Direct anterior approach with conventional instruments versus robotic posterolateral approach in elective total hip replacement for primary osteoarthritis: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to compare peri-operative and short-term outcomes in patients who underwent elective total hip replacement (THA) for primary osteoarthritis (OA) with direct anterior approach (DAA) versus a pair-matched cohort of patients who underwent robotic-assisted THA with posterolateral approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from consecutive patients who underwent elective hip replacement from 2021 to 2023 for primary OA were retrospectively retrieved and divided into two groups: the DAA group, who underwent THA with the DAA approach using conventional instruments, and the robotic posterolateral (R-PL group), who underwent robot arm-assisted THA with the posterolateral approach. Comparative assessed outcomes were: operative time, radiographical implant positioning, intake of rescue analgesics, blood loss, transfusion rate, leg length discrepancy and functional outcomes (Harris hip score and forgotten joint score). RESULTS: A total of 100 pair-matched patients were retrieved with a mean age of 66.7 ± 10.7 (range: 32-85) years and a mean follow-up of 12.8 ± 3.6 (range: 7-24) months. No differences in patients' characteristics were detected. Patients in the R-PL group required less rescue tramadol (p > 0.001), ketorolac (p = 0.028) and acetaminophen (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the operative time between (MD = 5.0 min; p = 0.071). Patients in the DAA group had significantly lower Hb levels at day 1 (p = 0.002) without significant differences in transfusion rate (p = 0.283). Patients in the R-PL group had shorter length of stay (LOS) with a mean difference of 1.8 days [p < 0.001; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-2.3]. No difference in clinical outcomes was found [leg length discrepancy (LLD), p = 0.572; HHS, p = 0.558; forgotten joint score (FJS), p = 0.629]. No radiographical differences were measured in cup inclination (MD = 2.0°, p = 0.069), malpositioning [odd ratio (OR) = 0.2; p = 0.141], stem alignment (OR = 0.3; p = 0.485) and stem sizing (OR = 1.5; p = 1.000). There was no difference in complication rate except for lateral femoral cutaneous nerve damage, which was higher in DAA group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: R-PL and DAA THA had comparable short-term clinical and radiological outcomes along with similar complication rates. The R-PL group showed significantly lower Hb drop, rescue analgesic consumption and shorter LOS. This is a preliminary study and no strong recommendation can be provided. Further prospective randomized trials are requested to further investigate the cost-effectiveness of robotic surgery in THA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case-control study.

Surgical treatment of critical size bone defects with Masquelet technique versus bone transport: a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies.

INTRODUCTION: To date, the management of critical-sized bone defects lacks a universally accepted approach among orthopedic surgeons. Currently, the main options to treat severe bone loss include autologous grafting, free vascularized bone transfer, bone transport and induced-membrane technique. The purpose of this study is to critically compare the outcomes of Masquelet technique and bone transport to provide a higher level of evidence regarding the indexed techniques. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors conducted a systematic search on several databases according to the PRISMA guidelines. English-written reports comparing outcomes of the Masquelet technique versus the bone transport technique in patients with critical-sized defects in lower extremities were included. RESULTS: Six observational studies involving 364 patients were included. The systematic review and meta-analysis of pooled data showed no significant difference in most outcomes, except for ASAMI bone outcomes and residual deformity, which showed better results in the bone transport group. The 64% of patients treated with Masquelet technique obtained excellent/good bone ASAMI results compared to 82.8% with bone transport (p = 0.01). Post-operative residual deformity was 1.9% with the bone transport method versus 9.7% with the Masquelet technique (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Both the Masquelet technique and bone transport showed comparable results for the management of critical-sized bone defects of the lower limb. However, these findings must be carefully interpreted due to the high risk of bias. Further prospective randomized controlled trials are necessary to better clarify the strengths and limitations of these two techniques and to identify the variables affecting the outcomes.

Amelogenin-Derived Peptides in Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review.

