RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The increasing accessibility of DNA ancestry information may influence perceptions of others' and one's own racial identity. The current work tested whether the presence of genetic testing information influenced Black participants' perceptions of individuals who claim a mismatched racial identity (i.e., a racial identity that differs from their parents), and whether these perceptions are moderated by the amount of corroborating DNA evidence and racial claim of the target. METHOD: Black participants (N = 1,041) were randomly assigned to read about an individual claiming a Black or White mismatched racial identity. The target either had a majority amount (71%) of corroborating genetic information, a minimal amount (29%) or made no mention of genetic information. RESULTS: When a majority percentage of corroborating genetic information was provided, participants evaluated Black-identified targets more favorably than White-identified targets. Additionally, Black-identified targets were evaluated most favorably when they had a majority amount of corroborating genetic information. CONCLUSIONS: Among Black perceivers, a majority amount of corroborating genetic information increased positive evaluations of a mismatched, Black-identified racial claim. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
RESUMEN
Chronic stress leads to sex-dependent outcomes on spatial memory by producing deficits in males, but not in females. Recently it was reported that compared to daily restraint, intermittent restraint (IR) produced more robust stress and anxiety responses in male rats. Whether IR would be sufficiently robust to impair hippocampal-dependent spatial memory in both male and female rats was investigated. IR involved mixing restraint with non-restraint days over weeks before assessing spatial memory and anxiety profile on the radial arm water maze, object placement, novel object recognition, Y-maze, open field and novelty suppressed feeding. Experiments 1 and 2 used Sprague-Dawley male rats only and determined that IR for 6 h/d (IR6), but not 2 h/d, impaired spatial memory and that task order was important. In experiment 3, IR6 was extended for 6wks before spatial memory testing commenced using both sexes. Unexpectedly, an extended IR6 paradigm failed to impair spatial memory in either sex, suggesting that by 6wks IR6 may have become predictable. In experiment 4, an unpredictable IR (UIR) paradigm was implemented, in which restraint duration (30 or 60-min) combined with orbital shaking, time of day, and the days off from UIR were varied. UIR impaired spatial memory in males, but not in females. Together with other reports, these findings support the interpretation that chronic stress negatively impairs hippocampal-dependent function in males, but not in females. We interpret these findings to show that females are more resilient to chronic stress than are males as it pertains to spatial ability.