Pectin hydrogels for controlled drug release: Recent developments and future prospects.

Pectin hydrogels have emerged as a highly promising medium for the controlled release of pharmaceuticals in the dynamic field of drug delivery. The present review sheds light on the broad range of applications and potential of pectin-based hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations. Pectin, as a biopolymer, is a versatile candidate for various drug delivery systems because of its wide range of properties and characteristics. The information provided on formulation strategies and crosslinking techniques provides researchers with tools to improve drug entrapment and controlled release. Furthermore, this review provides a more in-depth understanding of the complex factors influencing drug release from pectin hydrogels, such as the impact of environmental conditions and drug-specific characteristics. Pectin hydrogels demonstrate adaptability across diverse domains, ranging from applications in oral and transdermal drug delivery to contributions in wound healing, tissue engineering, and ongoing clinical trials. While standardization and regulatory compliance remain significant challenges, the future of pectin hydrogels appears to be bright, opening up new possibilities for advanced drug delivery systems.

Moringa oleifera: An Updated Comprehensive Review of Its Pharmacological Activities, Ethnomedicinal, Phytopharmaceutical Formulation, Clinical, Phytochemical, and Toxicological Aspects.

Moringa oleifera, also known as the "tree of life" or "miracle tree," is classified as an important herbal plant due to its immense medicinal and non-medicinal benefits. Traditionally, the plant is used to cure wounds, pain, ulcers, liver disease, heart disease, cancer, and inflammation. This review aims to compile an analysis of worldwide research, pharmacological activities, phytochemical, toxicological, and ethnomedicinal updates of Moringa oleifera and also provide insight into its commercial and phytopharmaceutical applications with a motive to help further research. The scientific information on this plant was obtained from various sites and search engines such as Scopus, Pub Med, Science Direct, BMC, Google Scholar, and other scientific databases. Articles available in the English language have only been referred for review. The pharmacological studies confirm the hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory potential of the extracts from the various plant parts. It was found that bioactive constituents are present in every part of the plant. So far, more than one hundred compounds from different parts of Moringa oleifera have been characterized, including alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, vitamins, glycosides, and terpenes. In addition, novel isolates such as muramoside A&B and niazimin A&B have been identified in the plant and have potent antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, and nutritional effects. The traditional and nontraditional use of Moringa, its pharmacological effects and their phytopharmaceutical formulations, clinical studies, toxicity profile, and various other uses are recognized in the present review. However, several traditional uses have yet to be scientifically explored. Therefore, further studies are proposed to explore the mechanistic approach of the plant to identify and isolate active or synergistic compounds behind its therapeutic potential.

Punicalagin and ellagic acid containing Punica granatum L. fruit rind extract prevents vincristine-induced neuropathic pain in rats: an in silico and in vivo evidence of GABAergic action and cytokine inhibition.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the protective potential of Punica granatum L. fruit rind extract (PFE) containing punicalagin (10.3% W/W), ellagic acid (EA) (2.7%W/W) in vincristine (75 µg/kg i.p.)- induced neuropathic pain in Wistar rats.Methods: Docking simulation studies were done on the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the GABAA and PPAR γ receptor for the binding of EA as well as punicalagin docking studies on TNF-α, and IL-6. The Present Study conceptualized a test battery to evaluate the behavioral, biochemical and histological changes.Results: Vincristine -induced significant cold allodynia, mechanical hyperalgesia, and functional deficit on 12th and 21st days. It also increased in the levels of TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-α), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), and MPO (Myeloperoxidase). Administration of PFE (100 and 300 mg/kg, p.o.), EA (50 mg/kg), and gabapentin (100 mg/kg) attenuated Vincristine-induced behavioral and biochemical changes significantly (P < .05). PFE showed better antinociceptive activity to EA. The histopathological evaluation also revealed the protective effects of PFE. Pretreatment of bicuculline (selective antagonist of GABAA receptors) reversed antinociceptive action of PFE, but administration of γ aminobutyric acid potentiated the action of PFE. PPAR-γ antagonist BADGE did not modify the effect of PFE. Docking results revealed that EA properly positioned into GABA and PPARγ binding site and acts as a partial agonist. Docking score of Punicalagin found to be - 9.02 kcal/mol and - 8.32 kcal/mol on IL-6 and TNFα respectively.Discussion: Conclusively, the attenuating effect of PFE may be attributed to the GABAergic system, cytokine inhibition, and anti-inflammatory activities.

