Search for a Neutron Dark Decay in

Neutron dark decays have been suggested as a solution to the discrepancy between bottle and beam experiments, providing a dark matter candidate that can be searched for in halo nuclei. The free neutron in the final state following the decay of ^{6}He into ^{4}He+n+χ provides an exceptionally clean detection signature when combined with a high efficiency neutron detector. Using a high-intensity ^{6}He^{+} beam at Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds, a search for a coincident neutron signal resulted in an upper limit on a dark decay branching ratio of Br_{χ}≤4.0×10^{-10} (95% C.L.). Using the dark neutron decay model proposed originally by Fornal and Grinstein, we translate this into an upper bound on a dark neutron branching ratio of O(10^{-5}), improving over global constraints by one to several orders of magnitude depending on m_{χ}.

First Direct Measurement of Isotopic Fission-Fragment Yields of

A direct and complete measurement of isotopic fission-fragment yields of ^{239}U has been performed for the first time. The ^{239}U fissioning system was produced with an average excitation energy of 8.3 MeV in one-neutron transfer reactions between a ^{238}U beam and a ^{9}Be target at Coulomb barrier energies. The fission fragments were detected and isotopically identified using the VAMOS++ spectrometer at the GANIL facility. The measurement allows us to directly evaluate the fission models at excitation energies of fast neutrons, which are relevant for next-generation nuclear reactors. The present data, in agreement with model calculations, do not support the recently reported anomaly in the fission-fragment yields of ^{239}U, and they confirm the persistence of spherical shell effects in the Sn region at excitation energies exceeding the fission barrier by a few mega-electron volts.

An elevated respiratory quotient predicts complications after cardiac surgery under extracorporeal circulation: an observational pilot study.

Following cardiac surgery, hyperlactatemia due to anaerobic metabolism is associated with an increase in both morbidity and mortality. We previously found that an elevated respiratory quotient (RQ) predicts anaerobic metabolism. In the present study we aimed to demonstrate that it is also associated with poor outcome following cardiac surgery. This single institution, prospective, observational study includes all those patients that were consecutively admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, that had also been monitored using pulmonary artery catheter. Data were recorded at admission (H0) and after one hour (H1) including: oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]), carbon dioxide production ([Formula: see text]), RQ ([Formula: see text]), lactate levels and mixed venous oxygen saturation ([Formula: see text]). The primary endpoint was defined as mortality at 30 days. Comparison of the area under the curve (AUC) for receiver operating characteristic curves was used to analyze the prognostic predictive value of RQ, lactate levels and [Formula: see text], in terms of patient outcome. We studied 151 patients admitted to the ICU between May 2015 and February 2016. Seventy eight patients experienced a worse than expected outcome in the post-operative period, and among those seven died. RQ at H1 in non-survivors ([Formula: see text]) was higher than in survivors ([Formula: see text]; p = 0.02). The AUC for RQ to predict mortality was 0.77 (IC95% [0.70-0.84]), with a threshold value of 0.76 (sensitivity 64%, specificity 100%). By comparison, the AUC for lactate levels was significantly superior (AUClact 0.89, IC95% [0.83-0.93], p = 0.02). In this study, elevated RQ appeared to be predictive of mortality after cardiac surgery with CPB.

Fission barrier of superheavy nuclei and persistence of shell effects at high spin: cases of 254No and 220Th.

We report on the first measurement of the fission barrier height in a heavy shell-stabilized nucleus. The fission barrier height of 254No is measured to be Bf=6.0±0.5 MeV at spin 15ℏ and, by extrapolation, Bf=6.6±0.9 MeV at spin 0ℏ. This information is deduced from the measured distribution of entry points in the excitation energy versus spin plane. The same measurement is performed for 220Th and only a lower limit of the fission barrier height can be determined: Bf(I)>8 MeV. Comparisons with theoretical fission barriers test theories that predict properties of superheavy elements.

Shell-structure and pairing interaction in superheavy nuclei: rotational properties of the z=104 nucleus (256)rf.

The rotational band structure of the Z=104 nucleus (256)Rf has been observed up to a tentative spin of 20ℏ using state-of-the-art γ-ray spectroscopic techniques. This represents the first such measurement in a superheavy nucleus whose stability is entirely derived from the shell-correction energy. The observed rotational properties are compared to those of neighboring nuclei and it is shown that the kinematic and dynamic moments of inertia are sensitive to the underlying single-particle shell structure and the specific location of high-j orbitals. The moments of inertia therefore provide a sensitive test of shell structure and pairing in superheavy nuclei which is essential to ensure the validity of contemporary nuclear models in this mass region. The data obtained show that there is no deformed shell gap at Z=104, which is predicted in a number of current self-consistent mean-field models.

4D-imaging of drip-line radioactivity by detecting proton emission from 54mNi pictured with ACTAR TPC.

