Insight into "nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling" as a developmental and differentiational capability of cells in primary culture models.

Shuttling proteins are molecules that can facilitate transport through the nuclear envelope. A very large number of proteins are involved in this process that includes nuclear pore buildup, signal, receptor and enzyme proteins. There are many examples of proteins whose biological activity depends on nucleocytoplasmic transport. Very often they are largely responsible for the proper occurrence of cell division, maturation, development and differentiation. Thanks to the well mastered methods of in vitro cell culture, it is possible to trace the levels of protein expression and their distribution in cells. Advanced molecular techniques allow for precise determination of their displacement in time. Several studies are still being carried out, using primary cultures, to identify the factors that determine the maturation, development and differentiation of cells. In understanding of the detailed mechanisms controlling cell life, the key is not the level of expression of a specific protein, but its distribution in individual cellular compartments.

Human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells: properties, isolation and clinical applications.

Human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) exhibit CD29, CD79 and CD105 markers, characteristic for mesenchymal cell lines. Under the influence of the appropriate factors, WJ-MSCs can be dedifferentiated to osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, myocytes, cardiomyocytes, glial cells and dopaminergic neurons. Wharton's jelly (WJ) is one of the potential sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - obtaining these cells does not raise moral or ethical objections, because the umbilical cord (UC) is a regular waste material. The expression of the OCT-4 and Nanog proteins, which are characteristic for WJ-MSCs may indicate that these cells have retained some embryonic character. The collected data suggests that WJMSCs show increased division and telomerase activity compared to bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs). The published results showed no human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II expression, with the possibility of HLA class I modification by WJ-MSCs, allowing for the transplantation of these cells both within the same and other species - which allows the use of human cells in animal models. The results of selected studies indicate that WJ-MSCs can be an essential element of regenerative medicine of the 21st century.

Expression of PTX3, HAS2 AND TNFAIP6 genes in relation to real-time proliferation of porcine endometrial luminal epithelial cells in primary cultivation model.

Endometrial cells undergo very specific changes associated with reproductive processes. Cells prepare for embryo development by increasing their volume. Then, if fertilization fails, endometrial cells are liable for apoptosis, preparing new cells that are ready for subsequent processes related to the possibility of embryo implantation and the development of pregnancy. PTX3 and TNFAIP6 are absent or reduced in cultured COCs, resulting in a functional change in COC in vitro. In this work, we want to check how PTX3, HAS2 and TNFAIP6 behave in luminal epithelium primary cell culture. Cells obtained during slaughter from porcine specimens were cultured primarily in vitro for 7 days. Their proliferation patterns were then analysed using RTCA, with the expression of genes of interest evaluated with the use of immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR. The results of these changes in the expression of the genes of interest were analysed on each of the seven days of the porcine luminal primary cell culture. Our study showed the increased level of PTX3, HAS2 and TN¬FAIP6 expression at the same hours of primary culture. Rt-qPCR showed a higher level of expression of the PTX3 gene in the first 72 h, at the end of the lag phase (in the phase of stasis in which the cells adapt to the new environment and often die). In contrast, TNFAIP6 expression increases about 96 hours when the cells are in the full log phase (logarithmic phase growth) and continue this trend in the plateau phase. We did not observe such drastic changes in the HAS2 expression pattern, which leads us to hypothesize that PTX3 and TNFAIP6 are designed to maintain a constant level of HAS2 in the cell throughout its lifetime. The obtained results could become a point of reference for further in vivo and clinical research.

Gene expression regulating lipopolysaccharide and lipid metabolic processes in porcine oral mucosal cells in long-term primary in vitro culture.

Lipids are an alternative energy source for cells and provide structural integrity in cell membrane and their metabolism is regulated with the use of different pathways, such as integrin signalling, oxidative stress, mechanical stress, and pH changes. All of those processes take place in the oral mucosa which is subject to different environmental impacts. In this study, porcine buccal pouch mucosal cells (pBPMCs) were used during long-term primary in vitro culture. The cultured cells were collected at 7, 15 and 30 days of IVC and subsequently transferred to RNA isolation. In the results of the following microarray analysis, we analyzed the genes detected, belonging to ontology groups, such as "cellular lipid metabolic process", "response to lipid" and "response to lipopolysaccharides. All of the genes involved in these ontological groups were expressed at higher levels at 7 days of IVC and substantially decreased in expression at days 15 and 30 of primary culture. We observed new genes, which may be recognized as markers in regulation of lipid metabolism in mucosal cells in vitro. The results suggested that the biochemical mechanism-involved lipids were accompanied by increased enzymatic activation and synthesis of crucial growth factors reaching high activity at day 7 of culture, which is also well documented as a stage of tissue regeneration period within oral mucosa. Therefore, this "biochemical fingerprint" may be an additional checkpoint of the integrity, resistance and easy adaptability of oral tissues, which are important conditions of success in tissue engineering and grafting for tissue reconstruction.

The p75 neurotrophin receptor in cells of oral mucosal epithelium.

The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) can play different roles in cells. This protein can on the one hand act in the regulation of cell growth and survival, while being an apoptosis inducing factor in different contexts. p75NTR regulates cell cycle not only in nerve cells but also in epithelial oral mucosal cells. In the former, neurotrophin-p75NTR signaling affects cell growth and survival. Recent studies showed that p75NTR is expressed in basal cells of oral mucosal epithelium and can be used as one of the markers of epithelial stem/progenitor cells. This role of p75NTR can be utilised in aspects such as tissue engineering and gene therapy. One of the examples of clinical use of cultivated oral mucosal cells is ocular surface reconstruction. p75NTR can be a significant marker of stem cells in studies of epithelial tissues, especially when the cells will exhibit other specific markers, such as CK13, CK14 and PCNA..