Antinociceptive and antiallodynic effects of Momordica charantia L. in tibial and sural nerve transection-induced neuropathic pain in rats.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the ameliorative potential of Momordica charantia L. (MC) in tibial and sural nerve transection (TST)-induced neuropathic pain in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TST was performed by sectioning tibial and sural nerve portions (2 mm) of the sciatic nerve, and leaving the common peroneal nerve intact. Acetone drop, pin-prick, hot plate, paint-brush, and walking track tests were performed to assess cold allodynia, mechanical and heat hyperalgesia, and dynamic mechanical allodynia and tibial functional index, respectively. The levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and thio-barbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured in the sciatic nerve as an index of inflammation and oxidative stress. MC (all doses, orally, once daily) was administered to the rats for 24 consecutive days. RESULTS: TST led to significant development of cold allodynia, mechanical and heat hyperalgesia, dynamic mechanical allodynia, and functional deficit in walking along with rise in the levels of TBARS and TNF-alpha. Administration of MC (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) significantly attenuated TST-induced behavioural and biochemical changes. Furthermore, pretreatment of BADGE (120 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) abolished the protective effect of MC in TST-induced neuropathic pain. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, it is speculated that PPAR-gamma agonistic activity, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative potential is critical for antinociceptive effect of MC in neuropathic pain.

Chemical delivery systems and soft drugs: Retrometabolic approaches of drug design.

Inclusion of metabolic considerations in the drug design process leads to significant development in the field of chemical drug targeting and the design of safer drugs during past few years which is a part of an approach now designated as Retro metabolic drug design (RMDD). This approach represents systematic methodologies that integrate structure-activity and structure-metabolism relationships and are aimed to design safe, locally active compounds with an improved therapeutic index. It embraces two distinct methods, chemical delivery systems and a soft drug approach. Present review recapitulates an impression of RMDD giving reflections on the chemical delivery system and the soft drug approach and provides a variety of examples to embody its concepts. Successful application of such design principles has already been applied to a number of marketed drugs like esmolol; loteprednol etc., and many other candidates like beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, alkylating agents, antimicrobials etc., are also under investigation.

Etiology of lung carcinoma and treatment through medicinal plants, marine plants and green synthesized nanoparticles: A comprehensive review.

Lung cancer, a leading global cause of mortality, poses a significant public health challenge primarily linked to tobacco use. While tobacco contributes to over 90% of cases, factors like dietary choices and radiation exposure also play a role. Despite potential benefits from early detection, cancer patients face hurdles, including drug resistance, chemotherapy side effects, high treatment costs, and limited healthcare access. Traditional medicinal plant knowledge has recently unveiled diverse cancer chemopreventive agents from terrestrial and marine sources. These phytochemicals regulate intricate molecular processes, influencing the immune system, apoptosis, cell cycle, proliferation, carcinogen elimination, and antioxidant levels. In pursuing cutting-edge strategies to combat the diverse forms of cancer, technological advancements have spurred innovative approaches. Researchers have focused on the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant metabolites. This method offers distinct advantages over conventional physical and chemical synthesis techniques, such as cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility, and energy efficiency. Metallic nanoparticles, through various pathways such as the generation of reactive oxygen species, modulation of enzyme activity, DNA fragmentation, disruption of signaling pathways, perturbation of cell membranes, and interference with mitochondrial function resulting in DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis, exhibit significant potential for preventive applications. Thus, the amalgamation of phytocompounds and metallic nanoparticles holds promise as a novel approach to lung cancer therapy. However, further refinements and advancements are necessary to enhance the environmentally friendly process of metallic nanoparticle synthesis.

Recent Advances in Biomolecular Patho-Mechanistic Pathways behind the Development and Progression of Diabetic Neuropathy.