Proton radioactivity was discovered exactly 50 years ago. First, this nuclear decay mode sets the limit of existence on the nuclear landscape on the neutron-deficient side. Second, it comprises fundamental aspects of both quantum tunnelling as well as the coupling of (quasi)bound quantum states with the continuum in mesoscopic systems such as the atomic nucleus. Theoretical approaches can start either from bound-state nuclear shell-model theory or from resonance scattering. Thus, proton-radioactivity guides merging these types of theoretical approaches, which is of broader relevance for any few-body quantum system. Here, we report experimental measurements of proton-emission branches from an isomeric state in 54mNi, which were visualized in four dimensions in a newly developed detector. We show that these decays, which carry an unusually high angular momentum, ℓ = 5 and ℓ = 7, respectively, can be approximated theoretically with a potential model for the proton barrier penetration and a shell-model calculation for the overlap of the initial and final wave functions.

Author Correction: Phenological shifts alter the seasonal structure of pollinator assemblages in Europe.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Phenological shifts alter the seasonal structure of pollinator assemblages in Europe.

Pollinators play an important role in terrestrial ecosystems by providing key ecosystem functions and services to wild plants and crops, respectively. The sustainable provision of such ecosystem functions and services requires diverse pollinator communities over the seasons. Despite evidence that climate warming shifts pollinator phenology, a general assessment of these shifts and their consequences on pollinator assemblages is still lacking. By analysing phenological shifts of over 2,000 species, we show that, on average, the mean flight date of European pollinators shifted to be 6 d earlier over the last 60 yr, while their flight period length decreased by 2 d. Our analysis further reveals that these shifts have probably altered the seasonal distribution of pollination function and services by decreasing the overlap among pollinators' phenologies within European assemblages, except in the most northeastern part of Europe. Such changes are expected to decrease the functional redundancy and complementarity of pollinator assemblages and, therefore, might alter the performance of pollination function and services and their robustness to ongoing pollinator extinctions.

Significant lower VVH7-like immunoreactivity serum level in diabetic patients: evidence for independence from metabolic control and three key enzymes in hemorphin metabolism, cathepsin D, ACE and DPP-IV.

Low circulating VVH7-like immunoreactivity (VVH7 i.r) level was amazingly observed in human diabetic sera. Here, we examined the impact of diabetes type, clinico-biological features and metabolic control on circulating VVH7 i.r level in this disease. ELISA test was used to measure VVH7 i.r in sera of 120 diabetic patients (type 1 diabetes in 64, type 2 diabetes in 56). Three enzymatic tests were also applied to determine serum cathepsin D (CD), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activities. A subgroup of 24 type 1 diabetic patients negative for microalbuminuria and hypertension were submitted to an ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to evaluate the relationship between VVH7 i.r level and blood pressure parameters. The mean serum concentration of VVH7 i.r was drastically reduced in diabetic patients (0.91+/-0.93 micromol/l versus 5.63+/-1.11 micromol/l in controls) (p<0.001). A negative correlation between VVH7 i.r level and daytime diastolic blood pressure existed in type 1 diabetic patients. There was no association of low VVH7 i.r with either type of diabetes or HbA1c level. An increase of cathepsin D activity was found in serum of diabetic patients compared to controls (0.47 U/ml versus 0.15 U/ml, respectively) whereas DPPIV activity was significantly decreased in diabetic sera (50.81 U/ml versus 282.10 U/l respectively). Diminution of VVH7 i.r in sera of diabetic patients was confirmed but still remained unexplained. Relationships between higher systolic blood pressure and decrease of VVH7 i.r reinforce the need to investigate this pathway in this disease to elucidate its role in macro- and micro-angiopathy.

Towards high-resolution laser ionization spectroscopy of the heaviest elements in supersonic gas jet expansion.

Resonant laser ionization and spectroscopy are widely used techniques at radioactive ion beam facilities to produce pure beams of exotic nuclei and measure the shape, size, spin and electromagnetic multipole moments of these nuclei. However, in such measurements it is difficult to combine a high efficiency with a high spectral resolution. Here we demonstrate the on-line application of atomic laser ionization spectroscopy in a supersonic gas jet, a technique suited for high-precision studies of the ground- and isomeric-state properties of nuclei located at the extremes of stability. The technique is characterized in a measurement on actinium isotopes around the N=126 neutron shell closure. A significant improvement in the spectral resolution by more than one order of magnitude is achieved in these experiments without loss in efficiency.

[Large atrial septal defects in adults: results of attempted systematic percutaneous closure]. / Communications interauriculaires larges de l'adulte: résultats d'une tentative systématique de fermeture percutanée.

