NFKB1 variants were associated with the risk of Parkinson´s disease in male.

The NF-κB pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders that have inflammation as a hallmark, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Our objective was to determine whether common functional variants in the NFKB1, NFKBIA and NFKBIZ genes were associated with the risk of PD. A total of 532 Spanish PD cases (61% male; 38% early-onset, ≤ 55 years) and 300 population controls (50% ≤55 years) were genotyped for the NFKB1 rs28362491 and rs7667496, NFKBIA rs696, and NFKBIZ rs1398608 polymorphisms. We compared allele and genotype frequencies between early and late-onset, male and female, and patient's vs. controls. We found that the two NFKB1 alleles were significantly associated with PD in our population (p = 0.01; total patients vs. controls), without difference between Early and Late onset patients. The frequencies of the NFKB1 variants significantly differ between male and female patients. Compared to controls, male patients showed a significantly higher frequency of rs28362491 II (p = 0.02, OR = 1.52, 95%CI = 1.10-2.08) and rs28362491 C (p = 0.003, OR = 1.62, 95%CI = 1.18-2.22). The two NFKB1 variants were in strong linkage disequilibrium and the I-C haplotype was significantly associated with the risk of PD among male (p = 0.002). In conclusion, common variants in the NF-kB genes were associated with the risk of developing PD in our population, with significant differences between male and female. These results encourage further studies to determine the involvement of the NF-kB components in the pathogenesis of Parkinson´s disease.

FURIN gene variants (rs6224/rs4702) as potential markers of death and cardiovascular traits in severe COVID-19.

Furin is a protease that plays a key role in the infection cycle of SARS-CoV-2 by cleaving the viral proteins during the virus particle assembly. In addition, Furin regulates several physiological processes related to cardio-metabolic traits. DNA variants in the FURIN gene are candidates to regulate the risk of developing these traits as well as the susceptibility to severe COVID-19. We genotyped two functional FURIN variants (rs6224/rs4702) in 428 COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit. The association with death (N = 106) and hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia was statistically evaluated. The risk of death was associated with age, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. The two FURIN alleles linked to higher expression (rs6224 T and rs4702 A) were significantly increased in the death cases (odds ratio= 1.40 and 1.43). Homozygosis for the two high expression genotypes (rs6224 TT and rs4702 AA) and for the T-A haplotype was associated with an increased risk of hypercholesterolemia. In the multiple logistic regression both, hypercholesterolemia and the TT + AA genotype were significantly associated with death. In conclusion, besides its association with hypercholesterolemia, FURIN variants might be independent risk factors for the risk of death among COVID-19 patients.

Intermediate and Expanded HTT Alleles and the Risk for α-Synucleinopathies.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest a link between CAG repeat number in the HTT gene and non-Huntington neurodegenerative diseases. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to analyze whether expanded HTT CAG alleles and/or their size are associated with the risk for developing α-synucleinopathies or their behavior as modulators of the phenotype. METHODS: We genotyped the HTT gene CAG repeat number and APOE-Ɛ isoforms in a case-control series including patients with either clinical or neuropathological diagnosis of α-synucleinopathy. RESULTS: We identified three Parkinson's disease (PD) patients (0.30%) and two healthy controls (0.19%) carrying low-penetrance HTT repeat expansions whereas none of the dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) or multisystem atrophy (MSA) patients carried pathogenic HTT expansions. In addition, a clear increase in the number of HTT CAG repeats was found among DLB and PD groups influenced by the male gender and also by the APOE4 allele among DLB patients. HTT intermediate alleles' (IAs) distribution frequency increased in the MSA group compared with controls (8.8% vs. 3.9%, respectively). These differences were indeed statistically significant in the MSA group with neuropathological confirmation. Two MSA HTT CAG IAs carriers with 32 HTT CAG repeats showed isolated polyQ inclusions in pons and basal nuclei, which are two critical structures in the neurodegeneration of MSA. CONCLUSIONS: Our results point to a link between HTT CAG number, HTT IAs, and expanded HTT CAG repeats with other non-HD brain pathology and support the hypothesis that they can share common neurodegenerative pathways. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Cancer in Parkinson's Disease: An Approximation to the Main Risk Factors.

BACKGROUND: Many evidences suggest a pathological link between neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In fact, several epidemiologic studies indicate a decreased incidence of most cancer types in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and some PD genes are involved in cancer networks. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the influence of several factors in the risk of cancer in a cohort of 753 PD patients and to study how these variables interact with each other. METHODS: We analyzed the effect of gender, tobacco, alcohol, type of PD (genetic or idiopathic PD), and two genetic variants, previously associated with cancer, rs5848-GRN and rs1042522-TP53. RESULTS: A higher age at PD onset was observed in patients who develop cancer before PD (p < 0.001). Alcohol consumption was a risk factor to develop cancer in PD patients (p = 0.011), while smoking was not a cancer risk factor in our cohort (p = 0.098). Among the genetic factors, the genotype TT GRN-rs5848 was statistically more frequent in PD patients without cancer (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified several factors, genetic and nongenetic, which contribute to the risk for cancer in PD.

Huntingtin CAG repeats in neuropathologically confirmed tauopathies: Novel insights.

