Racial disparities in survival among women with endometrial cancer in an equal access system.

OBJECTIVE: The mortality rate for Black women with endometrial cancer (EC) is double that of White women, although the incidence rate is lower among Black women. Unequal access to care may contribute to this racial disparity. This study aimed to assess whether survival varied between non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) women with EC in the Military Health System (MHS) which provides equal access care to its beneficiaries despite racial/ethnic background. METHODS: The study was conducted using data from the U.S. Department of Defense's (DoD) Automated Central Tumor Registry (ACTUR). Study subjects included NHB and NHW women with histologically confirmed and surgically managed EC diagnosed between 1988 and 2013. The study outcome was all-cause death. Overall survival between NHB and NHW women was compared using multivariable Cox modeling. RESULTS: The study included 144 NHB and 1439 NHW women with EC. Kaplan-Meier curves showed NHB women had worse survival than NHW women (log-rank P < 0.0001). The disparity in survival between NHB and NHW women persisted after adjusting for age, diagnosis period, tumor stage, tumor histology/grade, and adjuvant treatment (HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.19 to 2.27). Multivariable analyses stratified by tumor features or treatment showed that the racial disparity was confined to women with low-risk features (stage I/II disease or low-grade EC) or no adjuvant treatment. CONCLUSION: There were racial differences in overall survival between NHB and NHW women with EC in the MHS equal access healthcare system, suggesting that factors other than access to care may be related to this racial disparity.

Survival in Pediatric, Adolescent, and Young Adult Patients With Sarcoma in the Military Health System: Comparison With the SEER Population.

BACKGROUND: We sought to compare survival outcomes of sarcomas in the pediatric and adolescent/young adult populations with universal care access in the Military Health System (MHS) to those from the United States general population. METHODS: We compared data from the Department of Defense's (DoD) Automated Central Tumor Registry (ACTUR) and the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program on the overall survival of patients 24 years or younger with histologically or microscopically confirmed sarcoma between diagnosed between January 1, 1987, and December 31, 2013. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to compare survival between the 2 patient populations. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing ACTUR relative to SEER. RESULTS: The final analysis included 309 and 1236 bone sarcoma cases and 465 and 1860 soft tissue sarcoma cases from ACTUR and SEER, respectively. Cox proportional hazards analysis showed soft tissue sarcoma patients in ACTUR had significantly better overall (HR=0.73, 95% CI=0.55-0.98) and 5-year overall (HR=0.63, 95% CI=0.46-0.86) survival compared with SEER patients, but no significant difference in overall or 5-year overall survival between ACTUR and SEER patients with bone sarcoma. CONCLUSION: Survival data from the ACTUR database demonstrated significantly improved overall survival for soft tissue sarcomas and equivalent survival in bone sarcomas compared with that reported by SEER.

Clinical Safety of Bariatric Arterial Embolization: Preliminary Results of the BEAT Obesity Trial.

Purpose To conduct a pilot prospective clinical trial to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and short-term efficacy of bariatric embolization, a recently developed endovascular procedure for the treatment of obesity, in patients with severe obesity. Materials and Methods This is an institutional review board- and U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved prospective physician-initiated investigational device exemption study. This phase of the study ran from June 2, 2014, to August 4, 2015. Five severely obese patients (four women, one man) who were 31-49 years of age and who had a mean body mass index of 43.8 kg/m2 ± 2.9 with no clinically important comorbidities were enrolled in this study. Transarterial embolization of the gastric fundus with fluoroscopic guidance was performed with 300-500-µm Embosphere microspheres. The primary end point was 30-day adverse events (AEs). The secondary end points included short-term weight loss, serum obesity-related hormone levels, hunger and satiety assessments, and quality of life (QOL) surveys, reported up to 3 months. Simple statistics of central tendencies and variability were calculated. No hypothesis testing was performed. Results The left gastric artery, with or without the gastroepiploic artery, was embolized in five patients, with a technical success rate of 100%. There were no major AEs. There were two minor AEs-subclinical pancreatitis and a mucosal ulcer that had healed by the time of 3-month endoscopy. A hospital stay of less than 48 hours for routine supportive care was provided for three patients. Mean excess weight loss of 5.9% ± 2.4 and 9.0% ± 4.1 was noted at 1 month and at 3 months, respectively. Mean change in serum ghrelin was 8.7% ± 34.7 and -17.5% ± 29 at 1 month and 3 months, respectively. Mean changes in serum glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY were 106.6% ± 208.5 and 17.8% ± 54.8 at 1 month. There was a trend toward improvement in QOL parameters. Hunger/appetite scores decreased in the first 2 weeks after the procedure and then rose without reaching preprocedure levels. Conclusion Bariatric embolization is feasible and appears to be well tolerated in severely obese patients. In this small patient cohort, it appears to induce appetite suppression and may induce weight loss. Further expansion of this study will provide more insight into the long-term safety and efficacy of bariatric embolization. © RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Pulmonary Hypertension and Survival among Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study in the U.S. Military Health System.