Percutaneous closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defects became routine practice from 1998 but remained limited by the size of their diameter at balloon calibration. In March 2004, after an experience of 551 patients, the maximum admissible diameter (40 mm), the biggest size available of the Amplatzer prosthesis, could often be exceeded. The essential anatomical condition was the presence of a circumferential edge--even minimal--except adjacent to the aorta where its absence was not a problem. From 31/03/04 to 31/12/05, 17 patients, 17 to 58 years of age, were included and underwent attempted percutaneous closure by the usual protocol. The insertion of the prosthesis was difficult in every case. It required the use of several techniques to orientate the prosthesis in a satisfactory plane without risking tearing part of the residual atrial septum. The attempt was successful in 16 of the 17 patients. The one failure occurred in a patient with complete absence of a posterior edge. The postoperative course was uncomplicated without residual shunt or displacement of the occluder in the follow-up studies. The authors conclude that very big atrial septal defects with diameters of over 40 mm may be closed percutaneously with the Amplatzer device with a reasonable chance of success. These attempts do not expose the patient to any particular risk and the results, in successful attempts, are comparable to those observed in smaller atrial septal defects.

Kinetics of appearance of four hemorphins from bovine hemoglobin peptic hydrolysates by HPLC coupled with photodiode array detection.

The kinetics of appearance of hemorphins during peptic hydrolysis of bovine hemoglobin was investigated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled with a photodiode array detector. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) of hemoglobin by pepsin was determined and different defined DH of hydrolysates were obtained. The analysis of these hydrolysates by HPLC coupled with a photodiode array detector allowed us to identify and quantify the hemorphins in every hydrolysate and to determine the quantitative evolution of hemorphins as a function of DH. It indicated that hemoglobin was a direct precursor of LVV-hemorphin-5 and LVV-hemorphin-7. These peptides were demonstrated to be secondary substrates for pepsin to generate VV-hemorphin-5 and VV-hemorphin-7. Moreover, LVV-hemorphin-7 was more stable towards pepsin than LVV-hemorphin-5. The affinity of pepsin towards some peptidic bonds was also demonstrated.

Coronary events after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries.

BACKGROUND: Transfer of the coronary arteries is a crucial step during the arterial switch operation (ASO) for transposition of the great arteries. This retrospective study aims to assess the incidence and risk factors of coronary events after ASO and sensitivity of noninvasive tests in the diagnosis of the coronary obstruction. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between 1982 and 2001, 1304 newborn and infants had an ASO and the 1 198 hospital survivors had a 59-month mean follow-up. Coronary events occurred in 94 patients (7.2%; 95% CI, 6 to 9). Survival without coronary events were 92.7, 91, and 88.2% at 1, 10, and 15 years, respectively. The incidence was bimodal: high early and slow later. Multivariate analysis showed correlation with type B or C coronary pattern and major operative events (P<0.0001 and P=0.0024). In a subset of 324 patients who underwent a coronary artery angiography, lesions were observed in 22 patients (6.8%; 95% CI, 5 to 10). Multivariate analysis showed correlation with only type B or C coronary pattern (OR=20.8, P=0.0002). All of these patients had electrocardiogram and echocardiogram, 174 patients also had a treadmill test, and 115 patients had a myocardial scintigraphy. The association of these tests had the highest diagnosis sensitivity, 75%. CONCLUSIONS: After ASO, coronary events are not rare, occurring most often early and are an important cause of death. Coronary repair can be needed lately. Noninvasive tests are not sensitive enough to detect significant delayed coronary artery stenosis and coronary artery angiography should be performed.

Late outcome after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries.

BACKGROUND: Early and midterm results of the arterial switch operation (ASO) in transposition of the great arteries (TGA) are good, but late outcome data in large populations are still few. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twelve hundred patients had an ASO for TGA between 1982 and 1999, with prospective follow-up of 1095 survivors. Outcome measures included late death, reoperation, aortic insufficiency (AI), pulmonary stenosis (PS), and coronary anomaly. Median follow-up was 4.9 years (range 0.5 to 17 years). Late death occurred in 32 patients; survival was 88% at both 10 and 15 years. The hazard function for death declined rapidly, with no deaths after 5 years. Late mortality was correlated with reintervention and major events in the intensive care unit. Reoperation was performed in 103 patients, more often in complex TGA; the cause was mainly PS. Freedom from reintervention was 82% at 10 and 15 years, with a hazard function that declined rapidly but slowly increased after 3 years. At the last follow-up, PS was present in 3.9% of patients, and grade II or more AI was present in 3.2%, with a cumulative incidence of 9% at 15 years. Among the 278 patients who had a coronary arteriography, 8% had coronary lesions. Normal left ventricle and sinus rhythm were seen in 96.4% and 98.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Fifteen years after ASO, late mortality was low, with no deaths after 5 years; reoperation, mainly owing to PS, occurred throughout the follow-up. AI and coronary obstruction are rare but warrant further follow-up. Good left ventricular function and sinus rhythm are maintained.