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is primarily characterized by distal sensory loss, reduced mobility, and foot ulcers that may potentially lead to amputation. The multifaceted etiology of DN is linked to a range of inflammatory, vascular, metabolic, and other neurodegenerative factors. Chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress are the three basic biological changes that contribute to the development of DN. Although our understanding of the intricacies of DN has advanced significantly over the past decade, the distinctive mechanisms underlying the condition are still poorly understood, which may be the reason behind the lack of an effective treatment and cure for DN. The present study delivers a comprehensive understanding and highlights the potential role of the several pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying the etiopathogenesis of DN. Moreover, Schwann cells and satellite glial cells, as integral factors in the pathogenesis of DN, have been enlightened. This work will motivate allied research disciplines to gain a better understanding and analysis of the current state of the biomolecular mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of DN, which will be essential to effectively address every facet of DN, from prevention to treatment.

Exploring the functionality of fluorescent liposomes in cancer: diagnosis and therapy.

Fluorescent liposomes are pivotal in cancer research, serving as adaptable vehicles for imaging and therapeutics. These small lipid vesicles, capable of encapsulating fluorescent dyes, offer precise visualization and monitoring of their targeted delivery to cancer cells. This review delves into the critical role fluorescent liposomes play in enhancing both cancer diagnosis and treatment. It provides an in-depth analysis of their structural features, fluorescent labeling techniques, targeting strategies, and the challenges and opportunities they present. In the domain of cancer diagnosis, the article sheds light on various imaging modalities enabled by fluorescent liposomes, including fluorescence imaging and multimodal techniques. Emphasis is placed on early detection strategies, exhibiting the utility of targeted contrast agents and biomarker recognition for enhanced diagnostic precision. Moving on to cancer treatment, the review discusses the sophisticated drug delivery mechanisms facilitated by fluorescent liposomes, focusing on chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. Moreover, the exploration extends to targeted therapy, explaining the applications of fluorescent liposomes in gene delivery and RNA interference. In a nutshell, his article comprehensively explores the multifaceted impact of fluorescent liposomes on advancing cancer diagnosis and treatment, combining existing knowledge with emerging trends.

Unraveling Atopic Dermatitis: Insights into Pathophysiology, Therapeutic Advances, and Future Perspectives.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin condition that frequently develops before the onset of allergic rhinitis or asthma. More than 10% of children are affected by this serious skin condition, which is painful for the sufferers. Recent research has connected the environment, genetics, the skin barrier, drugs, psychological factors, and the immune system to the onset and severity of AD. The causes and consequences of AD and its cellular and molecular origins are reviewed in this paper. The exploration of interleukins and their influence on the immunological pathway in AD has been facilitated by using relevant biomarkers in clinical trials. This approach enables the identification of novel therapeutic modalities, fostering the potential for targeted translational research within the realm of personalized medicine. This review focuses on AD's pathophysiology and the ever-changing therapeutic landscape. Beyond the plethora of biologic medications in various stages of approval or development, a range of non-biologic targeted therapies, specifically small molecules, have emerged. These include Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors like Baricitinib, Upadacitinib, and Abrocitinib, thus expanding the spectrum of therapeutic options. This review also addresses the latest clinical efficacy data and elucidates the scientific rationale behind each targeted treatment for atopic dermatitis.

Development of a new inhaled swellable microsphere system for the dual delivery of naringenin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and doxofylline for the treatment of asthma.

This study developed a new dual delivery system of naringenin (NRG), a polyphenol, and doxofylline (DOX), a xanthine derivative, as an inhaled microsphere system. In this system, NRG has been first loaded into glyceryl tristearate-based solid lipid nanoparticles (NRG SLN), which were further loaded with DOX into swellable chitosan-tripolyphosphate-based microspheres (NRG SLN DOX sMS). The system was characterized based on particle size, PDI, zeta potential, surface morphology (SEM, AFM, and TEM), solid-state and chemical properties (XRD, IR, and NMR), aerodynamic parameters, drug loading, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release study. The optimized NRG SLN DOX sMS exhibited particle size, zeta potential, and PDI of 2.1 µm, 31.2 mV, and 0.310, respectively; a drug entrapment efficiency > 79 %; a drug loading efficiency > 13 %; cumulative drug releases of about 78 % for DOX and 72 % for NRG after 6 and 12 h, respectively; good swelling and desirable aerodynamic properties. In addition, in vivo studies conducted in mice, a murine model of asthma showed significant reductions in serum bicarbonate and eosinophil counts and improvement in respiratory flow rate, tidal volume, and bronchial wall lining compared with the asthmatic control group. Overall, this novel inhalable dual-delivery system may represent a good alternative for the effective treatment of asthma.

