Global cone-beam computed tomography adoption, usage and scan interpretation preferences of dentists and endodontists.

AIM: This study investigated the adoption of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) by dentists and endodontists around the world, including their preferences in endodontic CBCT usage. METHODOLOGY: An online questionnaire surveyed dental association members in Australia and New Zealand, and endodontic association members in Australia, Britain, Canada, Italy, New Zealand and the USA, about their CBCT training history, considerations in acquisition/interpretation, access to and usage of CBCT, preferred scan interpreter, and preferred endodontic scan settings. Data were analysed with Chi-squared, independent sample t-tests, Cochran's Q and McNemar's tests. RESULTS: Responses from 578 endodontic specialists or postgraduates (Group E) and 185 non-endodontic dentists (Group NE) were included. Continuing professional education (CPE) was the most common source of CBCT training (69.2%). Factors considered in CBCT acquisition/interpretation included beam hardening (75.4%), radiation exposure (61.1%) and patient movement (58.3%). Group E reported higher CBCT usage (90.8%) than Group NE (45.4%, p < .001) and greater workplace access to CBCT (81.1% vs. 25.9%, p < .001). Scans were interpreted by the respondent in most workplace scans (83.3%) and externally taken scans (60.5%); Group E were significantly more likely to interpret themselves than Group NE. Small field of view (83.6%) and high resolution (86.6%) were most preferred as settings for endodontic CBCTs; Group NE were less likely to choose these settings. There were some geographic variations within Group E. CONCLUSIONS: CBCT training was most commonly acquired via CPE. Endodontic respondents reported very high CBCT usage and access in the workplace. There are educational implications regarding CBCT limitations, appropriate applications and interpretation.

Exploring approaches to pulp vitality assessment: A scoping review of nontraditional methods.

INTRODUCTION: Diagnostic procedures for pulp vitality assessment are a crucial aspect of routine dental practice. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of nontraditional techniques and methodologies for assessing pulp vitality, specifically exploring promising approaches that are currently not used in dental practice. METHODS: The study protocol was registered a priori (https://osf.io/3m97z/). An extensive electronic search was conducted across multiple databases, including MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. Inclusion criteria were guided by the research question based on the PCC model as follows: "What are the potential nontraditional techniques (Concept) for assessing pulp vitality (Population) in the field of endodontics or clinical practice (Context)?" Studies were included that explored possible approaches to pulp vitality assessment, utilizing a range of techniques, whilst any studies using traditional pulp tests (cold, heat, and electric stimulation) or well-known methods (pulse oximetry and laser Doppler flowmetry) were excluded. Reviewers independently screened articles and extracted data. A patent search was also performed. RESULTS: Of 3062 studies, 65 were included that described nontraditional approaches for assessing pulp vitality. These included a range of optical diagnostic methods, ultrasound Doppler flowmetry (UDF), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), terahertz imaging, tooth temperature measurements, as well as invasive methodologies, including 133xenon washout, radioisotope-labelled tracers, hydrogen gas desaturation, intravital microscopy and fluorescent microspheres isotope clearance. The patent search included artificial intelligence and biomarkers methods. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides details for potential innovative tests that may directly describe pulp vitality. Importantly, these methods range from clinically impractical through to promising methods that may transform clinical practice. Several nontraditional techniques have the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and could provide valuable insights into the assessment of pulp vitality in challenging clinical scenarios.

Global survey of endodontic practice and adoption of newer technologies.

