian National Ambulance Service. RESULTS: Based on the dimensions of the SF-36 questionnaire the responders considered their "Physical Functioning" the best, while "Vitality" was regarded the worst. The more time an employee have been worked at the Ambulance Service the worse his health was in the first four dimensions including "Physical Functioning", "Role-Physical", "Bodily Pain" and "General Health": p<0.001. Those working in part-time jobs considered their health in all dimensions worse. The respondents who did some kind of sports hold their health in all dimensions better (p<0.001). The workers with higher body mass index regarded their health status worse, in four dimensions: "Physical Functioning" (p = 0.001), "Role-Physical" (p = 0.013), "General Health" (p<0.001) and "Role-Emotional" (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: According to the subjective perception of health and measurable parameters of health status of workers proved to be insufficient. Poor physical health can lead indirectly to psychological problems, which may lower the quality of the work and can lead to high turn-over. .

Cross-sectional survey on self-reported health of ambulance personnel.

BACKGROUND: The high job stress among ambulance personnel is a widely known phenomenon. PURPOSE: to asses the self reported health status of ambulance workers. METHODS: An anonym self-fill-in questionnaire applying SF-36 was used among workers from the northern and western regions of Hungarian National Ambulance Service. RESULTS: Based on the dimensions of the SF-36 questionnaire the respondents considered their "Physical Functioning" the best, while "Vitality" was regarded the worst. The more time an employee have been worked at the HNAS the worse his health was in the first four dimensions like, "Physical Functioning", "Role-Physical", "Bodily Pain", "General Health": p < 0.001. Those working in secondary part-time jobs considered their health in all dimensions worse. The respondents who did some kind of sports hold their health in all dimensions better (p < 0.001). The workers with higher BMI regarded their health status worse, in four dimensions: "Physical Functioning": p = 0.001; "Role-Physical": p = 0.013; "General Health": p < 0.001; "Role-Emotional": p = 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: The workers health status proved to be insufficient according to the subjective perception and measurable parameters. According to the subjective perception of health and measurable parameters of health status of workers proved to be insufficient. Poor physical health can lead indirectly to psychological problems, which may lower the quality of the work and can lead to high turn-over.