Retinoblastoma: An update on genetic origin, classification, conventional to next-generation treatment strategies.

The most prevalent paediatric vision-threatening medical condition, retinoblastoma (RB), has been a global concern for a long time. Several conventional therapies, such as systemic chemotherapy and focal therapy, have been used for curative purposes; however, the search for tumour eradication with the least impact on surrounding tissues is still ongoing. This review focuses on the genetic origin, classification, conventional treatment modalities, and their combination with nano-scale delivery systems for active tumour targeting. In addition, the review also delves into ongoing clinical trials and patents, as well as emerging therapies such as gene therapy and immunotherapy for the treatment of RB. Understanding the role of genetics in the development of RB has refined its treatment strategy according to the genetic type. New approaches such as nanostructured drug delivery systems, galenic preparations, nutlin-3a, histone deacetylase inhibitors, N-MYC inhibitors, pentoxifylline, immunotherapy, gene therapy, etc. discussed in this review, have the potential to circumvent the limitations of conventional therapies and improve treatment outcomes for RB. In summary, this review highlights the importance and need for novel approaches as alternative therapies that would ultimately displace the shortcomings associated with conventional therapies and reduce the enucleation rate, thereby preserving global vision in the affected paediatric population.

Advancements in Genetic and Biochemical Insights: Unraveling the Etiopathogenesis of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide, which is primarily characterized by motor impairments. Even though multiple hypotheses have been proposed over the decades that explain the pathogenesis of PD, presently, there are no cures or promising preventive therapies for PD. This could be attributed to the intricate pathophysiology of PD and the poorly understood molecular mechanism. To address these challenges comprehensively, a thorough disease model is imperative for a nuanced understanding of PD's underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This review offers a detailed analysis of the current state of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PD, with a particular emphasis on the roles played by gene-based factors in the disease's development and progression. This study includes an extensive discussion of the proteins and mutations of primary genes that are linked to PD, including α-synuclein, GBA1, LRRK2, VPS35, PINK1, DJ-1, and Parkin. Further, this review explores plausible mechanisms for DAergic neural loss, non-motor and non-dopaminergic pathologies, and the risk factors associated with PD. The present study will encourage the related research fields to understand better and analyze the current status of the biochemical mechanisms of PD, which might contribute to the design and development of efficacious and safe treatment strategies for PD in future endeavors.

Konjac glucomannan: A comprehensive review of its extraction, health benefits, and pharmaceutical applications.

Konjac glucomannan (KG) is a dietary fiber hydrocolloid derived from Amorphophallus konjac tubers and is widely utilized as a food additive and dietary supplement. As a health-conscious choice, purified KG, along with konjac flour and KG-infused diets, have gained widespread acceptance in Asian and European markets. An overview of the chemical composition and structure of KG is given in this review, along with thorough explanations of the processes used in its extraction, production, and purification. KG has been shown to promote health by reducing glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and blood pressure, thereby offering significant weight loss advantages. Furthermore, this review delves into the extensive health benefits and pharmaceutical applications of KG and its derivatives, emphasizing its prebiotic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. This study highlights how these natural polysaccharides can positively influence health, underscoring their potential in various biomedical applications.

