Predictive factors for successful vagus nerve stimulation in patients with refractory epilepsy: real-life insights from a multicenter study.

Introduction: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy is an established treatment for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy that reduces seizure frequency by at least 50% in approximately half of patients; however, the characteristics of the patients with the best response have not yet been identified. Thus, it is important to identify the profile of patients who would have the best response to guide early indications and better patient selection. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) as an adjuvant therapy for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy from six epilepsy centers in Brazil. Data from 192 patients aged 2-66 years were analyzed, and all patients received at least 6 months of therapy to be included. Results: Included patients were aged 2-66 years (25.6 ± 14.3), 105 (54.7%) males and 87 (45.8%) females. Median follow-up interval was 5 years (range, 2005-2018). Overall, the response rate (≥50% seizure reduction) after VNS implantation was 65.6% (126/192 patients). Most patients had 50-90% seizure reduction (60.9%) and nine patients became seizure-free. There were no serious complications associated with VNS implantation. The rate of a ≥ 50% seizure reduction response was significantly higher in patients with no history of neurosurgery. The presence of focal without generalized seizures and focal discharges on interictal EEG was associated with better response. Overall, etiological predictors of a better VNS response profile were tumors while a worse response to VNS was related to the presence of vascular malformations and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Discussion: We observed an association between a better response to VNS therapy no history of neurosurgery, focal interictal epileptiform activity, and focal seizure pattern. Additionally, it is important to highlight that age was not a determinant factor of the response, as children and adults had similar response rates. Thus, VNS therapy should be considered in both adults and children with DRE.

Ketogenic Diet and Epilepsy: What We Know So Far.

The Ketogenic Diet (KD) is a modality of treatment used since the 1920s as a treatment for intractable epilepsy. It has been proposed as a dietary treatment that would produce similar benefits to fasting, which is already recorded in the Hippocratic collection. The KD has a high fat content (90%) and low protein and carbohydrate. Evidence shows that KD and its variants are a good alternative for non-surgical pharmacoresistant patients with epilepsy of any age, taking into account that the type of diet should be designed individually and that less-restrictive and more-palatable diets are usually better options for adults and adolescents. This review discusses the KD, including the possible mechanisms of action, applicability, side effects, and evidence for its efficacy, and for the more-palatable diets such as the Modified Atkins Diet (MAD) and the Low Glycemic Index Diet (LGID) in children and adults.

Coccidioidomicose: estudo clínico / Coccidiioidomycosis: clinicar study

Coccidioidomicose - infecção endêmica com distribuição geográfica relativamente limitada - é adquirida através da inalação de fungos do gênero Coccidioides, o qual tem atração por terrenos arenosos, alcalinos e de elevada salinidade. No Brasil, a região com maior quantidade de diagnósticos é o Nordeste. O quadro clínico varia de uma infecção respiratória leve à fatalidade. A infecção afeta os pulmões, e por disseminação linfática, pode afetar outros órgãos. Quando atinge o sistema nervoso central causa quadro de meningoencefalite crônica. O diagnóstico presuntivo pode ser baseado na detecção de anticorpos específicos no soro, fixação do complemento, além de teste cutânea de hipersensibilidade retardada à coccidioidina. Deve-se tratar apenas pacientes com fator de risco para a forma disseminada - sintomatologia há mais de dois meses e alterações à telerradiografia. O tratamento deve ser feito com itraconazol ou fluconazol, com duração de três meses, podendo se estender até seis meses.

Coccidioidomycosis - an endemic infection somewhat geographically limited - is acquired by inhaling spores of coccidioides fungi, which are common in alkaline highly saline sandy soils. In Brazil, the area with prevaling coccidioidosis diagnostics is the northeast region. Clinical signs range from mild respiratory disorders to mortality. From the lungs the disease may spread to other organs through the lymphatic system; when affecting the central nervous system it causes chronic meningoencephalitis. Presumptive diagnosis may be bases on the presence of specific antibodies in the serum level, complement fixation or skin tests of delayed hypersensibility to coccidioidin. Only the patients with risk factors for the disseminated form are treated - those who have been symptomatic for more than two months or show sign or alterations on teleradiography. Treatment of choice is itraconazole or fluconazole for three to six months.

Hidatidoses humanas / Human hydatidoses

A hidatidose é uma infecção ciclozoonótica causada pela tênia Echinococcus granulosus. A forma larvária pode ser encontrada em diversos órgãos humanos, principalmente no fígado e pulmões. A distribuição da parasitose está diretamente relacionada à presença de canídeos portadores, que disseminam os ovos, contaminando o ambiente. O diagnóstico é clínico, podendo ser complementado com métodos de imagem e de investigação laboratorial - sorológicos, parasitológicos e de biologia molecular. O tratamento da hidatidose é predominantemente cirúrgico, através da extirpação do cisto. No tratamento farmacológico emprega-se o mebendazol e o albendazol.

Hydatidosis is a cyclozoonotic infection caused by taenia Echinococcus granulosus. The larva form can be found in various human organs, mainly the liver and the lungs. The distribution of the parasite is directly related to the presence of dogs carrying the disease, which disserminate the eggs, contaminating the environment. The diagnosis is clinical, it can be complemented with images and laboratorial exams. The treatment of hydatidosis is mainly surgical with the extraction of the cyst. In the pharmacological treatment mebendazol and albendazol are used.