Supervised walking improves cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise tolerance, and fatigue in women with primary Sjögren's syndrome: a randomized-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a supervised walking program in women with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). METHODS: Forty-five sedentary women fulfilling the American European Consensus Criteria for pSS were randomized to a training group (TG, n = 23) or control group (CG, n = 22). Patients in the TG were submitted to supervise walking three times a week for 16 weeks. The patients of the CG were instructed to not perform any kind of regular physical exercise. Physical fitness [maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and distance], EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI), hematological tests, and Medical Outcomes Study 36 (SF-36) were assessed at baseline and week 16. In addition, EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Subscale (FACIT-fatigue), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were measured prior to intervention, after 8 and 16 weeks. Patient global assessment of response to therapy was completed at the final assessment. An intent-to-treat analysis was performed. RESULTS: After 16 weeks, the mean change of VO2max (ml/kg/min), distance, and FACIT-fatigue were higher in the TG than in the CG (p = 0.016, p = 0.043 and p = 0.030, respectively). Improved cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with improvements in fatigue scores and physical components of quality of life (SF-36). Furthermore, improved fatigue scores were associated with reduced depression and improvements in the physical and mental components of SF-36. Overall, 95.4% of patients in the TG rated themselves as clinically improved versus 62% of the patients in the CG (p = 0.049). There was no flare in disease activity and no serious adverse events with exercise. CONCLUSIONS: This supervised walking program was demonstrated to be feasible and safe with improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise tolerance, fatigue, and patient perception of improvement in pSS patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials.gov ID, number NCT02370225.

Heart rate at 4 s after the onset of exercise in endurance-trained men.

It has been suggested that the increase in heart rate (HR) at the onset of exercise is caused by vagal withdrawal. In fact, endurance runners show a lower HR in maximum aerobic tests. However, it is still unknown whether endurance runners have a lower HR at 4 s after the onset of exercise (4th-sec-HR). We sought to measure the HR at the onset of the 4 s exercise test (4-sET), clarifying its relationship to heart rate variability (HRV), spectral indices, and cardiac vagal index (CVI) in endurance runners (ER) and healthy untrained controls (CON). HR at 4th-sec-HR, CVI, and percent HR increase during exercise were analyzed in the 4-sET. High frequency spectrum (HF-nu), low frequency spectrum (LF-nu), and low frequency/high frequency band ratio (LF/HF) were analyzed from the HRV. ER showed a significantly higher HF, and both a lower LF and LF/HF ratio compared with the CON. ER presented a significantly lower 4th-sec-HR, although neither CVI nor HR increases during exercise were statistically different from the CON. In conclusion, ER presented a lower 4th-sec-HR secondary to increased vagal influence over the sinus node. CVI seems to be too weak to use for discriminating individuals with respect to the magnitude of HR vagal control.

The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Maximum oxygen uptake is emerging as the measure of preference for expressing cardiorespiratory fitness for the purposes of surveys of physical activity, due to its greater objectivity and lower propensity to errors. Studies indicate that this measure is better correlated with cardiovascular diseases. This paper proposes to relate cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with their level of cardiorespiratory fitness. METHODS: The study enrolled 380 schoolchildren, 177 boys and 203 girls (10 to 14 years old), who were divided into two groups according to their cardiorespiratory fitness. Anthropometric assessment was carried out, hemodynamic measurements (arterial pressure and heart rate) were taken, cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed and biochemical tests were run (triglycerides, total and partial cholesterol). RESULTS: Among the boys, significant differences were observed between boys defined as "weak" and those classed as "not weak" in terms of baseline heart rate, maximum oxygen uptake, body mass index and triglycerides. Among the girls, significant differences were detected between baseline heart rates, maximum oxygen uptake and body mass indices. In both sexes, the group classified as "weak" exhibited a significantly greater number of overweight individuals that the "not weak" group (chi2 = 25.242; p = 0.000; chi2 = 12.683; p = 0.000, for boys and girls, respectively). A significant association between cardiorespiratory fitness and triglycerides (chi2 = 3.944; p = 0.047) was observed among the boys only. CONCLUSIONS: A low level of cardiorespiratory fitness appears to have a negative influence on cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents, especially with relation to overweight in both sexes and to biochemical profile in the male sex, providing evidence of the need for early preventative interventions.

Maximum oxygen uptake in adolescents as measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing: a classification proposal.

OBJECTIVE: The identification of populational levels of maximum oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) is an aid to studies that propose to relate physical fitness to cardiovascular risk, and also for prescribing exercise and analyzing the effects of training. To date, there is no information with which this parameter can be classified in samples of adolescents from the Brazilian population. This study is, therefore, the first to propose the determination of mean VO(2max) levels in a sample of the Brazilian population. METHODS: A sample of 380 schoolchildren (177 boys and 203 girls, aged 10 to 14 years) was selected at random from public schools in Vitória, ES. After anthropometric assessment they underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing, VO(2max) was measured directly and results were classified according to quintiles calculated from the study sample. RESULTS: The mean VO(2max) values observed ranged from 42.95 to 49.55 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) for boys and from 36.76 to 38.29 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) for girls. CONCLUSION: This paper proposes mean VO(2max) ranges as a classification parameter for cardiorespiratory fitness, in addition to contributing to a definition of normal values for the Brazilian population. This classification will also be of use for establishing cutoff points in future studies.

Oxygen consumption and heart rate obtained in a ramp protocol are equivalent during exercise session of rectangular loading at ventilatory thresholds for athletes / Consumo de oxigênio e frequência cardíaca obtidos em um protocolo de rampa são equivalentes durante sessão de exercícios de carga retangular nos limiares ventilatórios para atletas

Abstract Training near or at ventilatory threshold (VT) is an adequate stimulus to improve the thresholds for sedentary subjects, but a higher intensity is necessary for conditioned subjects. The choice of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPx) protocol has an influence on VTs identification and can reduce their reliability for exercise prescription. This study tested if VO2 and heart rate (HR) corresponding to first (VT1) and second ventilatory threshold (VT2) determined during a ramp protocol were equivalent to those observed in rectangular load exercises at the same intensity in runners elite athletes (EA) and non-athletes (NA). Eighteen health subjects were divided into two groups: EA (n = 9, VO2max 68.6 mL·kg-1·min-1) and NA (n = 9, VO2max 47.2 mL·kg-1·min-1). They performed CPx and 48h and 96h later, a continuous running lasting 1 h for VT1 and until exhaustion for VT2. The results showed that EA at VT1 session, presented delta differences for VO2 (+9.1%, p = 0.125) vs. NA (+20.5%, p = 0.012). The Bland-Altman plots for VT1 presented biases of (4.4 ± 6.9) and (5.5 ± 5.6 mLO2·kg-1·min-1) for AE and NA, respectively. In VT2, the VO2 and HR of the NA showed biases of (0.4 ± 2.9 mLO2·kg-1·min-1) and (4.9 ± 4.2 bpm). The ramp protocol used in this study was inappropriate for NA because it underestimates the values of VO2 and HR at VT1 found in the rectangular load exercise. The HR showed good agreement at VT2 with CPx and may be a good parameter for controlling exercise intensity.

