Impacts on Human Health Potentially Caused by Exposure to an Unprecedented Ostreopsis spp Bloom in the Bay of Biscay, French Basque Coast.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, climate change and human activity have modified marine biotopes, including the widening distribution of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Bloom events predominated by microalgae of the genus Ostreopsis have been described on the French Mediterranean coast, but in 2021 an unprecedented bloom occurred on the French Basque coast. The objective of this study is to describe the health impact of the Ostreopsis spp bloom that occurred on the French Basque coast in 2021. METHODS: A historical cohort was conducted, including cases of possible exposure to Ostreopsis spp registered at the Centre Antipoison de Nouvelle-Aquitaine between July 1 and September 30, 2021. RESULTS: Of 674 patients with possible toxicity due to Ostreopsis spp, 96.9% had bathed in contaminated waters. Most of them developed respiratory tract symptoms (64.4% of patients). The time to the onset of symptoms was <6 h for 73.6% of 174 short-term (<24 h) exposed patients. The median duration of symptoms was 7.5 days for occupational (e.g., lifeguards and surfing instructors) and 3 days for recreational exposures. There were no severe cases. In total, 3% of the cases were of moderate severity, and 97% were of minor severity, according to the Poisoning Severity Score. CONCLUSION: Toxic reactions caused by Ostreopsis spp are mostly benign. The clinical picture is similar to that described following exposures to Ostreopsis cf. ovata blooms in the Mediterranean area since the end of the 20th century. Ostreopsis spp are present on the Basque coast. The ecological factors promoting its blooms remain to be clarified.

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), 1,4-butanediol (1,4BD), and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) intoxication: A state-of-the-art review.

γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is synthesized endogenously from γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or exogenously from 1,4-butanediol (butane-1,4-diol; 1,4-BD) or γ-butyrolactone (GBL). GBL, and 1,4-BD are rapidly converted to GHB. The gastric absorption time, volume of distribution, and half-life of GHB are between 5 and 45 min, 0.49 ± 0.9 L/kg, and between 20 and 60 min, respectively. GHB and its analogues have a dose-dependent effect on the activation of GHB receptor, GABA-B, and GABA localized to the central nervous system. After ingestion, most patients present transient neurological disorders (lethal dose: 60 mg/kg). Chronic GHB consumption is associated with disorders of use and a withdrawal syndrome when the consumption is discontinued. GHB, GBL, and 1,4-BD are classified as narcotics but only the use of GHB is controlled internationally. They are used for drug facilitated (sexual) assault, recreational purposes, slamsex, and chemsex. To confirm an exogenous intake or administration of GHB, GBL, or 1-4-BD, the pre-analytical conservation is crucial. The antemortem cutoff doses for detection are 5 and 5-15 mg/L, with detection windows of 6 and 10 h in the blood and urine, respectively Control of GHB is essential to limit the number of users, abuse, associated risks, and death related to their consumption.

The 5-year longitudinal diagnostic profile and health services utilization of patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy in Quebec: a population-based study.

PURPOSE: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective for treating several psychiatric disorders. However, only a minority of patients are treated with ECT. It is of primary importance to characterize their profile for epidemiological purposes and to inform clinical practice. We aimed to characterize the longitudinal profile of psychopathology and services utilization of patients first treated with ECT. METHODS: We conducted a population-based comparative study using data from a national administrative database in Quebec. Patients who received a first ECT between 2002 and 2016 were compared to controls who were hospitalized in psychiatry but did not receive ECT. We performed descriptive analyses to compare psychiatric diagnoses, domains of psychopathology (internalizing, externalizing and thought/psychotic disorders), medical services and medication use in the 5 years prior to the ECT or hospitalization. RESULTS: 5 080 ECT patients were compared with 179 594 controls. Depressive, anxiety, bipolar and psychotic disorders were more frequent in the ECT group. 96.2% of ECT patients had been diagnosed with depression and 53.8% with a primary psychotic disorder. In the ECT group, 1.0% had been diagnosed exclusively with depression and 47.0% had disorders from that belong to all three domains of psychopathology. Having both internalizing and thought/psychotic disorders was associated with an increased likelihood of receiving ECT vs having internalizing disorders alone (unadjusted OR = 2.93; 95% CI = 2.63, 3.26). All indicators of mental health services utilization showed higher use among ECT patients. CONCLUSION: Our results provide robust evidence of complex longitudinal psychopathology and extensive services utilization among ECT patients.