Biventricular repair approach in ducto-dependent neonates with hypoplastic but morphologically normal left ventricle.

OBJECTIVES: Increased afterload and multilevel LV obstruction is constant. We assumed that restoration of normal loading conditions by relief of LV obstructions promotes its growth, provided that part of the cardiac output was preoperatively supported by the LV, whatever the echocardiographic indexes. BACKGROUND: Whether to perform uni- or biventricular repair in ducto dependent neonates with hypoplastic but morphologically normal LV (hypoplastic left heart syndrome classes II & III) remains unanswered. Echocardiographic criteria have been proposed for surgical decision. METHODS: Twenty ducto dependent neonates presented with this anomaly. All had aortic coarctation associated to multilevel LV obstruction. Preoperative echocardiographic assessment showed: mean EDLW of 12.4 +/- 3.03 ml/m2 and mean Rhodes score of -1.73 +/-0.8. Surgery consisted in relief of LV outflow tract obstruction by coarctation repair in all associated to aortic commissurotomy in one and ASD closure in 2. RESULTS: There were 3 early and 2 late deaths. Failure of biventricular repair and LV growth was obvious in patients with severe anatomic mitral stenosis. The other demonstrated growth of the left heart. At hospital discharge the EDLVV was 19.4+/-3.12 ml/m2 (p = 0.0001) and the Rhodes score was -0.38+/-1.01 (p = 0.0003). Actuarial survival and freedom from reoperation rates at 5 years were 72.5% and 46%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Biventricular repair can be proposed to ducto dependent neonates with hypoplastic but morphologically normal LV provided that all anatomical causes of LV obstruction can be relieved. Secondary growth of the left heart then occurs; however, the reoperation rate is high.

Factors associated with an increased risk of vertebral fracture in monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance.

Monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance (MGUS) have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of fractures. This study describes prospectively the bone status of MGUS patients and determines the factors associated with vertebral fracture. We included prospectively 201 patients with MGUS, incidentally discovered, and with no known history of osteoporosis: mean age 66.6±12.5 years, 48.3% women, 51.7% immunoglobulin G (IgG), 33.3% IgM and 10.4% IgA. Light chain was kappa in 64.2% patients. All patients had spinal radiographs and bone mineral density measurement in addition to gammopathy assessment. At least one prevalent non-traumatic vertebral fracture was discovered in 18.4% patients and equally distributed between men and women. Fractured patients were older, had a lower bone density and had also more frequently a lambda light chain isotype. Compared with patients with κ light chain, the odds ratio of being fractured for patients with λ light chain was 4.32 (95% confidence interval 1.80-11.16; P=0.002). These results suggest a high prevalence of non-traumatic vertebral fractures in MGUS associated with lambda light chain isotype and not only explained by low bone density.

Characterization and properties of a novel plasmid vector for Bacillus thuringiensis displaying compatibility with host plasmids.

A novel plasmid vector, composed of a 1.7-kb Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) replicon, a multiple cloning site, and an erythromycin-resistance marker gene from Bacillus subtilis, was constructed for use in B.t. Unlike other vectors which have been reported to be acceptable for B.t., this new B.t. vector was stably maintained in the absence of Er and did not displace host plasmids, some of which carry crystal protein-encoding genes (cry genes). The compatibility of this B.t. vector with native plasmids is highly desirable when introducing new cry genes into a wild-type B.t. strain. When a cryIIIA gene of B.t. tenebrionis was cloned in this vector and introduced into B.t. kurstaki (kur) HD119, cryIIIA was highly expressed without affecting the level of expression of native cry genes. The stability of this vector and its compatibility with native B.t. plasmids were achieved by subcloning only nucleotide sequences required for the vector to replicate in B.t. The origin of replication was first cloned on a 9.6-kb Bg/II fragment from a 75-kb plasmid of B.t. kur HD73 and then localized to a 2.4-kb region within the 9.6-kb fragment. Sequencing of the 2.4-kb region revealed the presence of an open reading frame (ORF), encoding a putative 312-amino acid (aa) protein. The deduced aa sequence of the ORF showed no homology to any published aa sequences. Deletion analysis indicated that the B.t. vector required at least the ORF and up to 300 bp surrounding the ORF, in order to replicate.

Isolation and characterization of a bradykinin-potentiating peptide from a bovine peptic hemoglobin hydrolysate.

A bradykinin potentiating peptide was isolated from a peptic bovine hemoglobin hydrolysate, by the use of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Its primary structure, determined by fast atom bombardment (FAB) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), was identical to fragment 129-134 of the alpha-chain of bovine hemoglobin. The bradykinin potency of this peptide, as exhibited by the guinea-pig ileum contraction, was significant and comparable with some others previously described.