Recovery of Inflammation, Cardiac, and Muscle Damage Biomarkers After Running a Marathon.

ABSTRACT: Bernat-Adell, MD, Collado-Boira, EJ, Moles-Julio, P, Panizo-González, N, Martínez-Navarro, I, Hernando-Fuster, B, and Hernando-Domingo, C. Recovery of inflammation, cardiac and muscle damage biomarkers after running a marathon. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 626-632, 2021-Physical endurance sports conditions the increase of blood biomarkers responsible for the acute inflammatory response. The purpose of this study was to observe the impact of intense physical exercise on these biomarkers and detect their recovery pattern. This is an experimental study of repeated measures (pre-post marathon). The biomarkers lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TNT), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were analyzed in a total of 86 runners, 24 hours before the marathon, immediately after finishing the race and at 24, 48, 96, and 144 postrace hours. The comparative analyses were performed using the Friedman and Wilcoxon tests. The correlations between dependent and independent variables were analyzed using Spearman correlations. The data were processed through the IBM SPSS package, version 23. Significant value was p ≤ 0.05. The LDH increased and showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) for all times, compared with the initial LDH value, normalizing after 192 hours (p = 0.667) (effect size [ES], r = 0.807). The CK increased and showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) (ES, r = 0.975) up to 96 hours afterward, normalizing after 144 hours. The hs-TNT presented an increase and showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) between the pre-post race times, 24 and 48 hours, normalizing after 96 hours, although it showed a new significant value at 192 hours (p ≤ 0.001) (ES, r = 0.519). The CRP increased and showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) between the pre-post race times, at 24, 48, 96, 144, and 192 hours after race. The recovery after alterations produced by the marathon varies according to the biomarker. Blood levels of biomarkers decrease with longer race times. Greater energy expenditure increases the blood levels of LDH, CK, and hs-TNT.

Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Prevalence and Associated Factors.

Introduction: Renal function and thyroid metabolism are tightly related. However, evidence about subclinical hypothyroidism prevalence in patients with chronic kidney disease and its related factors is scarce. Objectives: Our aim is to analyze subclinical hypothyroidism prevalence and its related factors in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. Materials and methods. Nondialysis-dependent patients with chronic kidney disease at stages 3 to 5 were included. Other inclusion criteria were age above 18 years and clinical stability. Patients with diagnosed thyroid illnesses were excluded. Subclinical hypothyroidism was defined as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) > 5.3 mU/L, with free thyroxine 4 (FT4) between 0.54 and 1.24 ng/dl. Filiation data, comorbidities, and routine blood and urine test results were registered. Results: A total of 299 patients were included. Of them, 184 (61.5%) were men. The mean age was 71 ± 13 years old. The mean glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI) was 22 ± 9 ml/min/1.73 m2. According to chronic kidney disease stages, global distribution of patients was as follows: Stage 3, 67 patients (22.4%); Stage 4, 155 patients (51.8%); and Stage 5, 77 patients (25.8%). We found subclinical hypothyroidism in 54 (18.1%) patients. According to chronic kidney disease stages, distribution of affected patients was as follows: Stage 3, 9 patients (13%); Stage 4, 25 patients (16.1%); and Stage 5, 20 patients (26%). Differences among stages were statistically significant. By univariate analysis, factors related with subclinical hypothyroidism were as follows: age RR 1.048 (95% CI 1.019-1.078; p=0.001), hypertension RR 2.705 (95% CI 1.026-7.130; p=0.04), glomerular filtration rate RR 0.962 (95% CI 0.929-0.996; p=0.03), and proteinuria higher than 1 gram/day RR 2.387 (95% CI 1.303-4.374; p=0.005). By multivariate analysis adjusted by age, hypertension, glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease history, only age RR 1.016 (95% CI 1.009-1.028; p=0.04) and glomerular filtration rate RR 0.963 (95% CI 0.930-0.997; p=0.03) preserved their independent association with subclinical hypothyroidism. Conclusions: Subclinical hypothyroidism prevalence in patients with chronic kidney disease is high and increases with renal disease severity. Factors independently related to subclinical hypothyroidism are age and glomerular filtration rate.