First Characterization of Ostreopsis cf. ovata (Dinophyceae) and Detection of Ovatoxins during a Multispecific and Toxic Ostreopsis Bloom on French Atlantic Coast.

Blooms of the benthic toxic dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis have been recorded more frequently during the last two decades, particularly in warm temperate areas such as the Mediterranean Sea. The proliferation of Ostreopsis species may cause deleterious effects on ecosystems and can impact human health through skin contact or aerosol inhalation. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the toxic O. cf. ovata has not yet been reported to the north of Portugal, and the only species present further north was O. cf. siamensis, for which the toxic risk is considered low. During summer blooms of unidentified Ostreopsis species on the French Basque coast (Atlantic) in 2020 and 2021, people suffered from irritations and respiratory disorders, and the number of analyzed cases reached 674 in 2021. In order to investigate the causes, sampling was carried out during summer 2021 to (i) taxonomically identify Ostreopsis species present using a molecular approach, (ii) isolate strains from the bloom and culture them, and (iii) characterize the presence of known toxins which may be involved. For the first time, this study reports the presence of both O. cf. siamensis and O. cf. ovata, for which the French Basque coast is a new upper distribution limit. Furthermore, the presence of ovatoxins a, b, c, and d in the environmental sample and in a cultivated strain in culture confirmed the toxic nature of the bloom and allowed identifying O. cf. ovata as the producer. The present data identify a new health risk in the area and highlight the extended distribution of some harmful dinoflagellates, presumably in relation to climate change.

Trajectories of adolescent poly-substance use and their long-term social and economic outcomes for males from low-income backgrounds.

Substance abuse is a significant public health concern that disproportionately burdens males and low-income communities. This study examined (1) longitudinal profiles of male adolescent poly-substance use and (2) their association with social and economic participation across early adulthood. Drawing on a cohort of males (n = 890) from low-income neighborhoods, we used group-based multi-trajectory modeling to identify profiles of poly-substance use (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, illicit drugs) from age 13-17 years. Regression models were used to link substance use profiles to high school graduation, criminal convictions, personal and household earnings, welfare receipt and partnership from age 19-37 years, obtained from administrative records. Child IQ, family adversity and behavioral problems were adjusted for. Four poly-substance use profiles were identified: abstinent (n = 128, 14.4%), late-onset (n = 412, 46.5%), mid-onset (n = 249, 28.1%), and early-onset (n = 98, 11.1%). Relative to the late-onset (reference) group, participants in the early-onset profile were 3.0 times (95%CI = 1.68-5.53) more likely to have left school without a diploma, 2.7 times (95% CI = 1.56-4.68) more likely to have a criminal conviction by age 24 years, earned 10,185 USD less (95% CI = - 15,225- - 5144) per year at age 33-37 years and had 15,790 USD lower (95% CI = - 23,378- - 8218) household income at age 33-37 years, a 1.3 times (95%CI = 1.15-1.57) higher incidence of annual welfare receipt and a 24% (95% CI = 5-40) lower incidence of marriage/cohabitation from age 18-35 years. We show that adolescent-onset poly-substance use by age 13 is associated with poor social and economic outcomes. Delaying the onset of substance use and reducing exposure to additional substance classes has potential for high societal cost savings.

Psychotic-like experiences and associated factors in resident physicians: A Canadian cross-sectional study.