Resumo O treinamento no limiar ventilatório (LV) é um estímulo adequado para melhorar os limiares em indivíduos sedentários, entretanto uma maior intensidade é necessária para indivíduos condicionados. A escolha do protocolo de teste de exercício cardiopulmonar (CPx) tem influência na identificação dos LV e pode reduzir sua confiabilidade na prescrição do exercício. Este estudo testouse o VO2 e a frequência cardíaca (FC) correspondentes ao primeiro (LV1) e segundo limiar ventilatório (LV2) determinados durante um protocolo de rampa foram equivalentes àqueles observados em exercícios de carga retangular nas mesmas intensidades em atletas corredores de elite (AE) e não atletas (NA). Dezoito homens saudáveis foram divididos em dois grupos: AE (n = 9, VOmax 68,6 mL·kg-1·min-1) e NA (n = 9, VO2max 47,2 mL·kg-1·min-1). Eles realizaram CPx e 48h e 96h depois, uma corrida contínua com duração de 1 h para o LV1 e até a exaustão para o LV2. O grupo AE na sessão LV1, apresentou diferenças de delta para VO2(+ 9,1%, p = 0,125) vs. NA (+ 20,5%, p = 0,012). Bland-Altman para LV1 apresentaram vieses de (4,4 ± 6,9) e (5,5 ± 5,6 mLO2·kg-1·min-1) para AE e NA, respectivamente. No LV2, o VO2 e a FC do NA apresentaram vieses de (0,4 ± 2,9) mLO2·kg-1·min-1 e (4,9 ± 4,2) bpm. O protocolo de rampa utilizado foi inadequado para NA pois subestima os valores de VO2 e FC em LV1 encontrados no exercício de carga retangular. A FC exibiu boa concordância no LV2 e pode ser um bom parâmetro para controlar a intensidade do exercício.

Performance analysis of both sex marathon runners ranked by IAAF / Análise do desempenho de corredores maratonistas de ambos os sexos ranqueados pela IAAF

Abstract Running a marathon has become the motivation to achieve success and economic independence for athletes, mainly from African countries. This feeling is more evident among the black community, considering that they have been presenting better results than white athletes. The objective of the study was to analyse the ranking of marathon runners around the world, in the last 15 years considering: 1) nationality; 2) best average time of the 100 best classified runners from the Top 100, Top 50, Top 25, Top 10 and Top 3. An analysis was made to the ranking available on the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) website, for the 100 best world results for both sexes, focusing on records from 2000 to 2014. The analysis was subdivided into ranking groups (Top 3, 10, 25, 50 and 100), resulting in 3000 records. African runners, Kenyan and Ethiopian, dominate the male ranking representing 70% of the total of runners in Top 100, keeping this proportion up to Top 3. African runners, Kenyan and Ethiopian, dominate the male ranking representing 70% of the total of runners in Top 100, keeping this proportion up to Top 3. The same is observed for females, however with a significantly lower percentage (34%), with Japanese, Ethiopian and Kenyan (17%) and an English athlete as the world record. The average time of a marathon has been decreasing in males more than in female competitions, both in Top 3 and Top 10, however still presenting a large gap from world records.

Resumo As corridas de maratona se tornaram motivantes para os atletas africanos na busca de sucesso e independência econômica. Esse sentimento é mais evidente entre a comunidade negra, considerando que apresentaram melhores resultados do que atletas brancos. Analisar o ranking dos maratonistas mundiais nos últimos 15 anos considerando: 1) a nacionalidade; 2) comportamento dos tempos médios do 1º ao 100º (Top100), do 1º ao 50º (Top50), do 1º ao 25º (Top25), do 1º ao 10º (Top10), ou do 1º ao 3º (Top3). Analisou-se o ranking dos maratonistas disponível no site da International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), do ano de 2000 até o ano de 2014, analisando-se os 100 melhores resultados do mundo a cada ano de ambos os sexos, subdivido em grupos pela colocação (Top 3, 10, 25, 50 e 100), totalizando 15 anos de estudo e 3000 dados. Os africanos (quenianos e etíopes) dominam o ranking masculino com 70% do total de corredores no Top100, sendo essa proporção mantida até o Top3. O mesmo é observado para o sexo feminino, porém com percentual bem mais baixo (34%), tendo as japonesas entre as etíopes e quenianas (17%), e a recordista mundial uma inglesa. O tempo médio vem reduzindo entre os homens mais do que para as mulheres, principalmente para Top3 e 10, porém ainda distantes dos recordes mundiais.

Level of performance and stability of cardiopulmonary variables in the intensity of the ventilatory anaerobic threshold

AIM: The aim of this study was to describe the behavior of different cardiopulmonary variables in exercise session with constant running speed, corresponding to the intensity of ventilatory anaerobic threshold and identifying the steady state in a different level of performance. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with nine elite athletes (31 ± 5.7 years, 1.7 ± 0.05 meters and O2max 68.6 ± 3.2 mL·kg-1·min-1) and nine non-athletes (32 ± 10 years, 1.8 ± 0.1 meters and O2max 47.2± 4.4 mL·kg-1·min-1). Two visits to the laboratory have been conducted. Firstly, cardiopulmonary exercise testing until voluntary exhaustion took place to identify ventilatory thresholds and maximum oxygen consumption (O2max) and secondly, there was a running session for 1 hour in ventilatory anaerobic threshold speed, with continuous measurement of exhaled gases. A range of 5% (∆5%) for VO2 and PetCO2 was used; 5.5% (∆5.5%) for VE and 3% (∆3%) for respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and one-way ANOVA with statistical significance of p ≤ 0.05 to identify the steady state of results. RESULTS: A session with constant speed related to ventilatory anaerobic threshold intensity showed similarity in the steady state of ventilatory variables except for RER in the NA group (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: It was possible to identify the steady state from ventilatory variables related to ventilatory anaerobic threshold intensity that occurred independently of the physical performance level.(AU)

Effect of tapering on anaerobic power and capacity of tae-kwon-do athletes / Efeito de um período de polimento na potência e capacidade anaeróbia de atletas de tae-kwon-do