Background: Lung cancer is one of the most lethal cancers with survival being closely related to stage and influenced by comorbid illness. The survival implications of pulmonary hypertension (PH) on patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have only been evaluated in small cohorts, with limited long-term follow-up. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 7946 patients with NSCLC diagnosed in the MHS. This study evaluated the survival impact of PH in patients diagnosed with NSCLC in the MHS. Patients were classified as having and not having PH. We stratified PH into those diagnosed before the diagnosis of NSCLC and those diagnosed after NSCLC diagnosis. Results: Relative to patients without PH, patients with PH diagnosed before NSCLC had an increased risk of death (HR = 1.15 [95% CI, 1.02-1.29]). The increased risk of death was more obvious for patients with PH diagnosed after NSCLC compared with those without PH (HR = 2.74 [95% CI, 2.51-2.99]). The results were similar when stratified by patient demographics. Conclusions: In the MHS, PH is associated with worsened NSCLC survival, regardless of when it is diagnosed. When PH is diagnosed after NSCLC, it is associated with a marked reduction in survival, and this finding may suggest a potential role for monitoring pulmonary pressures in NSCLC patients. Furthermore, as specific PH therapy exists, some NSCLC patients with PH may be candidates for therapy.

Treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in relation to survival in the U.S. Military Health System.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer has a high case fatality and relatively short survival after diagnosis. Treatment is paramount to improving survival, but studies on the effects of standard treatment by surgery or chemotherapy on survival in U.S. healthcare settings is limited. Further, variability in access to care may impact treatment and outcomes for patients. We aimed to assess the relationship between standard treatment(s) and survival of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a population with access to comprehensive healthcare. METHODS: We used the Military Cancer Epidemiology (MilCanEpi) database, which includes data from the Department of Defense cancer registry and medical encounter data from the Military Health System (MHS), to study a cohort of 1408 men and women who were diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma between 1998 and 2014. Treatment with surgery or chemotherapy in relation to overall survival was examined in multivariable time-dependent Cox regression models. RESULTS: Overall, 75 % of 441 patients with early-stage and 51 % of 967 patients with late-stage pancreatic adenocarcinoma received treatment. In early-stage disease, surgery alone or surgery with chemotherapy were both associated with statistically significant 52 % reduced risks of death, but chemotherapy alone was not. In late-stage disease, surgery alone, chemotherapy alone, or both surgery and chemotherapy significantly reduced the risk of death by 42 %, 25 %, and 52 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings from the MHS demonstrate improved survival after treatment with surgery or surgery with chemotherapy for early- or late-stage pancreatic cancer and after chemotherapy for late-stage pancreatic cancer. In the era of immunotherapy and personalized medicine, further research on treatment and survival of pancreatic cancer in observational settings is needed.

Bone Sarcoma Survival in the US Military Health System: Comparison With the SEER Program.

BACKGROUND: Access to care is associated with cancer survival. The US Military Health System (MHS) provides universal health care to all beneficiaries. However, it is unknown whether survival among patients with bone sarcoma in a health system providing universal care is better than that in the general population. The aim of the study was to compare survival of patients with bone sarcoma in the US MHS with that of the US general population. METHODS: The MHS data were obtained from the Department of Defense Automated Central Tumor Registry (ACTUR). The US general population data were obtained from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry. Adult patients were defined as those aged 25 years or older with a histologically confirmed musculoskeletal bone sarcoma diagnosed from January 1, 1987, to December 31, 2013. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the overall survival of the two populations. RESULTS: The final analysis included 2,273 bone sarcoma cases from ACTUR and 9,092 bone sarcoma cases from SEER. ACTUR patients had significant lower 5-year all-cause death (hazard ratio = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.78) after adjustment for the potential confounders. ACTUR patients with bone sarcoma also exhibited significantly lower risk of all-cause death during the entire follow-up period than the SEER patients (hazard ratio = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.6 to 0.81). CONCLUSIONS: MHS beneficiaries with bone sarcoma may have longer survival than SEER patients. Our findings support the role of universal access to high-quality care in improving bone sarcoma outcomes.