AIM: Medical residency training is associated with a range of sociodemographic, lifestyle and mental health factors that may confer higher risk for psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in residents, yet little research has examined this question. Thus, we aimed to document the prevalence and associated factors of PLEs among resident physicians. METHODS: Physicians enrolled in residency programmes in the Province of Québec, Canada (four universities) were recruited in Fall 2022 via their programme coordinators and social media. They completed an online questionnaire assessing PLEs in the past 3 months (the 15-item Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences), as well as sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle and mental health. Analyses included survey weights and gamma regressions. RESULTS: The sample included 502 residents (mean age, 27.6 years; 65.9% women). Only 1.3% (95% CI: 0.5%, 4.0%) of residents met the screening cut-off for psychotic disorder. Factors associated with higher scores for PLEs included racialised minority status (relative difference: +7.5%; 95% CI: +2.2%, +13.2%) and English versus French as preferred language (relative difference: +7.9% 95% CI: +3.1%, +12.9%), as well as each additional point on scales of depression (relative difference: +0.8%; 95% CI: +0.3%, +1.3%) and anxiety (relative difference: +1.3%; 95% CI: +0.8%, +1.7%). In secondary analyses, racialised minority status was associated with persecutory items, but not with other PLEs. Gender, residency programmes and lifestyle variables were not associated with PLEs. CONCLUSIONS: This study found low reports of PLEs in a sample of resident physicians. Associations of PLEs with minoritised status may reflect experiences of discrimination.

Emergency department care experience of suicidal patients: A qualitative analysis of patients' perspectives.

INTRODUCTION: Individuals experiencing suicidal ideation or behavior frequently seek assistance at the emergency department (ED), yet the care they receive does not consistently align with their needs. This study explores the ED care experience of suicidal patients from their own perspective and offers recommendations to improve ED care for this population. METHOD: This qualitative study uses a descriptive interpretative design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 7 individuals who sought care in an ED due to suicidal ideation or behavior. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. FINDINGS: Participants' experiences were marked by an unsuited physical environment described as uncomfortable, noisy, and depressing. The organization of care was perceived as inadequate as patients complained about limited front-line access to mental health expertise, long waiting times, overworked staff, and inequities between patients with physical injuries and those with mental health concerns. Participants reported feelings of being trapped, left on their own and mistreated during their ED stay. Most found their care experience unhelpful or distressing, leaving them reluctant to reconsult. Specific recommendations based on patients' testimonials and literature are provided to enhance the ED care experience of suicidal patients. CONCLUSION: This study highlights several areas for improvement of the ED care experience of suicidal patients. Changes in current practices are needed to offer suicidal patients the satisfying care experience they deserve.

Explainable artificial intelligence models for predicting risk of suicide using health administrative data in Quebec.

Suicide is a complex, multidimensional event, and a significant challenge for prevention globally. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have emerged to harness large-scale datasets to enhance risk detection. In order to trust and act upon the predictions made with ML, more intuitive user interfaces must be validated. Thus, Interpretable AI is one of the crucial directions which could allow policy and decision makers to make reasonable and data-driven decisions that can ultimately lead to better mental health services planning and suicide prevention. This research aimed to develop sex-specific ML models for predicting the population risk of suicide and to interpret the models. Data were from the Quebec Integrated Chronic Disease Surveillance System (QICDSS), covering up to 98% of the population in the province of Quebec and containing data for over 20,000 suicides between 2002 and 2019. We employed a case-control study design. Individuals were considered cases if they were aged 15+ and had died from suicide between January 1st, 2002, and December 31st, 2019 (n = 18339). Controls were a random sample of 1% of the Quebec population aged 15+ of each year, who were alive on December 31st of each year, from 2002 to 2019 (n = 1,307,370). We included 103 features, including individual, programmatic, systemic, and community factors, measured up to five years prior to the suicide events. We trained and then validated the sex-specific predictive risk model using supervised ML algorithms, including Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Multilayer perceptron (MLP). We computed operating characteristics, including sensitivity, specificity, and Positive Predictive Value (PPV). We then generated receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to predict suicides and calibration measures. For interpretability, Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) was used with the global explanation to determine how much the input features contribute to the models' output and the largest absolute coefficients. The best sensitivity was 0.38 with logistic regression for males and 0.47 with MLP for females; the XGBoost Classifier with 0.25 for males and 0.19 for females had the best precision (PPV). This study demonstrated the useful potential of explainable AI models as tools for decision-making and population-level suicide prevention actions. The ML models included individual, programmatic, systemic, and community levels variables available routinely to decision makers and planners in a public managed care system. Caution shall be exercised in the interpretation of variables associated in a predictive model since they are not causal, and other designs are required to establish the value of individual treatments. The next steps are to produce an intuitive user interface for decision makers, planners and other stakeholders like clinicians or representatives of families and people with live experience of suicidal behaviors or death by suicide. For example, how variations in the quality of local area primary care programs for depression or substance use disorders or increased in regional mental health and addiction budgets would lower suicide rates.