Retinoic acid in Parkinson's disease: Molecular insights, therapeutic advances, and future prospects.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common and progressively worsening neurodegenerative disorder characterized by abnormal protein homeostasis and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The prevalence of PD has doubled in the past 25 years, now affecting over 8.5 million individuals worldwide, underscoring the need for effective management strategies. While current pharmacological therapies provide symptom relief, they face challenges in treating advanced PD stages. Recent research highlights the therapeutic benefits of retinoic acid (RA) in PD, demonstrating its potential to mitigate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, regulate brain aging, promote neuronal plasticity, and influence circadian rhythm gene expression and retinoid X receptor heterodimerization. Additionally, RA helps maintain intestinal homeostasis and modulates the enteric nervous system, presenting significant therapeutic potential for managing PD. This review explores RA as a promising alternative to conventional therapies by summarizing the molecular mechanisms underlying its role in PD pathophysiology and presenting up-to-date insights into both preclinical and clinical studies of RA in PD treatment. It also delves into cutting-edge formulations incorporating RA, highlighting ongoing efforts to refine therapeutic strategies by integrating RA into novel treatments. This comprehensive overview aims to advance progress in the field, contribute to the development of effective, targeted treatments for PD, and enhance patient well-being. Further research is essential to fully explore RA's therapeutic potential and validate its efficacy in PD treatment.

Attenuating effect of standardized fruit extract of Punica granatum L in rat model of tibial and sural nerve transection induced neuropathic pain.

BACKGROUND: Injury to a nerve is the most common reason of acquired peripheral neuropathy. Therefore, searching for effective substance to recover of nerve after injury is need of present era. The current study investigates the protective potential of Standardized Fruit Extract of Punica granatum L (PFE) [Ellagic acid (41.6%), Punicalagins (10%), Granatin (5.1%)] in Tibial & Sural Nerve Transection (TST) induced neuropathic pain in rats. METHODS: TST was performed by sectioning tibial and sural nerve portions of the sciatic nerve and leaving the common peroneal nerve intact. Acetone drop, pin-prick, hot plate, paint brush & Walking Track tests were performed to assess cold allodynia; mechanical heat, hyperalgesia and dynamic mechanical allodynia & tibial functional index respectively. The levels of TNF-α, TBARS, GSH and Nitrite were measured in the sciatic nerve as an index of inflammation & oxidative stress. RESULTS: TST led to significant development of cold allodynia; mechanical and heat hyperalgesia; dynamic mechanical allodynia; functional deficit in walking along with rise in the levels of TBARS, TNF-α, GSH and Nitrite. Administrations of PFE (100 & 300 mg/kg oral), significantly attenuate TST induced behavioral & biochemical changes. Pretreatments of BADGE (120 mg/kg IP) a PPAR-γ antagonist and nitric oxide precursor L-arginine (100 mg/kg IP) abolished the protective effect of PFE. Whereas, pretreatment of L-NAME (5 mg/kg IP) a NOS inhibitor significantly potentiated PFE's protective effect of PFE. CONCLUSION: PFE shown to have attenuating effect in TST induced neuropathic pain which may be attributed to potential PPAR-gamma agonistic activity, nitric oxide inhibitory, anti-inflammatory and anti oxidative actions.

Molecular Fingerprinting and Phytochemical Investigation of Syzygium cumini L. from Different Agro-Ecological Zones of India.

Syzygium cumini L. (ver Jamun; BlackBerry) is a native, evergreen multipurpose tree species of India. Besides being a fruit tree and for agroforestry in different regions, it is medicinally important too. This study aimed to determine genetic diversity using molecular and phytochemical markers in sixteen genotypes of Indian S. cumini from different agro-ecological zones. The present study used a combination of ISSR markers and the HPLC technique to explore these genotypes. The results showed a wide genetic diversity range based on the similarity coefficient values observed in S. cumini sixteen accessions from different sites. Four primary phenolic acids were discovered in all the accessions; caffeic acid (CA) was found in high concentrations. The intraspecific association between molecular and phytochemical characteristics was the primary goal of this investigation. By employing gene-specific markers for the route of secondary metabolites (polyphenols) production, it further investigated the progressive research of diversity analysis of polyphenol content in S. cumini accessions, which may also expand its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical utilization.

Green synthetic strategies and pharmaceutical applications of thiazine and its derivatives: An updated review.