Abstract The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of a tapering period on anaerobic power and capacity of tae-kwon-do athletes. Thirty-one male tae-kwon-do participants of the Brazilian Championship were selected in a non-probabilistic way. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups, namely: experimental group (EG, n = 15) and control group (CG, n = 17). Both groups followed the same training protocol up to the tapering stage. CG was submitted to training loads contained in the last two weeks of the macrocycle. Only EG was submitted to tapering. Tapering had 2 weeks duration, adopting the linear tapering method. Taekwondo Anaerobic Test was performed by athletes before the start of the season, which was named as pre-intervention, and the last week of each mesocycle [Prep I, Prep II and Tapering (only EG)]. Group vs. time effect interaction (p < 0.01) was identified for alactic anaerobic power, with an increase only in EG in tapering (p = 0.01). A significant group vs. time interaction (p <0.01) was revealed to fatigue index, improved anaerobic capacity being checked in EG only after the tapering period (p = 0.01). It was concluded that two weeks of linear type tapering optimized the anaerobic power and capacity of male tae-kwon-do athletes.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o efeito de um período de polimento sobre a potência e capacidade anaeróbia de atletas de tae-kwon-do. Trinta e um atletas de tae-kwon-do do sexo masculino participantes do campeonato brasileiro de tae-kwon-do foram selecionados de forma não probabilística. Os atletas foram separados aleatoriamente em dois grupos, a saber: experimental (GE, n = 15) e controle (GC, n = 17). Ambos os grupos seguiram o mesmo treinamento até a fase do polimento. O GC manteve as cargas de treinamento constantes nas últimas duas semanas do macrociclo. Somente o GE realizou o polimento. O polimento teve duração de 2 semanas, adotando-se o método de polimento linear. O Taekwondo Anaerobic Test foi realizado pelos atletas antes do início da temporada, o que foi denominado como pre-intervenção, e na última semana de cada mesociclo [Preparatório I, Preparatório II e Polimento (somente para o GE)]. Foi identificado efeito de interação grupo vs. tempo (p < 0,01) para a potência anaeróbia alática, com aumento apenas no GE na fase do polimento (p = 0,01). Uma interação significante grupo vs. tempo (p < 0,01) foi revelada para o índice de fadiga, com melhoria da capacidade anaeróbia sendo verificada no GE somente após a fase de polimento (p = 0,01). Concluiu-se que duas semanas de polimento do tipo linear otimizou a potência e capacidade anaeróbia de atletas de tae-kwon-do do sexo masculino.

Heart rate as an indicator for exercise prescription for normal, overweight, and obese adolescents

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between heart rate (HR) predicted and VO2max using a CPET (cardiopulmonary exercise testing) among normal weight, overweight, and obese adolescents. The sample comprised 299 adolescents (142 boys), from Vitória (ES, Brazil), aged 10-14 years (12.6±1.4). Adolescents were classified into normal weight (n=236), overweight (n=34), and obese (n=29). Adolescents were subjected to a CPET ramp protocol on a treadmill. It was observed that the reserve heart rate (HRres) was similar to the maximum recommended oxygen uptake (VO2) for the maintenance and improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness. It was also observed that HRres can be used to control the intensity of exercise sessions in physical education classes independent of weight status. In conclusion, the relationship between the HR and VO2 for adolescents is linear, allowing the level of intensity to be determined by the HRres proportion related with the correspondent %VO2max levels of intensity, according to BMI-for-age categories

Transição metabólica no teste progressivo de pessoas treinadas com musculação e corrida / Metabolic transition in trained people in progressive test with resistance training and running / Transición metabólica en personas entrenadas para prueba progresiva con musculación y carrera

INTRODUÇÃO: A especificidade das adaptações cardiorrespiratórias e metabólicas do treinamento aeróbio e de força evocam respostas distintas durante o teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE). Objetivo: Descrever o comportamento cardiorrespiratório durante a transição metabólica (TM) do TCPE, de praticantes de corrida e musculação, comparados a um grupo controle.MÉTODOS: Homens de 21 a 55 anos foram agrupados em: grupo de corredores (GC, n = 30), grupo de musculação (GM, n = 23) e grupo controle (GCON, n = 38). Foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica e TCPE com análise do limiar anaeróbio ventilatório (LAV) e do ponto de compensação respiratória (PCR). Calculou-se a economia de corrida pela relação entre VO2 e velocidade do teste (ECINCLINA).RESULTADOS: Na fase de transição metabólica, a carga (km/h) foi superior no GC (4,2 ± 1,6) vs. GCON (2,7 ± 1,6) e GM (2,8 ± 1,0); P < 0,05. O GC apresentou maior VO2LAV; VO2PCR e VO2MÁX.(36 ± 8; 46 ± 8; 51 ± 8 vs. 24 ± 6; 35 ± 5; 40 ± 6 e 26 ± 6; 35 ± 6; 40 ± 7 ml.kg-1.min-1; P < 0,05), comparado com GCON e GM, respectivamente, mesmo após a correção alométrica. A FCREP foi menor entre GC e GCON (CE = 52 ± 6; CON = 60 ± 8 bpm;P < 0,05). Na fase de TM, o GC apresentou maior aumento da carga de trabalho e menor alteração do pulso de oxigênio comparado ao GCON e ao GM. O VO2 durante a TM não difere entre os grupos. O GC apresentou menor ECINCLINA nos instantes finais do teste, comparado a GCON e GM.CONCLUSÃO: O GC apresentou maior eficiência metabólica nas transições progressivas de intensidade de esforço em relação a GCON e GM e o GM não exibe capacidade de transição aprimorada no TCPE, até mesmo quando comparados a indivíduos sedentários.