Pre-hospital triage of children at risk of oesophageal button battery impaction: the button battery impaction score.

INTRODUCTION: Button battery ingestion in children can be fatal if oesophageal perforation occurs. Such children require chest radiography in the emergency department to determine the button battery position and number. Current guidelines recommend that a button battery impacted in the oesophagus should be removed within two hours. We developed a clinical tool (the button battery impaction score) to estimate the risk of oesophageal impaction and help determine the most appropriate healthcare facility for initial assessment, either a local medical centre or a medical centre with the infrastructure for endoscopic retrieval. METHODS: A multi-centre retrospective study was conducted over seven years in eight French poison centres. We included patients aged less than 12 years with radiography showing the button battery position and a symptom description before radiography. Button battery impaction scores were calculated using backward stepwise selection. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 1,430 patients were included, of whom 86, 461, and 375 had a button battery in their oesophagus, stomach, and post-pyloric position, respectively. No button batteries were identified by radiography in 508 patients. Sixteen of thirty-five factors independently predicted oesophageal impaction before chest radiography (P < 0.05). After the backward stepwise selection, the following seven factors contributed to the button battery impaction score: cough, drooling, dysphagia/food refusal, fever, pain (unspecified location), vomiting, and button battery ≥ 15 mm. The button battery impaction score showed an area under the curve value of 0.87, a negative predictive value of 0.98, and a sensitivity of 0.86. No cases of death, stricture, or haemorrhage were observed in patients with negative scores, including those with oesophageal impaction. CONCLUSIONS: A button battery impaction score used readily available data to predict the risk of oesophageal impaction after button battery ingestion and before chest radiography. When further validated, this rapid tool may be widely applicable in determining an appropriate facility for patient transfer to either a local medical centre or a medical centre with the infrastructure for endoscopic retrieval.

Severe post-pyloric injury after button battery ingestion: Systematic literature review and case report.

BACKGROUND: The health and safety hazards related to button batteries (BB) have been extensively studied, highlighting that the presence of a button battery in the esophagus is a life-threatening emergency. However, complications related to bowel BB are poorly evaluated and not well known. The objective of this review of the literature was to describe severe cases of BB that have passed the pylorus. CASE REPORT: This case, from the PilBouTox cohort, is the first report of small-bowel occlusion following ingestion of an LR44 BB (diameter: 11.4 mm) by a 7-month-old infant with a history of intestinal resections. In this case, the BB was ingested without a witness. The initial presentation mimicked acute gastroenteritis evolving into hypovolemic shock. An X-ray revealed a foreign body stuck in the small bowel causing an intestinal occlusion and local necrosis without perforation. The patient's history of intestinal stenosis and intestinal surgery were the contributing factor of impaction. SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW: The review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. The research was conducted on September 12, 2022 through five database and the U.S. Poison Control Center website. An additional 12 severe cases of intestinal or colonic injury after ingestion of a single BB were identified. Of these, 11 were related to small BBs (< 15 mm) that impacted Meckel's diverticulum and one was related to postoperative stenosis. CONCLUSION: In view of the findings, the indications for digestive endoscopy for extraction of a BB in the stomach should include a history of intestinal stenosis or intestinal surgery so as to avoid delayed intestinal perforation or occlusion and prolonged hospitalization.

Suicidality and mood disorders in psychiatric emergency patients: Results from SBQ-R.