Thiazines are a sizable class of organic heterocycles that are notable for their skeletal versatility and relative chemical simplicity, making them among the most flexible sources of biologically active compounds. The term "green synthesis" refers to implementing energy-efficient procedures for the nature-friendly production of materials and chemicals using green solvents, catalysts, and suitable reaction conditions.Considering the importance of green chemistry and the outstanding therapeutic profile of thiazines, the present work was designed to review the recent advances in green chemistry-based synthetic strategies of thiazine and its derivatives. The green synthetic approaches, including microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, and various other synthetic methods for thiazine and its derivatives, were discussed and generalized. In addition, applications of thiazine and its derivatives in pharmaceutical sciences were explained with examples of marketed drugs.The discussed sustainable synthetic methods for thiazines and their derivatives could be useful in developing other medicinally important lead molecules. They could also aid in developing new synthetic schemes and apparatuses that may simplify chemical manufacturing processes and enable novel reactions with minimal by-products while questing for optimal, green solvents. This review can help anyone interested in this fascinating class of heterocycles to make decisions about selecting targets and tasks for future research.

Promising Repurposed Antiviral Molecules to Combat SARS-CoV-2: A Review.

COVID-19, an extremely transmissible and pathogenic viral disease, triggered a global pandemic that claimed lives worldwide. To date, there is no clear and fully effective treatment for COVID-19 disease. Nevertheless, the urgency to discover treatments that can turn the tide has led to the development of a variety of preclinical drugs that are potential candidates for probative results. Although most of these supplementary drugs are constantly being tested in clinical trials against COVID-19, recognized organizations have aimed to outline the prospects in which their use could be considered. A narrative assessment of current articles on COVID-19 disease and its therapeutic regulation was performed. This review outlines the use of various potential treatments against SARS-CoV-2, categorized as fusion inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors, which include antiviral drugs such as Umifenovir, Baricitinib, Camostatmesylate, Nafamostatmesylate, Kaletra, Paxlovide, Darunavir, Atazanavir, Remdesivir, Molnupiravir, Favipiravir, and Ribavirin. To understand the virology of SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of COVID-19 disease, synthetic methods of potent drug candidates, and their mechanisms of action have been addressed in this review. It intends to help readers approach the accessible statistics on the helpful treatment strategies for COVID-19 disease and to serve as a valuable resource for future research in this area.

An Insight into Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Pathogenesis of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prominent neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population. It is characterized by cognitive decline, gradual neurodegeneration, and the development of amyloid-ß (Aß)-plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which constitute hyperphosphorylated tau. The early stages of neurodegeneration in AD include the loss of neurons, followed by synaptic impairment. Since the discovery of AD, substantial factual research has surfaced that outlines the disease's causes, molecular mechanisms, and prospective therapeutics, but a successful cure for the disease has not yet been discovered. This may be attributed to the complicated pathogenesis of AD, the absence of a well-defined molecular mechanism, and the constrained diagnostic resources and treatment options. To address the aforementioned challenges, extensive disease modeling is essential to fully comprehend the underlying mechanisms of AD, making it easier to design and develop effective treatment strategies. Emerging evidence over the past few decades supports the critical role of Aß and tau in AD pathogenesis and the participation of glial cells in different molecular and cellular pathways. This review extensively discusses the current understanding concerning Aß- and tau-associated molecular mechanisms and glial dysfunction in AD. Moreover, the critical risk factors associated with AD including genetics, aging, environmental variables, lifestyle habits, medical conditions, viral/bacterial infections, and psychiatric factors have been summarized. The present study will entice researchers to more thoroughly comprehend and explore the current status of the molecular mechanism of AD, which may assist in AD drug development in the forthcoming era.

Recent Advances in Research and Management of Human Monkeypox Virus: An Emerging Global Health Threat.

In 2003, the United States saw an epidemic of monkeypox that was later traced back to rodents of West Africa infected with the monkeypox virus (MPXV). Disease in the United States seemed less severe than the smallpox-like disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In this study, researchers analyzed data from Central Africa: two distinct MPXV clades were confirmed by sequencing the genomes of MPXV isolates from Western Africa, the United States, and Central Africa. By comparing open reading frames across MPXV clades, scientists can infer which virus proteins might account for the observed variation in pathogenicity in humans. Monkeypox can be prevented and controlled with a better understanding of MPXV's molecular etiology and epidemiological and clinical features. In light of the current outbreaks worldwide, we provide updated information on monkeypox for medical professionals in this review.