INTRODUCTION: The specificity of cardiorespiratory and metabolic adaptations of aerobic and strength training evoke different responses during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Objective: To describe the cardiorespiratory behavior during metabolic transition (MT) of CPET, runners and bodybuilders compared to a control group. METHODS: Men aged 21-55 years were grouped as follows: runners group (RG, n=30), strength group (SG, n=23) and control group (CG, n=38). The subjects underwent anthropometric and CPET assessment with analysis of ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) and the respiratory compensation point (RCP). We calculated the running economy by the relationship between VO2 and test speed (ECINCLINA). RESULTS: In metabolic transition phase, the running speed (km/h) was higher in the RG group (4.2±1.6) vs. CG (2.7±1.6) and SG (2.8±1.0); P<0.05. The RG had higher VO2LAV, VO2PCR, and VO2MAX (36±8; 46±8, 51±8 vs. 24±6, 35±5, 40 ± 6, and 26±6, 35±6, 40± 7ml.kg-1.min-1; P<0.05) compared to group CG and SG, respectively, even after allometric correction. The resting heart rate was lower among RG and CG (R=52±6; C=60±8 bpm, P<0.05). In the MT phase the RG had a greater increase in workload and less change in oxygen pulse compared to CG and SG. The VO2 during MT did not differ between groups. The RG showed lower ECINCLINA in the closing stages of the test compared to CG and SG. CONCLUSION: The RG showed higher metabolic efficiency in progressive transitions of effort intensity in relation to CG and SG and the SG does not display enhanced transition capacity in CPET, even when compared to sedentary individuals.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La especificidad de las adaptaciones cardiorrespiratorias y metabólicas del entrenamiento aeróbico y de fuerza evoca diferentes respuestas durante la prueba de esfuerzo cardiopulmonar (PECP). Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento cardiorrespiratorio durante la transición metabólica (TM) de la PECP, de corredores y culturistas, en comparación con un grupo control.MÉTODOS: Hombres entre 21 y 55 años fueron agrupados de la siguiente manera: grupo corredores (GC; n = 30), grupo culturistas (GCU; n = 23) y grupo control (GCON; n = 38). Los participantes se sometieron a evaluación antropométrica y PECP, con el análisis de umbral anaeróbico ventilatorio (UAV) y el punto de compensación respiratoria (PCR). Se calculó la economía de carrera mediante la relación entre VO2 y velocidad de la prueba (ECINCLINA).RESULTADOS: En la transición metabólica, la carga (km/h) fue mayor en el GC (4,2 ± 1,6) vs. GCON (2,7 ± 1,6) y GCU (2,8 ± 1,0); P < 0,05. El GC presentó mayor VO2UAV; VO2RCPy VO2MÁX.(36 ± 8; 46 ± 8; 51 ± 8 vs. 24 ± 6; 35 ± 5; 40 ± 6 y 26 ± 6; 35 ± 6; 40 ± 7 ml.kg-1.min-1; P < 0,05), en comparación con GCON y GCU, respectivamente, incluso después de la corrección alométrica. La FCREPfue menor entre GD y GCON (GC = 52 ± 6; GCON = 60 ± 8 bpm; P < 0,05). La fase de TM en el GC presentó mayor aumento de carga de trabajo y menos cambios en el pulso de oxígeno en comparación con GCON y GCU. El VO2 durante la TM no difirió entre los grupos. El GC mostró menor ECINCLINA en los momentos finales de la prueba en comparación con GCON y GCU.CONCLUSIÓN: El GC mostró una mayor eficiencia metabólica en las transiciones progresivas de esfuerzo en comparación con GCON y GCU, y GCU no muestra una mayor capacidad de transición en el PECP, incluso en comparación con los individuos sedentarios.

Vo2max estimadoppor equações preditivas apresena baixa concordância com o obtiido pelo teste cardiopulmonar - padrão ouro / Vo2maxestimated by predictive equatios presents low concordance withh that obtained by cardiopulmonary test - gold standard

RESUMOO objetivo foi avaliar a concordância entre mensurações do VO2maxobtidas em teste cardiopulmonar de exercício versus obtidas por equações preditivas. Homens (21-55 anos) foram agrupados em praticantes de musculação (PM; n=31) e corridas (PC; n=28) e não praticantes (SE; n=35). Testou-se 5 equações, uma delas elaborada a partir de amostra brasileira. A concordância foi avaliada por Bland-Altman e as correlações pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r). Os r entre medida padrão ouro vs. equações ficaram entre 0,27 a 0,75, com p<0,05 para a maioria. Entretanto, as concordâncias foram baixas. Na equação obtida em brasileiros, os valores menos concordantes foram, em ordem: SE, PM e PC; nas demais equações foram: PC, PM e SE. As piores estimativas foram para VO2maxmais elevados, principalmente >40 mL.kg-1.min1. Conclui-se que as equações preditivas avaliadas nesse estudo geraram medidas de baixa concordância quando comparadas ao padrão ouro, principalmente para VO2max>40 mL.kg-1.min-1.

ABSTRACTThe aim was to evaluate the concordance between measurements of VO2max obtained by exercise cardiopulmonary test (gold-standard) vs. that obtained by predictive equations. Men (21-55 years-old) were grouped into Resistance training (RT; n=31), long-distance runners (R; n=28) and non-exercise practitioners (C; n=35). Five equations were tested, one of them made from Brazilian sample. The concordance was evaluated by Bland-Altman, and correlation analysis by Pearson's coefficient (r). The r between gold-standard vs. equations ranged 0.27 to 0.75, with p<0.05 for the most analysis, however, with low concordance. Regarding the equation obtained in Brazilians, the values with lower concordance were, following the order: C, RT and R. In relation to others equations, again with lower concordance, the order was R, RT and C. The worst estimates were to higher VO2max values, mainly for >40 mL.kg-1.min-1. In conclusion, the predictive equations tested generate low concordance when compared to VO2maxgold-standard test, mainly for VO2max>40 mL.kg-1.min-1.

Marcadores hematológicos de corredores amadores do município de Vitória/ES / Hematological profile of street runners from Vitória/ES

Introdução: O sistema imunológico apresenta estreita relação com o exercício físico. Todavia, poucos estudos verificaram o perfil imunológico de corredores amadores. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil de marcadores imunológicos de corredores amadores do município de Vitória/ES no período pós-treinamento. Métodos: Foram selecionados 31 corredores pertencentes a dois grupos de corrida, ambos de Vitória/ES. A análise hematológica dos parâmetros imunológicos foi realizada a partir da contagem total de leucócitos por meio de leucograma. Resultados: A contagem de plaquetas apresentou diferença estatística quanto ao gênero, sendo os valores maiores encontrados no gênero feminino em relação ao treinamento contínuo. Além disso, foram encontrados valores menores de neutrófilos no gênero masculino com relação ao treinamento intervalado. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre homens e mulheres nos demais parâmetros analisados. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o exercício físico influencia o sistema imunológico de corredores amadores de Vitória/ES, promovendo elevação das células plaquetárias e redução dos neutrófilos.

Introduction: The immune system presents close relationship to physical exercise. Meanwhile, few studies have verified the immune profile of amateur runners. Objective: To describe immune markers profile of amateur runners at Vitória/ES in the post-training period. Methods: Thirty-one runners of two distinct groups of race, both of Vitória/ES, were selected. The hematological analysis of immunological parameters was performed from the total count of leukocytes by leukogram. Results: The platelets count showed statistical differences according to gender, and the higher values were found in females compared to continuous training. Furthermore, lower values of neutrophils in males were found in the interval training. No statistical difference was observed between men and women in the other parameters. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that physical exercise influences the immune system of amateur runners from Vitória/ES, promoting an increase in the number of platelet cells and a reduction of neutrophils.

