RESUMEN
Zikavirus (ZIKV) is an emerging viral pathogen that continues to spread throughout different regions of the world. Herein we report a case that provides further evidence that ZIKV transmission can occur through breastfeeding by providing a detailed clinical, genomic, and virological case-based description.
Asunto(s)
Lactancia Materna/efectos adversos , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Leche Humana/virología , Infección por el Virus Zika/transmisión , Adulto , Femenino , Genoma Viral , Humanos , Lactante , Madres , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Venezuela , Virus Zika/genética , Virus Zika/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Plants with the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) express high-metabolic plasticity, to adjust to environmental stresses. This article hypothesizes that irradiance and nocturnal temperatures are the major limitations for CAM at higher latitudes such as the Azores (37°45'N). Circadian CAM expression in Ananas comosus L. Merr. (pineapple) was assessed by the diurnal pattern of leaf carbon fixation into l-malate at the solstices and equinoxes, and confirmed by determining maximal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity in plant material. Metabolic adjustments to environmental conditions were confirmed by gas exchange measurements, and integrated with environmental data to determine CAM's limiting factors: light and temperature. CAM plasticity was observed at the equinoxes, under similar photoperiods, but different environmental conditions. In spring, CAM expression was similar between vegetative and flowering plants, while in autumn, flowering (before anthesis) and fructifying (with fully developed fruit before ripening) plants accumulated more l-malate. Below 100 µmol m(-2) s(-1) , CAM phase I was extended, reducing CAM phase III during the day. Carbon fixation inhibition may occur by two major pathways: nocturnal temperature (<15°C) inhibiting PEPC activity and l-malate accumulation; and low irradiance influencing the interplay between CAM phase I and III, affecting carboxylation and decarboxylation. Both have important consequences for plant development in autumn and winter. Observations were confirmed by flowering time prediction using environmental data, emphasizing that CAM expression had a strong seasonal regulation due to a complex network response to light and temperature, allowing pineapple to survive in environments not suitable for high productivity.
Asunto(s)
Ananas/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Malatos/metabolismo , Ananas/efectos de la radiación , Ciclo del Carbono , Clima , Ambiente , Flores/fisiología , Flores/efectos de la radiación , Luz , Fotoperiodo , Hojas de la Planta/fisiología , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de la radiación , Transpiración de Plantas/fisiología , Estaciones del Año , Temperatura , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Complete genome sequences were obtained for Zika viruses isolated from the breast milk of a Venezuelan patient and her child, who was exclusively breastfeeding at the time. These sequences are the first to be reported from a presumptive autochthonous postnatal transmission case from mother to child in Venezuela.