AIM: To investigate current endodontic practices, adoption of technologies and continuing education attendance within specialist endodontic practice globally and to identify geographic trends. METHODOLOGY: A web-based survey of endodontic association members in Australia, Britain, Canada, Italy, New Zealand and the USA on routine treatment preferences, armamentarium and education attendance was conducted. Chi-squared, independent sample t-tests, Cochran's Q test and McNemar's test were performed. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 543 endodontists or endodontic post-graduate students. Almost all respondents used the dental operating microscope (DOM, 91.3%), engine-driven nickel-titanium instruments (NiTi, 97.6%), electronic apex locators (EAL, 93.0%), cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT, 91.2%) and calcium silicate-based materials (CSBMs, 93.7%). Dental dam was always used by 99.1%. Over half used irrigation adjuncts (81.8%), warm vertical compaction (74.6%) and heat-treated NiTi (60.2%). Geographic comparison between AP (Asia-Pacific, n = 78), AM (Americas, n = 402) and EM (Europe and Middle East, n = 63) was performed. AM and EM preferred single-visit treatment more (p < .001) and used higher sodium hypochlorite concentrations than AP. AM had more access to CBCT in the workplace (86.6%) than AP (65.4%, p < .001) and used CBCT for routine preoperative assessment (39.6%) more than EM (7.3%, p < .001). Almost all of EM used irrigation adjuncts (95.2%), more than AM (78.1%, p = .001). AP used steroid/antibiotic medicaments most (p < .001) and had the highest attendance at continuing education programmes. CONCLUSION: Several endodontic-specific armamentaria have reached almost complete adoption within global specialist endodontic practice, whilst the continued uptake of newer technologies should be followed over time. Some practising philosophies varied significantly across different geographic regions.

The extended finite element method in endodontics: A scoping review and future directions for cyclic fatigue testing of nickel-titanium instruments.

OBJECTIVES: The present study reviews the current literature regarding the utilization of the extended finite element method (XFEM) in clinical and experimental endodontic studies and the suitability of XFEM in the assessment of cyclic fatigue in rotary endodontic nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An electronic literature search was conducted using the appropriate search terms, and the titles and abstracts were screened for relevance. The search yielded 13 hits after duplicates were removed, and four studies met the inclusion criteria for review. RESULTS: No studies to date have utilized XFEM to study cyclic fatigue or crack propagation in rotary endodontic NiTi instruments. Challenges such as modelling material inputs and fatigue criteria could explain the lack of utilization of XFEM in the analysis of mechanical behavior in NiTi instruments. CONCLUSIONS: The review showed that XFEM was seldom employed in endodontic literature. Recent work suggests potential promise in using XFEM for modelling NiTi structures.

Dentinal Tubule Penetrability and Bond Strength of Two Novel Calcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Sealers.

BACKGROUND: Once the chemo-mechanical preparation of root canals is finished, achieving a complete seal of the root canal system becomes crucial in determining the long-term success of endodontic treatment. The important goals of root canal obturation are to minimize leakage and achieve an adequate seal. Thus, a material that possesses satisfactory mechanical characteristics, is biocompatible, and has the ability to penetrate the dentine tubules adequately is needed. AIM: This study aimed to compare the penetrability and bond strength between two calcium silicate-based sealers and an epoxy resin-based sealer, as well as examine the relationship between penetrability and bond strength for the different sealers. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Thirty-nine recently extracted single-rooted human premolar teeth were instrumented and divided evenly into three groups (n = 13), according to the sealer used for obturation: AH Plus Jet, EndoSequence, and AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer. Three teeth (30 slices) were randomly selected out of each for analysis using confocal laser scanning microscopy to assess penetrability. The remaining ten teeth (90 slices) in each group were subject to push-out tests using a universal testing machine. All teeth were sectioned into nine transverse slices of 0.9 mm thickness for their respective tests (apical, middle, coronal). RESULTS: AH Plus Jet exhibited significantly lower penetrability and significantly higher bond strength compared to EndoSequence BC sealer (p = 0.002) and AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer (p = 0.006). There was no significant difference between EndoSequence BC sealer and AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer in terms of either penetrability or bond strength. No correlation was found between penetrability and bond strength. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitation of this study and regardless of the location in the canal, the bioceramic based root canal sealers appeared to perform better than the epoxy resin-based sealer in terms of dentinal penetration rate. Further studies are required to compare other biomechanical properties of bioceramic sealers including setting characteristics and bacterial leakage.