Desempenho em teste cardiopulmonar de adolescentes: peso normal e excesso de peso / Performance on cardiopulmonary testing in adolescents: normal weight and overweight / Desempeño en prueba cardiopulmonar de adolescentes con peso normal y sobrepeso

INTRODUÇÃO: Sabe-se que o excesso de peso interfere no desempenho físico do cotidiano do adolescente e, consequentemente, na aptidão física e na capacidade cardiorrespiratória. OBJETIVO: O estudo objetivou identificar e comparar os valores das variáveis cardiorrespiratórias no limiar anaeróbico ventilatório (LAV) de adolescentes com peso normal e excesso de peso. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 140 adolescentes de ambos os sexos entre 10 e 14 anos, escolares do município de Vitória, ES, Brasil. Foram mensuradas massa corporal e estatura para cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC). Os adolescentes foram divididos em grupo peso normal (GPN) e grupo excesso de peso (GEP), realizaram um eletrocardiograma de repouso e um teste cardiopulmonar de exercício em esteira ergométrica (Inbrasport Super ATL) utilizando o ergoespirômetro MedGraphics Corporation e o protocolo de rampa. O LAV foi identificado pelo método V-slope e/ou equivalente ventilatório de oxigênio (VE/VO2). Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis no LAV: consumo de oxigênio (VO2LAV ml.kg-1.min-1), frequência cardíaca (FCLAV bpm), percentuais do consumo máximo de oxigênio (%VO2máxLAV) e da FC máxima (%FCmáxLAV), e velocidade (VelLAV km/h), além do consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx ml.kg-1.min-1) e FC máxima (FCmáx). Foi realizado teste t de Student nas comparações entre os grupos, considerando p<0,05 para significância estatística. RESULTADOS: O GPN apresentou valores significativamente maiores no LAV para VO2 ml.kg-1.min-1 (20,0 ±6,4 vs 15,8 ±5,7) e velocidade (7,1 ±0,9km/h vs 6,2 ±1,1km/h), e para o VO2máx (44,6 ±7,6 vs 36,0 ±6,4) quando comparado ao GEP. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados sugerem que adolescentes com excesso de ...

INTRODUCTION: It is known that excess weight interferes with the daily physical performance of adolescents and consequently, in physical adaptation and cardiorespiratory capacity. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to identify and compare the cardiorespiratory variables at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) of normal weight and overweight adolescents. METHODS: The sample consisted of 140 adolescent students of both sexes, aged between 10 and 14 years, in the city of Vitória, ES. Body weight and height were measured, to calculate the body mass index (BMI). The adolescents were divided into normal weight group (NWG) and overweight group (OWG). A resting electrocardiogram was performed, and a cardiopulmonary exercise test on a treadmill (Inbrasport Super ATL) using a MedGraphics Corporation ergospirometer and the ramp protocol. The VAT was identified by the V-slope method and/or ventilatory equivalent of oxygen (VE/VO2). The following variables were analyzed in the VAT: oxygen consumption (VO2VAT ml.kg-1.min-1), heart rate (bpm HRVAT), percentages of maximum oxygen uptake (%VO2maxVAT) and maximum HR (%HRmaxVAT) and speed (VelVAT km/h), as well as maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max ml.kg-1.min-1) and maximum heart rate (HRmax). The Student's T-test was performed for comparisons between groups, considering p <0.05 for statistical significance. RESULTS: The NWG was significantly higher in VAT for VO2 ml.kg-1.min-1 (20.0 ± 6.4 vs 15.8 ± 5.7) and speed (7.1 ± 0.9 km/h vs 6.2 ± 1.1 km/h), and VO2max (44.6 ± 7.6 vs. 36.0 ± 6.4) compared to the OWG. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that overweight adolescents have impaired cardiorespiratory fitness not only at the maximum level, but also at submaximal level (VAT), compared with normal weight adolescents. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se sabe que el exceso de peso interfiere con el desempeño físico cotidiano del adolescente y por lo tanto en la aptitud física y la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria. OBJETIVO: El objetivo del estudio fue identificar y comparar los valores de las variables cardiorrespiratorias en el umbral anaerobio ventilatorio (UAV) de los adolescentes con peso normal y sobrepeso. MÉTODOS: La muestra estuvo conformada por 140 adolescentes de ambos sexos entre 10 y 14 años, estudiantes de la ciudad de Vitória/ES. Se midieron el peso corporal y la altura para calcular el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Los adolescentes fueron divididos en grupo de peso normal (GPN) y grupo de exceso de peso (GEP); se realizó un electrocardiograma en reposo y prueba de esfuerzo cardiopulmonar en una caminadora (Inbrasport Super ATL), utilizándose ergoespirómetro MedGraphics Corporation y el protocolo de rampa. El UAV fue identificado por el método de la V-slope y/o equivalente ventilatorio de oxígeno (VE/VO2). Las siguientes variables fueron analizadas en el UAV: consumo de oxígeno (VO2UAV ml.kg-1.min-1), la frecuencia cardíaca (FCUAV lpm), el porcentaje de consumo máximo de oxígeno (%VO2máxUAV) y la frecuencia cardíaca máxima (%FCmáxUAV) y velocidad (VelUAV km/h), y el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx ml.kg-1.min-1) y la frecuencia cardíaca máxima (FCmáx). La prueba t de Student se realizó para las comparaciones entre grupos, considerándose p < 0,05 para la significación estadística. RESULTADOS: El GPN tuvo UAV significativamente mayor para VO2 ml.kg-1.min-1 (20,0 ± 6,4 vs. 15,8 ± 5,7) y velocidad (7,1 ± 0,9 km/h vs. 6,2 ± 1,1 km/h) y el VO2máx (44,6 ± 7,6 vs. 36,0 ± 6,4) en comparación con el GEP. CONCLUSIÓN: Los datos sugieren que los adolescentes ...