Patients with mood disorders are at high risk of suicidality, and emergency departments (ED) are essential in the management of this risk. This study aims to (1) describe the suicidal thoughts and behaviours of patients with mood disorders who come to ED; (2) assess the psychometric properties of the Suicidal Behaviours Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) in a psychiatric ED; and (3) determine the best predictors of suicidality for these patients. A total of 300 participants with mood disorders recruited for the Signature Bank of the Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal (IUSMM) were retained. Suicidality was assessed using the SBQ-R. Other clinical and demographic details were recorded. Bivariate analyses, correlations and multivariate regression analyses were conducted. SBQ-R's internal consistency, construct and convergent validities were also tested. In the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), 53.3% of the sample stated they had suicidal or self-harm thoughts in the last 2 weeks. The mean score obtained at the SBQ-R was 8.3. Multivariate analysis found that SBQ-R scores were associated with depressive symptoms and substance use, especially alcohol, accounting for 44.3% of the model variance. Cronbach's alpha was 0.81 [0.78, 0.84] and factor loadings for items 1-4 were 0.68, 0.88, 0.54, and 0.85, respectively. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model fit the data well. The SBQ-R is a brief and valid instrument that can easily be used in busy emergency departments to assess suicide risk. Depressive symptoms and alcohol use shall also be assessed, as they are determinants of increased risk of suicidality.

A case-control study on predicting population risk of suicide using health administrative data: a research protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Suicide has a complex aetiology and is a result of the interaction among the risk and protective factors at the individual, healthcare system and population levels. Therefore, policy and decision makers and mental health service planners can play an important role in suicide prevention. Although a number of suicide risk predictive tools have been developed, these tools were designed to be used by clinicians for assessing individual risk of suicide. There have been no risk predictive models to be used by policy and decision makers for predicting population risk of suicide at the national, provincial and regional levels. This paper aimed to describe the rationale and methodology for developing risk predictive models for population risk of suicide. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A case-control study design will be used to develop sex-specific risk predictive models for population risk of suicide, using statistical regression and machine learning techniques. Routinely collected health administrative data in Quebec, Canada, and community-level social deprivation and marginalisation data will be used. The developed models will be transformed into the models that can be readily used by policy and decision makers. Two rounds of qualitative interviews with end-users and other stakeholders were proposed to understand their views about the developed models and potential systematic, social and ethical issues for implementation; the first round of qualitative interviews has been completed. We included 9440 suicide cases (7234 males and 2206 females) and 661 780 controls for model development. Three hundred and forty-seven variables at individual, healthcare system and community levels have been identified and will be included in least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression for feature selection. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study is approved by the Health Research Ethnics Committee of Dalhousie University, Canada. This study takes an integrated knowledge translation approach, involving knowledge users from the beginning of the process.

First step in assessment of VipGrade®, a computerized clinical decision system to assess Vipera envenomation grading: a single-center interrater reliability study.

METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of Vipera spp. snakebite cases registered by the PCC of Bordeaux, France, between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020, evaluating the agreement between VipGrade® assessments, toxicologists' assessments, and current guidelines. RESULTS: 133 patients with Vipera aspis snakebites were included. There was 100% agreement in severity grading by PCC guidelines and VipGrade®. However, grading by toxicologists and VipGrade® diverged in 19 cases (85% agreement; κ = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71 to 0.87). CONCLUSIONS: The VipGrade® tool's grading reflects current PCC guidelines, which are authoritative in France, and may allow for a more rapid and standardized determination of management and follow-up of viper-bitten patients. It should be noted, however, that the more complex and dynamic aspects of management are not included in VipGrade®. Its purpose is to supplement, not replace, the advice of the PCC's clinical toxicologists, and this advice should be sought whenever a viper bite is encountered in clinical practice.

French Scorpionism (Mainland and Oversea Territories): Narrative Review of Scorpion Species, Scorpion Venom, and Envenoming Management.

Sixty-seven scorpion species have been described in France and its territories, where they have been found to be heterogeneously distributed. Indeed, only one species can be found on Réunion Island, while 38 species exist in French Guiana. The number of stings is also heterogenous, with up to 90 stings per 100,000 inhabitants occurring annually. Scorpion species can frequently be determined through simple visual factors, including species of medical importance (i.e., Buthus, Centruroides and Tityus). Scorpion venom is composed of local enzymes and peptides with a cysteine-stabilized α/ß motif (NaTxs, Ktxs, Calcines), which allow for venom diffusion and the prey's incapacitation, respectively. Harmful scorpion species are limited to Centruroides pococki in the French West Indies, which can induce severe envenoming, and the Tityus obscurus and Tityus silvestris in French Guiana, which can cause fatalities in children and can induce severe envenoming, respectively. Envenomation by one of these scorpions requires hospital monitoring as long as systemic symptoms persist. Typical management includes the use of a lidocaine patch, pain killers, and local antiseptic. In the case of heart failure, the use of dobutamine can improve survival, and pregnant women must consult an obstetrician because of the elevated risk of preterm birth or stillbirth. France does not have scorpion antivenom, as scorpion stings are generally not fatal.