Cytokine Production and Cytotoxicity of Calcium Silicate-based Sealers in 2- and 3-dimensional Cell Culture Models.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of different silicate-based sealers (ie, BioRoot RCS [Septodont, Saint Maur des Fosses, France], ProRoot ES [Dentsply Sirona, York, PA], and MTA Fillapex [Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil]) on cytokine production and viability of human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany) was used as a reference material. METHODS: PDLSCs were cultured either in 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional conditions (in 0.15%-0.5% PuraMatrix [BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA]) for 24 hours with eluates from set endodontic sealers. Additionally, the toxicity of eluates from endodontic sealers was evaluated using an in vitro root model experimental procedure. PDLSC viability was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. PDLSC culture medium was used for cytokine quantification (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, growth-regulated oncogene, IL,-4 and IL-10) using the HCYTMAG-60K-PX41 Milliplex kit (EMD Millipore, Burlington, MA). RESULTS: In 2-dimensional culture conditions, BioRoot RCS revealed a good PDLSC viability rate. ProRoot ES had no effect on PDLSC viability regardless of the dilution. MTA Fillapex was strongly cytotoxic even at the lowest extract dilutions (1:1, 1:2, and 1:4). Encapsulation of PDLSCs in PuraMatrix tended to decrease the cytotoxic effect of the sealers. In the 3-dimensional in vitro root model experimental procedure, BioRoot RCS, ProRoot ES, and MTA Fillapex revealed a cytocompatibility pattern. Different calcium silicate-based sealers exhibited different proinflammatory cytokine production. BioRoot RCS greatly stimulated the release of IL-10 and, to a lesser degree, IL-4 by PDLSCs (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: BioRoot RCS and ProRoot ES did not induce proinflammatory cytokines and promoted anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion by PDLSCs that may have a positive local impact by attenuating an initial inflammatory response.

Accuracy of an endodontic rotary motor with integrated apex locator to determine the root canal length / Precisão de um motor rotatório endodôntico com localizador apical integrado para determinação do comprimento radicular

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy to determine the root canal length, in vitro,of both the electronic apex locator (M2) and the autostop (AS - M3) functions of the Endus Duo Gnatus endodontic motor (Gnatus, São Paulo, SP, Brazil). Methods: Thirty extracted human single-rooted premolars had their root canal lengths (TLs) up to the apical foramen determined using the Endus Duo Gnatus in two ways: (1) In the stainless steel (SS) control group, the measurement was obtained using a stainless steel hand instrument with the electronic locator mode (M2 function) connected to a stainless-steel hand instrument (K-file #15). In the NiTi rotary instrument (NiTi RI) intervention group, the measurement was obtained during the instrumentation (M3 function) of the root canals with a nickel-titanium rotary instrument (Hyflex CM: Coltene Whaledent, Cuyahoga Falls, OH, USA), size 25/.06. The NiTi manually used instrument (NiTi MUI) Intervention group performed the measurement in locator mode using a Hyflex instrument, placed to true length manually. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by the Tukey post-hoc test with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The true mean length and standard deviation (SD) of the standardized root canals were 18.40 ± 2.14mm, while the mean lengths and standard deviations (SD) were 18.29 ± 1.89mm, 18.22 ± 1.85mm, and 17.24 ± 2.09mm for the SS, NiTi RI, and NiTi MUI groups, respectively. However, data from the NiTi MUI Intervention group indicated shorter root canal lengths when compared to the SS control group and the NiTi RI Intervention group values, and were significantly shorter than the true canal length (p < 0.001). Conclusions:The use of the motor in NiTi RI Intervention group showed acceptable results. However, the NiTi MUI Intervention group resulted in unacceptable short measurements.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia na determinação do comprimento do canal radicular, in vitro, das funções localizador eletrônico foraminal (M2) e auto-parada durante a instrumentação (M3) do motor endodôntico Endus Duo Gnatus ( Gnatus, São Paulo, SP, Brasil). Métodos: Trinta pré-molares humanos uniradiculares extraídos tiveram seus comprimentos de canais radiculares (CRTs) até o forame apical determinados usando o Endus Duo Gnatus de duas maneiras: (1) No grupo controle de aço inoxidável (SS), a medida foi obtida usando um instrumento manual de aço inoxidável com modo de localização eletrônica foraminal (função M2) conectado a um instrumento manual de aço inoxidável (lima tipo K #15). No grupo intervenção instrumento rotatório NiTi (NiTi RI), a medida foi obtida durante a instrumentação (função M3) dos canais radiculares com instrumento rotatório de níquel-titânio (Hyflex CM: Coltene Whaledent, Cuyahoga Falls, OH, EUA), tamanho 25/.06. O grupo de intervenção NiTi instrumento usado manualmente (NiTi MUI) realizou a medição no modo localizador foraminal usando um instrumento Hyflex, colocado manualmente no comprimento real do dente. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de ANOVA seguida do teste post-hoc de Tukey com nível de significância de p < 0,05. Resultados: Os comprimentos reais médios dos dentes e desvios-padrão (DP) dos canais radiculares padronizados foram 18,40 ± 2,14 mm, enquanto os comprimentos médios e desvios- padrão (DP) foram 18,29 ± 1,89 mm, 18,22 ± 1,85 mm e 17,24 ± 2,09 mm para os grupos SS, NiTi RI e NiTi MUI, respectivamente. No entanto, os dados do grupo de intervenção NiTi MUI indicaram comprimentos de canais radiculares mais curtos quando comparados aos valores do grupo controle SS e do grupo de intervenção NiTi RI, e foram significativamente mais curtos que o comprimento real do canal (p < 0,001). Conclusões: A utilização do motor no grupo Intervenção NiTi RI apresentou resultados aceitáveis. No entanto, o grupo de intervenção NiTi MUI resultou em medições curtas inaceitáveis.