Efeito do treinamento sobre a eficiência ventilatória de indivíduos saudáveis / Effect of training on ventilatory efficiency in healthy subjects / Efecto del entrenamiento sobre la eficiencia ventilatoria de individuos saludables

Introdução: Diversos índices de eficiência ventilatória (EV) têm fornecido uma medida extra para avaliação do condicionamento cardiorrespiratório em adição ao consumo de oxigênio (VO2) no pico do exercício e no nível do limiar ventilatório (VO2LV). Em indivíduos com insuficiência cardíaca já foi demonstrado que há aumento da EV após treinamento. No entanto, a sensibilidade dessa medida para avaliar o efeito do treinamento em indivíduos saudáveis foi pouco estudada. Objetivo: Testar a hipótese de que um programa de treinamento delineado para melhorar a condição aeróbia, também exerça alterações na eficiência ventilatória em indivíduos saudáveis. Métodos: 48 homens, aparentemente saudáveis e ativos (24±5 anos), foram submetidos a um teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE), antes e após 13 semanas de treinamento aeróbio, realizado três vezes por semana, durante 30 minutos com a intensidade inicial de 60-65% da FCmáx, gradualmente aumentada até o fim do programa para 85-90% da FCmax. Os parâmetros avaliados incluíram: VO2pico, VO2 no LV e EV determinada através do cálculo do slope da relação entre a ventilação e a produção de dióxido de carbono, por meio de regressão linear. Resultados: Houve um aumento de 12,5% no VO2LV (30,4±4,5 vs. 34,2±4,9 ml.kg-1.min-1, p<0,05) e de 10,9% no VO2pico (53,2±8,3 vs. 59±9,9 ml.kg-1.min-1, p<0,05), acompanhado de uma redução de 4,1% no slope VE-VCO2 (25,2±3,3 vs. 24,2±3,7, p<0,05). Conclusão: A EV aumenta após o treinamento em homens saudáveis sugerindo que o slope da relação VE-VCO2 pode ser utilizado de forma adicional na monitoração ...

Introduction: Several indices of ventilatory efficiency (VE) have provided an extra measure to assess cardiorespiratory fitness in addition to oxygen uptake (VO2) at peak exercise and at the level of ventilatory threshold (VO2VT). In patients with heart failure has been demonstrated that there is increase of ventilatory efficiency after training. However, the sensitivity of this measure to assess the effect of training in health subjects has been little studied. Objective: To test the hypothesis that a training program designed to improve aerobic fitness also changes the ventilatory efficiency in healthy subjects. Methods: 48 men seemingly healthy and active (24±5 years) underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) before and after 13 weeks of aerobic training, performed three times a week for 30 minutes with the initial intensity 60-65% of maximum heart rate (HRmax) gradually increased until the end of program for 85-90% of HRmax. The parameters evaluated included: VO2peak, VO2VT and ventilatory efficiency that was determined by calculating the slope of the relationship between ventilation and production of carbon dioxide by linear regression. Results: There was a 12.5% increase in VO2VT (30.4 ± 4.5 vs. 34.2 ± 4.9 ml.kg-1.min-1, p <0.05) and 10.9% in VO2peak (53.2 ± 8.3 vs. 59 ± 9.9, ml.kg-1.min-1 p<0.05), accompanied by a 4.1% reduction in VE-VCO2 slope (25.2 ± 3.3 vs. 24.2 ± 3.7, p<0.05). Conclusion: Ventilatory efficiency increases after training in healthy men suggesting that the slope of the relationship VE-VCO2 can be used in addition to the monitoring of the effects of training, complementing the interpretation of cardiorespiratory integration of CEPT. .

Introducción: Diversos índices de eficiencia ventilatoria (EV) han suministrado una medida extra para evaluación del condicionamiento cardiorrespiratorio en adición al consumo de oxígeno (VO2) en el pico del ejercicio y en el nivel del umbral ventilatorio (VO2LV). En individuos con insuficiencia cardíaca ya fue demostrado que hay aumento de la EV después del entrenamiento. Sin embargo, la sensibilidad de esa medida para evaluar el efecto del entrenamiento en individuos saludables fue poco estudiada. Objetivo: Probar la hipótesis de que un programa de entrenamiento delineado para mejorar la condición aeróbica, que también ejerza alteraciones en la eficiencia ventilatoria en individuos saludables. Métodos: 48 hombres, aparentemente saludables y activos (24±5 años), fueron sometidos a un test cardiopulmonar de ejercicio (TCPE), antes y después de 13 semanas de entrenamiento aeróbico, realizado tres veces por semana, durante 30 minutos con la intensidad inicial de 60-65% de la FCmax, gradualmente aumentada hasta el fin del programa para 85-90% de la FCmax. Los parámetros evaluados incluyeron: VO2pico, VO2 en el LV y EV determinada a través del cálculo del slope de la relación entre la ventilación y la producción de dióxido de carbono, por medio de regresión lineal. Resultados: Hubo un aumento de 12,5% en el VO2LV (30,4±4,5 vs. 34,2±4,9 ml.kg-1.min-1, p<0,05) y de 10,9% en el VO2pico (53,2±8,3 vs. 59±9,9 ml.kg-1.min-1, p<0,05), acompañado de una reducción de 4,1% en el slope VE-VCO2 (25,2±3,3 vs. 24,2±3,7, p<0,05). Conclusión: La EV aumenta después del entrenamiento en hombres saludables sugiriendo que el slope de la relación VE-VCO2 puede ser utilizado de forma adicional en el monitoreo de los efectos del entrenamiento, complementando la i...

Identification of the plateau in maximal oxygen consumption: proposal and application of a new method of analysis / Identificación de la meseta en el consumo máximo de oxígeno: propuesta y aplicación de un nuevo método de análisis / Identificação do platô no consumo máximo de oxigênio: proposta e aplicação de um novo método de análise

OBJECTIVE: The classic criterion for VO2máx plateau identification was proposed by Taylor et al. (1955), however, there are many critiques of this method. In this paper, we propose a new statistic-based VO2max plateau identification methodology. In addition, we aim to test for eventual differences between characteristics of the individuals who presented and those who did not present the maximum VO2max plateau. METHOD: Forty-one (n = 41) physically active men participated. The subjects underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test using ramp protocol to measure the VO2max and other physiological variables. The identification of VO2max plateau was performed by segmented linear regression with unknown breakpoints for each individual. RESULTS: Although 58.54% (24) of the sample presented VO2max plateau, no significant differences were observed in metabolic, ventilatory and velocity variables between the groups. CONCLUSION: The methodology presents advantages, since it is adequate to analyze VO2 variations individually and because it is based on statistical techniques, which considers the continuous records of the maximal effort test, not segmenting it in sections for analysis. The comparison between groups, according to the occurrence of the plateau, showed no differences between them

