The Polish Academic Version of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB): Evaluation of Psychometric Properties.

Work and social functioning in schizophrenia are strongly influenced by cognitive impairment so improving cognition is a priority in the treatment of schizophrenia. Until recently the lack of a widely accepted index of cognitive change for use in schizophrenia was a major obstacle to the development of cognition enhancing treatments. The MATRICS (measurement and treatment research to improve cognition in schizophrenia) consensus cognitive battery (MCCB) was developed as a standard cognitive battery for use in clinical trials of cognition enhancing treatments for schizophrenia and has attracted worldwide interest. To analyze the reliability and validity of a translated and adapted Polish approved academic version of the MCCB. Sixty one patients were assessed at baseline and again after 30 days. The study protocol approximated the MATRICS psychometric and standardization study; the 10 tests that comprise the MCCB were administered to participants. Functioning and psychopathological symptoms were also assessed. Patients and test administrators also assessed the tolerability and practicality of all the cognitive tests. All tests in the battery were found to have high test-retest reliability. All the tests were rated as tolerable and practical by patients and administrators. However practice effects were generally higher in the Polish version of the MCCB than in the original version. Our analysis corroborates previous evidence that the MCCB represents a good tool for assessing cognitive deficits in research studies of schizophrenia also in non-English speaking countries.

[Sense of humour in schizophrenia--ability of humour reception and possibilities of its application in therapeutic interventions]. / Poczucie humoru w schizofrenii--zdolnosc do odbioru komizmu i mozliwosci jego wykorzystania w oddzialywaniach terapeutycznych.

The existing research on sense of humour in schizophrenia is focused on two main areas, mainly, assessment of patients' abilities to understand and appreciate humour and denoting the possibilities of its application in therapeutic programs concentrating on the improvement of patients' functionality and preventing illness relapses. The vast majority of the conclusions from the above mentioned research corroborate the opinion on the usefulness of developing and reinforcing sense of humour in schizophrenia, emphasizing its beneficial effect on the patients' quality of life, above all, in terms of reducing aggression, anxiety and depression as well as improving general life satisfaction and social functioning. At the same time numerous research indicate low reception of humour in schizophrenia which can negatively influence its effective usage in therapeutic interventions. Further constraint with regard to the therapy can constitute an intensified fear for being laughed at, which has been confirmed in numerous empirical reports. Therefore, it seems that addressing humorous therapeutic interventions to the above mentioned group of patients requires especially careful planning taking into consideration its cognitive and affective limitations in the perception of humour and intensified fear for being laughed at.

[Sense of humour in patients with depression--review]. / Poczucie humoru u pacjentów z depresja--przeglad badan.

In recent years there has been increasingly emphasised the importance of developing a sense of humour in patients with depression, which is considered an important competence promoting recovery processes and preventing relapse. Research on the sense of humour in depression focuses on two main areas. The first one concerns the answer to the question whether depressed patients are able to make use of their sense of humour. Results of current studies in this field lead to ambiguous conclusions. Some of them point to the deficits held by these patients in terms of perception, understanding and appreciation of humour, while others demonstrate the presence of the general susceptibility to humorous stimuli and the readiness to use the sense of humour. The second area of research focuses on the effectiveness of therapeutic programmes aimed at developing a sense of humour in depression. The results showed that they have limited efficacy--short-term, observed only in some aspects or determined to a greater extent by pharmacological treatment than by implemented programmes. The reasons for their limited effectiveness seem to be largely due to an excessively wide range of impacts, not focused on the most desirable styles of humour, as well as specific needs, preferences and attitudes for patients with depression.

[MATRICS consensus cognitive battery--standard for the assessment of cognitive functions in clinical trials in schizophrenia]. / Bateria testów MATRICS--standard oceny funkcji poznawczych w badaniach klinicznych w schizofrenii.

Cognitive dysfunctions often occur long before the onset of psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. They include mostly deficits in attention, memory (including working memory) and executive functions. The level of cognitive impairment strongly influences the subjective quality of life and the ability to perform in social and professional roles. Therefore improvement of cognitive functioning is an important challenge in the treatment of schizophrenia. Until recently, the lack of a widely accepted standard for the measurement of cognitive change in schizophrenia has constituted an important obstacle in the development of cognition-enhancing treatments. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) has been created as a standard tool for the assessment of the level of cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients and its changes in short time intervals. MCCB includes ten cognitive tests which measure seven separable cognitive domains: speed ofprocessing, attention/vigilance, working memory (both verbal and nonverbal), verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition in schizophrenia. In validation studies, the MCCB demonstrated excellent reliability, minimal practice effects and significant correlations with measures of functional capacity. In this article we describe the MCCB and present a project aimed to adapt the MCCB to Polish.

Age or age at onset? Which of them really matters for neuro and social cognition in schizophrenia?

In schizophrenia patients, both an older age and earlier age at onset of the disease are related to worse cognitive functioning. As patients with later schizophrenia onset are also older, analysing the two effects separately can be misleading, as they can either be spurious or cancel one another out. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the effects of age and onset-age on cognition in schizophrenia patients. Individuals with schizophrenia (N=151), aged 18-59 years, were examined with a MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) to get a full picture of their cognitive performance. Results showed age and age at onset indeed interrelated. Regression analyses revealed later onset of schizophrenia related to better social cognition. Patients׳ older age was related to a slower performance in symbol coding task, less effective executive functions, worse visual learning, lower attention, and lower total score in the MCCB. In the above regression analyses we controlled doses of antipsychotic medications. The results suggest that a previously found relationship between older age and social cognition might be spurious, and strengthen observations that it is specifically later onset-age which fosters better social cognition in schizophrenia patients.

[Schizotaxia--theoretical construct or a tool for clinical research?]. / Schizotaksja--konstrukt czysto teoretyczny czy tez pomocne narzedzie do badan klinicznych?

From Kretschmer's trials binding personality traits with risk of psychoses have been described in literature. Still there is lack of one theory linking genetic factors with schizophrenia. In 1962 Meehl, introducing the term "schizotaxia", had been trying to find an answer to such a question. He described schizotaxia as subtle neuronal integration deficit caused by a single genetic factor, which depending on conditions, can give schizotypy or schizophrenia. Actually, this theory has only historical meaning. Recently Tsuang and Faraone reformulated the concept of schizotaxia used in clinical studies. Preliminary results lead to a conclusion that presence of schizotaxia has a detrimental influence on social functioning, which is improving after neuroleptic therapy. Studies confirmed that the risk of schizophrenia in persons with schizotaxia was higher as compared to persons without such characteristics. It is supposed, that paying attention to traits of schizotaxia will improve the possibility of early diagnosis of schizophrenia.