Workplace Factors, Burnout Signs, and Clinical Mental Health Symptoms among Mental Health Workers in Lombardy and Quebec during the First Wave of COVID-19.

Several research contributions have depicted the impact of the pandemic environment on healthcare and social care personnel. Even though the high prevalence of burnout depression and anxiety in healthcare settings before COVID-19 has been well documented in the research, the recent increase in psychological distress and mental health issues in healthcare and mental health workers should be attributed to the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the present study is to develop, evaluate, and compare a model of COVID-19 workplace stressors between two different territories, the Italian region of Lombardy and the Canadian province of Quebec. Within this model, burnout is depicted as the strongest determinant of mental health symptoms for mental health workers. In turn, the main workplace determinants of burnout are the perception of a lack of support from the organization and the fear of contracting COVID-19 at work. Findings also provide insights for designing interventions to promote and protect mental health workers in the context of the pandemic. In conclusion, it is necessary to monitor burnout and carefully analyze elements of organizational culture, in addition to offering clinical and psychological care for those in need.

Poison control centres and alternative forms of communication: comparison of response rates between text message and telephone follow-up.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, the number of patients managed by poison control centres (PCCs) has increased without a proportional increase in the number of physicians. To improve efficiency without neglecting patient follow-up, some PCCs have begun using text messages. We evaluated the difference in response rates between text messaging and traditional telephone follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective, monocentric, non-randomised cohort study was conducted using data from calls made by the New Aquitaine PCC between February 27, 2019, and March 31, 2019. Patients were contacted up to three times by a phone call or short message service (SMS). RESULTS: For the analysis, 823 patients were included. At the end of follow-up, the response rates were similar in the phone call and SMS group (94 vs. 94%; p = 0.76) with median [interquartile range] response times of 0 min [0; 27 min] and 29 min [6; 120 min], respectively. The response rates did not differ in subgroups stratified according to sex, self-poisoning vs. relative response, age class, and solicitation during working hours vs. outside of working hours (all p > 0.5). Moreover, health practitioners required 2.4-fold more time to call than to send text messages (p < 0.001), and all practitioners were satisfied or very satisfied with text messaging implementation. CONCLUSION: Patients had good adherence to text messages. Text messages are easy to use, rapid, and allow the physician to easily prioritise follow-up without occupying the emergency line. Additionally, the costs of installation and maintenance are low for text message systems; these low costs facilitate the implementation of such services in various medical situations.

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Delta Agonist (PPAR- δ) and Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) Abuse: Clinical, Analytical and Biological Data in a Case Involving a Poisonous Combination of GW1516 (Cardarine) and MK2866 (Ostarine).

A 43-year-old male, sport coach, presented him-self at the Emergency unit of a local hospital for epigastric pain, myalgia pain and severe headache. He claimed having used for some days a combination of GW1516 (cardarine), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist (PPAR- δ) and MK2866 (ostarine), a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) to gain skeletal muscles. Cytolysis with marked increase of alanine aminotransferase or ALT (up to 922 UI/L) and aspartate aminotransferase or AST (up to 2558 UI/L) and massive rhabdomyolysis with elevated creatine phosphokinase or CPK (up to 86435 UI/L) were the main unusual biochemistry parameters. Using a specific liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method, cardarine and ostarine tested positive in blood at 403 and 1 ng/mL, respectively. In urine, due to extensive metabolism, the parent GW1516 was not identified, while ostarine was at 88 ng/mL. Finally, both drugs were identified in hair (2 cm in length, brown in colour), at 146 and 1105 pg/mg for cardarine and ostarine, respectively. This clearly demonstrates repetitive abuse over the last 2 months. Asthenia was persistent for 2 weeks and 6 weeks after the admission, the subject fully recovered.

Epidemiology of scorpionism in France: nationwide scorpion exposure.