OBJETIVO: El criterio clásico para la identificación de la meseta lo propuso Taylor (1955), sin embargo, hay muchas críticas al método. Se plantea con este estudio presentar un nuevo método de identificación de la meseta de VO2máx., basado en cálculos estadísticos. Además, se pretende con este estudio determinar si hay disconformidad entre las características de los individuos que presentaron y los que no presentaron la meseta de VO2máx. MÉTODO: Formaron parte del estudio cuarenta y un varones (n = 41) físicamente activos. Cada indivíduo hizo un examen cardiopulmonar en el cual fue utilizado un protocolo en rampa para medir el VO2máx. y otras variables fisiológicas. La identificación de la meseta de VO2máx. se produjo a través del análisis de regresión segmentada y con el punto de quiebre ignorado para cada individuo. RESULTADOS: Un total del 58.54% (24) de la muestra presentaron meseta de VO2máx. Entre los grupos, no se observó diferencias significativas en las variables metabólicas, ventilatoria y de velocidad. CONCLUSIÓN: La metodología planteada presenta ventajas, ya que es eficaz para analizar individualmente las variaciones de VO2, además de basarse en técnicas estadísticas que consideran a los registros de exámenes de esfuerzo máximo realizados, sin segmentarse para análisis. La comparación entre grupos, de acuerdo con lo sucedido en la meseta, no evidenció disconformidad entre los individuos

OBJETIVO: O criterio clássico para identificação de platô de VO2máx foi proposto por Taylor et al. (1955), no entanto, existem muitas críticas a esse método. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma nova metodologia de identificação de platô no VO2máx, baseada em cálculos estatísticos. Além disso, pretendemos identificar se há diferença entre as características dos indivíduos que apresentaram e os que não apresentaram o platô no VO2máx. MÉTODO: Quarenta e um (n = 41) homens fisicamente ativos participaram do estudo. Os indivíduos foram submetidos a um teste de exercício cardiopulmonar usando um protocolo de rampa para medir o VO2máx e outras variáveis fisiológicas. A identificação do platô do VO2máx foi realizada por meio de uma regressão linear segmentada com pontos de parada desconhecidos para cada indivíduo. RESULTADOS: Embora 58.54% (24) da amostra apresentassem o platô do VO2máx, não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas variáveis metabólicas, ventilatórias e de velocidade entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A metodologia proposta apresenta vantagens, pois é adequada para analisar variações do VO2 individualmente e por se basear em técnicas estatísticas, que consideram os registros contínuos do teste de esforço máximo, não segmentando em seções para análise. A comparação entre os grupos, de acordo com a ocorrência do platô, não mostrou diferenças entre eles

Efeito de três periodizações do treinamento aeróbio sobre o limiar ventilatório / Effect of three different periodization of endurance training on ventilatory threshold / Efecto de tres periodizaciones del entrenamiento aeróbico en el umbral ventilatorio

Objetivou-se comparar o efeito do treinamento aeróbio com diferentes progressões da intensidade sobre o limiar ventilatório (VO2LV) e VO2pico. Quarenta e oito homens foram distribuídos nos grupos crescente (GCRES), ondulatório (GOND) e escalonado (GESC), e avaliados antes e após treze semanas de treinamento, realizado três vezes por semana por trinta minutos. Os limites inferior e superior da intensidade foram iguais nos três grupos (65-90% da FCmáx.), porém a progressão foi estruturada diferentemente, fazendo com que as cargas de treinamento fossem distintas. Houve aumento do LV (GOND 29 ± 4 vs. 32 ± 4; GCRES 30 ± 4,6 vs. 34 ± 5,7; GESC 32,8 ± 4,6 vs. 35,7 ± 5. mL.kg-1.min-1) e VO2pico (GOND 52,6 ± 7 vs. 57,8 ± 10; GCRES 53 ± 10 vs. 57,7 ± 10; GESC 54 ± 8 vs. 61,5 ± 9 mL.kg-1.min-1) dos três grupos, sem diferenças entre eles. Os três protocolos foram eficazes no aumento do LV e VO2pico apesar das diferenças nas cargas de treinamento.

This study aimed to compare the effect of aerobic training with different progressions of intensity on ventilatory threshold (VO2VT) and VO2peak. 48 men were divided into groups: incremental progression (INC), undulatory (UND) and stepped (STEP), and evaluated before and after 13 weeks of training, performed three times a week for 30 minutes. The lower and upper limit of the intensity were equal in all groups (65-90% HRmax.), but the progression was structured differently, making the training loads were distinct. There was an increase in both, VT (UND 29 ± 4 vs. 32 ± 4; INC 30 ± 4.6 vs. 34 ± 5.7; STEP 32.8 ± 4.6 vs. 35.7 ± 5. mL.kg-1. min-1) and VO2peak (UND 52.6 ± 7 vs. 57.8 ± 10; INC 53 ± 10 vs. 57.7 ± 10; STEP 54 ± 8 vs. 61.5 ± 9 mL.kg-1.min-1) in the three groups, with no differences between them. The three protocols were effective in increasing the VT and VO2peak despite differences in training loads.

El objetivo fue comparar el efecto del entrenamiento aeróbico con diferentes progresiones de intensidad sobre el umbral ventilatorio. 48 hombres fueron divididos en grupos llamados, creciente (GCREC), ondulado (GOND) y escalonado (GESC), y evaluados antes y después de 13 semanas de entrenamiento, realizada tres veces a la semana durante 30 minutos. El límite inferior y superior de la intensidad fue similar en los tres grupos (65-90% da FCmáx.), pero el avance fue estructurado de manera diferente, haciendo las cargas de entrenamiento eran distintas. Hubo aumento del LV (GOND 29 ± 4 vs. 32 ± 4; GCRES 30 ± 4,6 vs. 34 ± 5,7; GESC 32,8 ± 4,6 vs. 35,7 ± 5. mL.kg-1.min-1) y VO2pico (GOND 52,6 ± 7 vs. 57,8 ± 10; GCRES 53 ± 10 vs. 57,7 ± 10; GESC 54 ± 8 vs. 61,5 ± 9 mL.kg-1.min-1) en los tres grupos, sin diferencias entre ellos. Los tres protocolos fueron eficaces en el aumento de LV e VO2pico a pesar de las diferencias en la carga de entrenamiento.

Cardiovascular risk factors, their associations and presence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and independent associated risk factors in adolescents in the city of Vitória, Brazil. METHODS: We assessed 380 adolescents aged 10 to 14 years attending public schools. Body mass index and blood pressure at rest were measured. Fasting plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose were also obtained. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 9.6% for boys and 7.4% for girls, while obesity was found in 6.2 and 4.9%, respectively. Triglyceride concentrations were borderline or high in 6.8 and 3.4% of the boys and in 11.8 and 5.9% of the girls. HDL-cholesterol was below recommended levels in 8.5% of the boys and in 9.9% of the girls. Blood pressure at rest was borderline for 5.1% of the boys and 7.9% of the girls, while 3.4% of both boys and girls were hypertensive. Fasting glycemia was high in 0.6% of the boys and in 0.5% of the girls. In the group studied, 2.8% of the boys and 2.5% of the girls had two risk factors associated with MS. Prevalence of MS was 1.1% for boys and 1.5% for girls, and overall prevalence was 1.3%. CONCLUSIONS: MS and associated cardiovascular risk factors are serious clinical conditions in this age group. A significant number of adolescents showed borderline results, which may increase the prevalence of MS or independent risk factors in the short term. More investments should be made in primary prevention, considering that early diagnosis is an issue of fundamental importance.