Removal capacity of different high-flux dialyzers during postdilution online hemodiafiltration.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to compare molecule removal and albumin leakage in postdilution online hemodiafiltration with different high-flux dialyzers. METHODS: We studied seven high-flux dialyzers (Polyflux 210H®, Evodial 2.2®, FxCordiax1000®, Elisio21H®, TS-2.1SL®, XevontaHi20®, VitaPES 210-HF®) in 6 patients. The reduction ratio (RR) of small- and middle-sized molecules was calculated. Dialysate samples were collected to estimate the albumin leakage. FINDINGS: Global differences between dialyzers were observed in the RR of ß2 microglobulin (P =0.003) and prolactin (P =0.013). The mean loss of albumin in the dialysate per session varied between 114 ± 67 mg (with Evodial 2.2) and 2621 ± 1363 mg per session (with XevontaHi20). We found global differences between dialyzers in total albumin loss (P = 0.05). DISCUSSION: We demonstrated that the performance of high-flux dialyzers was different among the types and that not all high-flux dialyzers should be considered equal.

Quick Recovery of Renal Alterations and Inflammatory Activation after a Marathon.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the incidence of acute kidney injury in a cohort of marathon participants. METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study focused on evaluating the incidence of kidney damage after a marathon, and its evolution in the first 48 h after the marathon in 88 runners who completed the Valencia Marathon. RESULTS: From the 88 participants, 42 (48.28%) presented with acute kidney injury, mainly grade 1 (95.20%). Microscopic haematuria was observed in 29 runners (33%). Levels of interleukin 6, leukocytes, and neutrophils were markedly increased at the marathon's finish line. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed that there are slight transient changes in glomerular filtration rate and inflammatory activation after a marathon.

Vacunación sublingual con bacterias inactivadas en pacientes nefrológicos con infección urinaria recurrente: experiencia en un centro de España / Sublingual vaccination with inactivated bacteria in recurrent urinary tract infection of nephrologic patients: experience in a center in Spain

Resumen Introducción: las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) son frecuentes en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Una opción de tratamiento cuando estas infecciones son recurrentes es la vacunación bacteriana sublingual. Objetivo: determinar la respuesta a la vacunación bacteriana sublingual en pacientes nefrológicos con ITU recurrente. Materiales y métodos: estudio cuasi experimental en el que se evaluó la evolución en 15 meses de los pacientes con ITU recurrente que asistieron a consulta externa de nefrología. Tras recibir tratamiento antibiótico según antibiograma para cada ITU, los participantes tomaron un ciclo de la vacuna sublingual bacteriana Uromune® durante tres meses. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos y sobre factores de riesgo asociados, análisis de sangre y orina, episodios de ITU en los seis meses previos y posteriores, microorganismos causantes, tratamiento antibiótico concomitante, respuesta al tratamiento y resolución de la ITU. Resultados: se incluyeron 26 pacientes (80,8 % mujeres) con una media de edad de 61,9±18,4 años, de los cuales el 46,2 % tenía diabetes y el 47,7 %, afectación de la función renal. La media de ITU fue 3,62±1,77 (rango: 1 -7) antes de la vacuna y de 1,69±1,77 (rango: 0-5) después. Se recogieron 184 urocultivos: 74,9 % positivos, 16,9 % negativos y 8,2 % contaminados. Las bacterias más frecuentes fueron Escherichia coli (55,4 %), Enterococcus faecalis (6 %) y Enterobacter cloacae (2,7 %). El 50 % de los participan- tes presentó síndrome miccional, que se asoció inversamente con la edad (p<0,05). El 26,9 % no volvió a tener ITU y el 73,1 % tuvo menos episodios. Los pacientes con ERC avanzada (estadios IV-V) respondieron peor a la vacuna (92,9 % vs 50 %, p=0,025). Conclusiones: la vacunación bacteriana sublingual es una buena opción de tratamiento para la ITU recurrente de pacientes con ERC, siendo más eficaz en los que presentan mejor función renal.

Abstract Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in patients with chronic kidney disease. A treatment option in recurrent UTI is sublingual bacterial vaccination. The objective of this study was to determine the response to vaccination in nephrologic patients with recurrent UTI. Method: Quasi-experimental study before-after (15 months) in patients with recurrent UTI from the outpatient nephrology consultation. After receiving antibiotic treatment for each UTI, patients took one cycle of the sublingual bacterial vaccine Uromune? for three months. Sociodemographic data, associated risk factors, analysis, UTI in the previous and subsequent six months, microorganisms, concomitant antibiotic treatment, response to treatment and resolution of UTI were collected. Results: Twenty-six patients (80.8% female) of 61.9 ±18.4 years, 46.2% with diabetes and 47.7% with impaired renal function were included. The episodes of UTI were 3.62 ±1.77 (1-7) before and 1.69 ± 1.77 (0-5) after vaccination. In total, 184 urine cultures were collected: 74.9% positive, 16.9% negative and 8.2% contaminated. The most frequent bacteria were Escherichia coli (55.4%), Enterococcus faecalis (6%) and Enterobacter cloacae (2.7%). Fifty percent had voiding syndrome, which was inversely associated with age (p < 0.05); 26.9% did not have a UTI again and 73.1% had fewer episodes. Patients with advanced chronic disease (stages 4-5) reponded worse to the vaccine (92.9% vs 50%, p =0.025). Conclusions: Sublingual bacterial vaccination is a good treatment option in recurrent UTI of nephrologic patients, being more effective in those with better renal function.