Contemporary Root Canal Preparation: Innovations in Biomechanics.

Root canal preparation must serve the goals of supporting debridement while exerting the least amount of structural damage. Toward those goals, several recent trends for innovation are noted: some changes in instrument design, several of them substantial, whereas others are rather discrete. In vitro testing is ongoing and, because of the lack of consistent methodology, gives only some guidelines for clinical use. Lastly, clinical outcome data are lacking for many current instruments; therefore, it is not clear if improvements in flexibility and resistance to fatigue will translate to better outcomes.

Differential diagnosis and clinical management of periapical radiopaque/hyperdense jaw lesions.

Great attention has been given to the study of radiolucent periapical lesions to avert possible misdiagnosis of apical periodontitis associated with certain radiolucent non-endodontic lesions. However, there are a significant number of radiopaque lesions found in the periapical region, which could be equally relevant to endodontic practice. The diagnosis and management of these radiopaque/hyperdense lesions could be challenging to the endodontist. These bone alterations could be neoplastic, dysplastic or of metabolic origin. In the context of the more widespread use of cone-beam CT, a detailed review of radiopaque inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions is timely and may aid clinicians perform a differential diagnosis of these lesions. Distinguishing between inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions simplifies diagnosis and consequently aids in choosing the correct therapeutic regimen. This review discusses the literature regarding the clinical, radiographic, histological and management aspects of radiopaque/hyperdense lesions, and illustrates the differential diagnoses of these lesions.

Differential diagnosis and clinical management of periapical radiopaque/hyperdense jaw lesions

Abstract Great attention has been given to the study of radiolucent periapical lesions to avert possible misdiagnosis of apical periodontitis associated with certain radiolucent non-endodontic lesions. However, there are a significant number of radiopaque lesions found in the periapical region, which could be equally relevant to endodontic practice. The diagnosis and management of these radiopaque/hyperdense lesions could be challenging to the endodontist. These bone alterations could be neoplastic, dysplastic or of metabolic origin. In the context of the more widespread use of cone-beam CT, a detailed review of radiopaque inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions is timely and may aid clinicians perform a differential diagnosis of these lesions. Distinguishing between inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions simplifies diagnosis and consequently aids in choosing the correct therapeutic regimen. This review discusses the literature regarding the clinical, radiographic, histological and management aspects of radiopaque/hyperdense lesions, and illustrates the differential diagnoses of these lesions.