Previous studies have suggested a relationship between the number of CAG triplet repeats in the HTT gene and neurodegenerative diseases not related to Huntington's disease (HD). This study seeks to investigate whether the number of CAG repeats of HTT is associated with the risk of developing certain tauopathies and its influence as a modulator of the clinical and neuropathological phenotype. Additionally, it aims to evaluate the potential of polyglutamine staining as a neuropathological screening. We genotyped the HTT gene CAG repeat number and APOE-ℰ isoforms in a cohort of patients with neuropathological diagnoses of tauopathies (n=588), including 34 corticobasal degeneration (CBD), 98 progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and 456 Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, we genotyped a control group of 1070 patients, of whom 44 were neuropathologic controls. We identified significant differences in the number of patients with pathological HTT expansions in the CBD group (2.7%) and PSP group (3.2%) compared to control subjects (0.2%). A significant increase in the size of the HTT CAG repeats was found in the AD compared to the control group, influenced by the presence of the Apoliprotein E (APOE)-ℰ4 isoform. Post-mortem assessments uncovered tauopathy pathology with positive polyglutamine aggregates, with a slight predominance in the neostriatum for PSP and CBD cases and somewhat greater limbic involvement in the AD case. Our results indicated a link between HTT CAG repeat expansion with other non-HD pathology, suggesting they could share common neurodegenerative pathways. These findings support that genetic or histological screening for HTT repeat expansions should be considered in tauopathies.

Association of the Genetic Variation in the Long Non-Coding RNA FENDRR with the Risk of Developing Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Background: In around 40−60% of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) cases pathogenic variants are not identified. Our aim was to evaluate the possible association of lncRNAs with the risk of developing HCM. Methods: We sequenced 10 lncRNAs coding genes that have been associated with cardiovascular disease in a discovery cohort (238 HCM patients and 212 controls) by NGS, and genotyped rs74035787 G>A and rs1424019 A>G polymorphism in a validation cohort (962 HCM patients and 923 controls). Finally, we sequenced the FENDRR promoter by Sanger sequencing. Results: We observed by NGS that FENDRR rs39527, rs39529 and rs40384 polymorphisms were significantly associated with HCM in our cohort (p = 0.0284; OR: 0.24, 95%CI: 0.07−0.86). NGS results were confirmed by genotyping rs74035787 polymorphism (p = 0.001; OR:0.38, 95%CI: 0.21−0.66). Moreover, it is also associated when stratification by sex (p = 0.003; OR:0.20, 95%CI: 0.06−0.53), and age (≥50 years old p = 0.001, OR:0.33, 95%CI: 0.16−0.63) Moreover, the risk of HCM in the carriers of the GG genotype of the rs1424019 polymorphism was significantly higher than that of the AA/AG genotypes carriers in the elderly subjects (p = 0.045, OR:1.24, 95%CI: 1.01−1.53). On the other hand, we observed significant differences in the rs74035787 A/rs1424019 G haplotype frequency (p = 0.0035; OR: 0.20, 95%CI: 0.07−0.59). Conclusions: Our study suggested a significant association between FENDRR gene variants and HCM.

Smoking is associated with age at disease onset in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies linked disease-progression variables such as age at onset or survival to both genetic, and non-genetic factors in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess how genetic and non genetic factors act as modifiers of age at onset and survival and in a cohort of 753 PD patients, and to determine how these variables interact to define the overall risk. METHODS: We analyzed the effect of gender, tobacco, alcohol, type of PD (genetic, gPD or idiopathic, iPD) and three genetic variants rs5848- GRN, rs1042522- TP53 and APOE. We studied two cohorts (PPMI and IPDGC) to replicate positive results. RESULTS: Regarding age at onset, male smokers PD had a significantly lower mean age compared to non-smoker (p = 0.001). APOE-Ɛ4 carriers had a younger onset-age compared to non-carriers (p = 0.03) in the Spanish cohort, but these results were not replicated in the other cohorts. Concerning survival, PD patients with an early onset (below 50 years) had an increased survival rate (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed how several genetic and non-genetic risk factors influenced the age at onset and survival in PD.

Variant-genetic and transcript-expression analysis showed a role for the chemokine-receptor CCR5 in COVID-19 severity.

The chemokine receptor CCR5 has been implicated in COVID-19. CCR5 and its ligands are overexpressed in patients. The pharmacological targeting of CCR5 would improve the COVID-19 severity. We sought to investigate the role of the CCR5-Δ32 variant (rs333) in COVID-19. The CCR5-Δ32 was genotyped in 801 patients (353 in the intensive care unit, ICU) and 660 healthy controls, and the deletion was significantly less frequent in hospitalysed COVID-19 than in healthy controls (p = 0.01, OR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.49-0.88). Of note, we did not find homozygotes among the patients, compared to 1% of the controls. The CCR5 transcript was measured in leukocytes from 85 patients and 40 controls. We found a significantly higher expression of the CCR5 transcript among the patients, with significant difference when comparing the non-deletion carriers (controls = 35; patients = 81; p = 0.01). ICU-patients showed non-significantly higher expression than no-ICU cases. Our study points to CCR5 as a genetic marker for COVID-19. The pharmacological targeting of CCR5 should be a promising treatment for COVID-19.

Genetic variation in APOE, GRN, and TP53 are phenotype modifiers in frontotemporal dementia.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a clinical, genetic, and pathologic heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of APOƐ4, rs5848 in GRN, and rs1042522 in TP53 gene as disease risk factors and/or phenotype modifiers in 440 FTD patients, including 175 C9orf72 expansion carriers. We found that the C9orf72 expansion carriers showing an earlier age at onset (p < 0.001). Among the clinical groups, the FTD-MND (motoneuron disease) showed the lowest survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.12), and the progressive nonfluent aphasia group showed the highest onset age (p = 0.03). In our cohort, the rs1042522 in TP53 was associated with disease onset (p = 0.02) and survival (HR = 1.73) and rs5848 GRN with a significantly shorter survival in CC homozygous patients (HR = 1.98). The frequency of APOƐ4 carriers was significantly increased in the C9orf72 noncarriers (p = 0.022). Although validation of our findings is necessary, our results suggest that TP53, GRN, and APOE genes may act as phenotype modifiers in FTD and should be considered in future clinical trials.