Efeitos de diferentes modelos de periodização do treinamento aeróbio sobre parâmetros cardiovasculares, metabólicos e composição corporal de bombeiros militares / Effects of different periodization models of aerobic training on cardiovascular parameters, metabolic and body composition in military firefighters

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o efeito de programa de treinamento aeróbio sobre parâmetros cardiovasculares, metabólicos e de composição corporal comparando diferentes periodizações. Sessenta e cinco bombeiros militares/ES (25,9 ± 0,6 anos) foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle (Gcon, n = 15) sem tratamento; ondulatório (Gond, n = 18), escalonado (Ges, n = 17), e crescente (Gcres, n = 15), e treinaram 13 semanas, três sessões semanais de 30 minutos e intensidades de 60% a 90% FCmáx. A frequência cardíaca (FC) foi controlada em todas as sessões . Antes e após o programa foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas e teste cardiopulmonar (Aerosport TEEM-100). Houve redução no percentual de gordura, bradicardia em repouso e da FC submáxima com aumento do consumo de oxigênio, e redução do duplo produto, da PAD em repouso para os três grupos treinados, sem vantagens adicionais para o Gcres. Esses resultados sugerem que programas de treinamento aeróbio com distribuição de intensidade ao longo das semanas de forma escalonada e/ou ondulatória podem ser mais apropriados para indivíduos não atletas...

The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of different periodization models of aerobic training on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters, and body composition. Sixty-five military firefighters y / ES (25.9 ± 0.6 years) were divide into four groups: control (GCON, n = 15) without treatment; undulating (Gu, n = 18), scaled (Gs, n = 17) and increasing (Gi, n = 15); they trained during 13 weeks, three weekly sessions of 30 minutes at intensities of 60% to 90% HRmax. Heart rate (HR) was monitored in all sessions . Anthropometric measurements and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (Aerosport TEEM-100) were conducted before and after the experimental program. A reduction in body fat percentage, bradycardia at rest and submaximal HR with increased oxygen consumption, and reduction of RPP, in DBP at rest for all three groups trained without advantages for Gi, were observed. These results suggest that training programs which includes increasing and/or undulating aerobic training models may be more suitable for non-athletes...

Blood pressure response to physical exertion in adolescents: influence of overweight and obesity.

BACKGROUND: The acute blood pressure response to physical exertion has been used as an indicator of the risk of developing hypertension. The factors associated with this response need to be clarified for timely intervention in preventing hypertensive disease. OBJECTIVE: To describe the response of cardiovascular variables to acute physical exertion in overweight adolescents using cardiopulmonary exercise testing. METHODS: The sample consisted of 104 adolescents (56 boys and 48 girls), divided into two groups: the obese/overweight group (OOG) and the eutrophic group (EG). The following variables were measured: anthropometric (weight, height, and BMI), body composition (skin fold thickness), as well as hemodynamic variables such as systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and heart rate (HR), at rest and at maximal physical exertion during the cardiopulmonary test. RESULTS: In the male group, the greatest values of systolic arterial pressure at rest were recorded in the OOG as compared to the EG (113 +/- 13 vs 106 +/- 8 mmHg; p = 0.009), pre-exertion SAP (120 +/- 14 vs 109 +/- 10 mmHg; p = 0.003), and SAP during maximal exertion conditions (156 +/- 20 vs 146 +/- 14 mmHg; p = 0.03). In the female group, only pre-exertion SAP was higher in the overweight group as compared to the eutrophic girls (114 +/- 11 vs 106 +/- 10 mmHg; p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: The response of arterial blood pressure during physical exercise was most exacerbated in obese adolescents as compared to eutrophic teens, suggesting greater reactivity to physical exertion.

Limiar anaeróbico ventilatório em adolescentes brasileiros de ambos os sexos / Ventilatory anaerobic threshold of Brazilian adolescents in both sexes / Umbral anaeróbico ventilatorio en adolescentes brasileños de ambos sexos

Com o objetivo de comparar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias no limiar anaeróbico ventilatório (LAV) em relação ao gênero, faixa etária e dados publicados na literatura, foram avaliados 289 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, entre 10 e 14 anos. Foi realizado um teste cardiopulmonar, utilizando o protocolo de rampa em esteira ergométrica. O LAV foi identificado pelos métodos do V-slope e/ou do equivalente ventilatório de oxigênio. Os resultados mostraram que o consumo de oxigênio (VO2 LAV) absoluto foi maior nos meninos aos 13 e 14 anos; o VO2 LAV relativo ao peso corporal foi diferente entre os gêneros apenas aos 14 anos, sendo maior nos meninos. Conclui-se que há perda da aptidão física aeróbica dos adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, a partir dos 12 anos, com valores inferiores comparados à literatura.

In order to compare the cardiorespiratory responses in ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) in relation to gender, age and published data, were evaluated 289 adolescents of both sexes, between 10 and 14 years, who underwent a cardiopulmonary test using a ramp protocol on treadmill. The VAT was identified by the methods of the V-slope and/or ventilatory equivalent of oxygen. The results showed that oxygen consumption (VO2 VAT) absolute was higher in boys at 13 and 14 years. The VO2 VAT relative to body weight was different only between genders aged 14 years old, and being higher in boys than girls. We conclude that there is loss of aerobic fitness in adolescents of both sexes from the age of 12. The VO2 VAT was lower when compared with the literature.

A fin de comparar las respuestas cardiorrespiratorias en el umbral anaeróbico ventilatorio (UAV) en relación con el género, la edad y los datos publicados, se evaluaron 289 adolescentes de ambos sexos, entre 10 y 14 años. Se realizó una prueba de esfuerzo cardiopulmonar utilizando un protocolo de rampa en la cinta. El UAV fue identificado por los métodos de la V-slope y/o equivalentes ventilatorio de oxígeno. Los resultados mostraron que el consumo de oxígeno (VO2 UAV) absoluta fue mayor en los varones de 13 y 14 años, la VO2 UAV relativo al peso corporal fue diferente entre los sexos sólo 14 años, siendo mayor en los varones. En conclusión de que hay una pérdida de la aptitud aeróbica de los adolescentes de ambos sexos de 12 años de edad, con valores más bajos en comparación con la literatura.