Impacto subjetivo de las estrategias no farmacológicas de mejora de la calidad de vida y el cumplimiento terapéutico en pacientes en hemodiálisis / Subjective impact of non-pharmacological strategies to improve quality of life and therapeutic compliance in hemodialysis patients

Los pacientes en hemodiálisis tienen numerosas comorbilidades y limitaciones. Objetivos: Evaluar el impacto en el cumplimiento y calidad de vida percibida de un programa de educación nutricional mediante técnicas motivacionales. Material y Método: Estudio observacional transversal en pacientes en hemodiálisis. Se estableció una educación nutricional interactiva, medidas por el cuestionario validado KDQOL-SF™. Resultados: Del total de 78 pacientes en hemodiálisis respondieron la encuesta 47. El 48,9% de los pacientes considera su salud de buena a excelente. El 61,7 y 38,3 % de los pacientes señala que la limitación de líquidos y la dieta les preocupan mucho o muchísimo. Tras la realización de programas educacionales se observa una reducción de la ganancia hídrica interdiálisis de 2,3 ± 1,05 vs 2,13 ± 1,06 (p <0,05). Conclusiones: Las restricciones en la ingesta de líquido y dietéticas son las principales molestias. El empleo de educación nutricional mejora el cumplimiento (AU)

Hemodialysis patients have many comorbidities and limitations. Objectives: To evaluate the impact on diet adherence and subjective quality of life of an educational program based on audiovisual material and motivational strategies. Method: Cross-sectional study in hemodialysis patients receiving an interactive nutrition educational program that included hands-on activities as well as by validated questionnaire KDQOL-SF™. Results: Of the 78 hemodialysis, patients 47 answered to the survey. 48.9% of patients define their health from good to excellent. 61.7 and 38.3% of patients indicates that limiting liquids and diet concern them much or very much. A statistically significant reduction of interdialysis water gain was observed after the educational program 2, 3 ± 1,05 vs 2,13 ± 1,06 (p <0,05). Conclusions: Restrictions in fluid intake and diet are among the main complaints of patients on hemodialysis. The use of audiovisual educative material and motivational strategies improve accomplishment (AU)

Disfunción sexual y calidad de vida según el tipo de tratamiento renal sustitutivo / Sexual dysfunction and quality of life depending on the type of renal replacement therapy

Se precisan estudios que evalúen el impacto de las distintas modalidades de tratamiento renal sustitutivo en referencia a su calidad de vida y disfunción sexual. Objetivos: Evaluar la calidad de vida y la esfera sexual medidas por el cuestionario validado KDQOL-SF™ entre tres grupos de pacientes. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional trasversal comparativo. Se estudiaron 72 pacientes 22,2% de peritoneal, 65,3% de hemodiálisis y 12,5% de domiciliaria. Resultados: El 29,7% de los pacientes en hemodiálisis consideran que la enfermedad renal crónica afectó 'muchísimo' y 'mucho' a su vida sexual. El 55,4% de los pacientes en hemodiálisis admite problemas para disfrutar de la actividad sexual frente al 62,5% en peritoneal y 44,4% en domiciliaria. Conclusiones: Los pacientes domiciliarios son los que presentan menor impacto sobre la esfera sexual (AU)

Studies assessing the impact of different modalities of renal replacement therapy on patient’s sexual dysfunction and quality of life are needed. Objectives: To evaluate the differences in overall and sexual quality of life by validated questionnaire KDQOL-SF™ between patients receiving each renal replacement modality. Methods: Observational comparative study. 72 total patients. Of them 22.2% were on peritoneal dialysis, 65.3% on hemodialysis and 12.5% on home hemodialysis. Results: 29.7% of patients on hemodialysis consider chronic kidney disease affected 'very much' and 'a lot' their sexual life. 55.4% of patients on hemodialysis suffer from problems to enjoy sexual activity against 62.5% in peritoneal dyalisis and 44.4% at home hemodialysis. Conclusions: Home treated patients are those with lower impact of the disease on its ability to maintain and enjoy sexual activity (AU)