INTRODUCTION: In France, 57 species of scorpions are described with a limited number of clinical studies. In this article, we report the epidemiology of scorpion sting events in mainland France and its overseas territories based on cases reported to the French poison-control centres (FPCC). MATERIAL AND METHOD: This retrospective multicentre study was conducted with data from FPCC's files about scorpion stings between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2020. RESULT: Among 975 recorded files, 624 patients were included because they were stung by scorpions native to French territories. Most stings occurred along the Mediterranean coast in summer and indoors (in persons' homes) during the daytime. The scorpions were identified in 50% of cases. According to signs of envenoming, patients were divided into class III (2 cases; 1%), class II (51 cases; 8%), class I (444 cases; 71%) and asymptomatic stings (127 cases; 20%). Twelve pregnant women were stung and two of them had contractions, which triggered childbirth in one woman. Ten patients had local infections in the first week after the sting. One patient had venous thrombosis 2 days after the sting. Life-threatening scorpions, i.e., Tityus obscurus, Tityus sylvestris and Centruroides pococki, in French territories are limited to French Guiana and Lesser Antilles. Class II envenoming cases are recorded for Buthus occitanus, Euscorpius spp. in mainland France, and Isometrus maculatus in French Guiana, the Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe and Martinique) and territories in the Indian Ocean (Mayotte and Réunion Island) and Pacific Ocean (French Polynesia). Only cases of local manifestation was reported for Belisarius xambeui in mainland France. CONCLUSION: Scorpion stings in French territories are frequently on the Mediterranean coast and French Guiana. Life-threatening cases are limited to T. obscurus, T. sylvestris and Centruroides pococki stings in French Guiana and Lesser Antilles.

Relationship Between Scorpion Stings Events and Environmental Conditions in Mainland France.

In the world, the impact of environmental conditions on the number of scorpion events was evaluated in North Africa,Middle East, and the Amazonian region but not in Europe. In mainland France, scorpion species described are Buthus occitanus (Amoreux, 1789), Belisarius xambeui (Simon, 1879) and 4 Euscorpiidae: Euscorpius concinnus (Koch, 1837), Euscorpius italicus (Herbst, 1800), Euscorpius tergestinus (Koch, 1837), and Tetratrichobothrius flavicaudis (De Geer, 1778). We aimed to describe the impact of environmental conduction on the number of scorpion events. For this, a retrospective multi-center study was conducted with data from the French poison control centers files about scorpion events between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2020. During the study period, 975 incoming calls for scorpion events were recorded and 574 were related to scorpions native to mainland France and Corsica: B. occitanus (n = 86), Euscorpiidae species (n = 222), B. xambeui (n = 1), and undetermined species (n = 265). Cases were mostly reported along the Mediterranean coast, along rivers, and in cities with a trading port. The number of scorpion events was linked to the rivers' water level, rivers' flow, temperature, sunshine, and pluviometry (P < 0.05 for all variables). B. occitanus need warmest and driest environment than Euscorpiidae spp. A link between the severity of the envenoming and climatic condition or seasonality was not demonstrated.

The Early Impact of the Covid-19 Emergency on Mental Health Workers: A Survey in Lombardy, Italy.

Lombardy was the epicenter of the Covid-19 outbreak in Italy, and in March 2020 the rapid escalation in cases prompted the Italian Government to decree a mandatory lockdown and to introduce safety practices in mental health services. The general objective of the study is to evaluate the early impact of the Covid-19 emergency and quarantine on the well-being and work practices of mental health service personnel and professionals. Data were collected through an online survey of workers and professionals working with people with mental health problems in Lombardy in several outpatient and inpatient services. Their socio-demographic characteristics, professional background, description of working conditions during lockdown and psychological distress levels were collected. All analyses were performed on a sample of 241. Approximately, 31% of the participants obtained a severe score in at least one of the burnout dimensions, 11.6% showed moderate or severe levels of anxiety, and 6.6% had a moderate or severe level of depression. Different work conditions and patterns of distress were found for outpatient service workers and inpatient service workers. The overall impact of the Covid-19 emergency on mental health workers' level of distress was mild, although a significant number of workers experienced severe levels of depersonalization and anxiety. More research is needed to assess specific predictive factors.