Relationship between Cigarette Smoking and Cancer Characteristics and Survival among Breast Cancer Patients.

Carcinogenic effects of tobacco smoke may affect breast tumorigenesis. To assess whether cigarette smoking is associated with breast cancer characteristics, we investigated the relationships between smoking, pathological characteristics, and outcomes in 2153 women diagnosed with breast cancer 2001-2016. Patients were classified as never, former, or current smokers at the time of diagnosis. Logistic regression and multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis were performed to determine whether smoking was associated with tumor characteristics. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis was conducted to compare former or current smokers to never smokers in survival with adjustment for the potential confounders. The majority of women (61.8%) never smoked, followed by former smokers (26.2%) and current smokers (12.0%). After adjustment for demographic variables, body mass index, and comorbidities, tumor characteristics were not significantly associated with smoking status or pack-years smoked. Ten-year overall survival was significantly lower for former and current smokers compared to never smokers (p = 0.0105). However, breast cancer specific survival did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.1606). Although cigarette smoking did not alter the underlying biology of breast tumors or breast cancer-specific survival, overall survival was significantly worse in smokers, highlighting the importance of smoking cessation in the recently diagnosed breast cancer patient.

Soft-tissue Sarcoma Survival in the US Military Health System: Comparison With the SEER Program.

INTRODUCTION: The US Military Health System (MHS) provides universal health care to beneficiaries. Few studies have evaluated the potential influence of access to universal care on survival outcomes for sarcoma. This study compared the survival of adult patients with soft-tissue sarcoma in the MHS with the US general population. METHODS: MHS data were obtained from the Department of Defense Automated Central Tumor Registry (ACTUR). US population data were obtained from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry. Patients who were 25 years or older with a histologically confirmed musculoskeletal soft-tissue sarcoma were matched based on age, sex, and race. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare 5-year survival in the two groups. RESULTS: Adult patients in ACTUR had markedly lower 5-year mortality for soft-tissue sarcomas (hazard ratio=0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.73 to 0.92) after adjustment for potential confounders. Lower 5-year mortality was found in most demographic subgroups for ACTUR patients compared with Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results patients. CONCLUSION: Five-year survival in the MHS compared with the US general population may suggest an important role of universal health care in improving the survival of patients with soft-tissue sarcoma.

Consolidation of Cancer Registry and Administrative Claims Data on Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment in the US Military Health System.

PURPOSE: Linked cancer registry and medical claims data have increased the capacity for cancer research. However, few efforts have described methods to select information between data sources, which may affect data use. We developed a systematic process to evaluate and consolidate cancer diagnosis and treatment information between the linked Department of Defense Central Cancer Registry (CCR) and Military Health System Data Repository (MDR) administrative claims database, called Military Cancer Epidemiology Data System (MilCanEpi). METHODS: MilCanEpi contains information on cancer diagnosis and treatment of patients receiving care from 1998 to 2014. We used an iterative process guided by knowledge of data features, current literature, and logical comparisons between the CCR and MDR data to evaluate and consolidate cancer diagnosis and treatment received (yes or no) and their dates. We applied the processes to breast cancer data as an example. Agreement between diagnosis and treatment dates in the two data sources was evaluated using Cohen's κ with 95% CIs. RESULTS: In MilCanEpi, we identified 15,965 patients with a breast cancer diagnosis and 15,145 patients who underwent breast cancer surgery; 97.9% and 84.1% of patients had records in both CCR and MDR for diagnosis and surgery, respectively. Exact agreement was 13.7% for diagnosis dates (Cohen's κ = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.14) and 68.9% for surgery dates (Cohen's κ = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.70) between the two data sources. After applying systematic processes, 98.1% of patients with a breast cancer diagnosis and 99.7% of patients with surgery had information selected for analytic data sets. CONCLUSION: The developed processes resulted in high consolidation rates of breast cancer data in MilCanEpi and may serve as a data selection template for other tumor sites and linked data sources.