Amelogenins are enamel matrix proteins currently used to treat bone defects in periodontal surgery. Recent studies have highlighted the relevance of amelogenin-derived peptides, named LRAP, TRAP, SP, and C11, in bone tissue engineering. Interestingly, these peptides seem to maintain or even improve the biological activity of the full-length protein, which has received attention in the field of bone regeneration. In this article, the authors combined a systematic and a narrative review. The former is focused on the existing scientific evidence on LRAP, TRAP, SP, and C11's ability to induce the production of mineralized extracellular matrix, while the latter is concentrated on the structure and function of amelogenin and amelogenin-derived peptides. Overall, the collected data suggest that LRAP and SP are able to induce stromal stem cell differentiation towards osteoblastic phenotypes; specifically, SP seems to be more reliable in bone regenerative approaches due to its osteoinduction and the absence of immunogenicity. However, even if some evidence is convincing, the limited number of studies and the scarcity of in vivo studies force us to wait for further investigations before drawing a solid final statement on the real potential of amelogenin-derived peptides in bone tissue engineering.

ß-NGF and ß-NGF receptor upregulation in blood and synovial fluid in osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is the most common form of non-traumatic joint disease. Previous studies have shown the involvement of ß-NGF and its receptors TrKA and p75NTR in OA-related pain, but their role in its pathogenesis is still unclear. The aim of our study was to investigate the amount of ß-NGF and the expression levels of its receptors on cells isolated from synovial fluid and blood from OA patients who had undergone total knee arthroplasty, in order to check any possible correlation with the disease staging. Our results show a progressive stage-related increase of ß-NGF and its receptors both in serum and synovial fluid. Furthermore, with respect to control subjects, OA patients show an increased amount of inflammatory monocytes along with an increased expression of ß-NGF, TrKA and p75NTR. In conclusion, our study suggests a stage-related modulation of ß-NGF and its receptors in the inflammatory process of OA.

Total knee arthroplasty after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a narrative review.

Background and Objective: Knee replacement following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction can be demanding due to altered anatomy, soft tissue scars, bone loss, extensor mechanism complications, and knee instability. This narrative review summarizes the strategies and approaches to managing operative challenges in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) following ACL reconstruction. Methods: Studies reporting outcomes of patients who underwent TKA after ACL reconstruction were retrieved and assessed to be included in this review that synthesizes the available evidence highlighting the pitfalls encountered during surgery, the intraoperative challenges posed by ligament balancing and exposure, and the leading role of modular and retained implants. Key Content and Findings: TKA following ACL reconstruction has a high rate of intra-operative complications such as instability, bone loss, difficult exposure and demanding soft tissue balancing, representing a revision surgery rather than routine primary knee arthroplasty and a revision-oriented skill set and modular components are recommended to significantly optimize both surgical strategy and patient outcomes. With a rising incidence of ACL injuries and growing reconstructions, anticipating an increase in TKA procedures, this review aims to provide a call for rethinking clinical approaches to ensure effective and patient-centric care. Conclusions: This narrative review seems to indicate that TKA after ACL reconstruction should be considered as revision surgery and modular components should be used. However, future prospective and high-quality studies are required to better clarify risk factors and give strong recommendations for this complex surgery.

Update on surgical procedures for carpal tunnel syndrome: What is the current evidence and practice? What are the future research directions?

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a multifactorial compression neuropathy. It is reported to be very common and rising globally. CTS's treatment varies from conservative measures to surgical treatments. Surgery has shown to be an effective method for more severe cases. However few unclear aspects and room for further research and improvements still remains. We performed a narrative literature review on the most up to date progress and innovation in terms of surgical treatments for CTS. The simple algorithm of leaving the choice of the surgical method to surgeons' preference and experience (together with consideration of patients' related factors) seem to be the best available option, which is supported by the most recent metanalysis and systematic reviews. We suggest that surgeons (unless in presence of precise indications towards endoscopic release) should tend to perform a minimally invasive open approach release, favoring the advantage of a better neurovascular structures visualization (and a consequent higher chance to perform a complete release with long term relief of symptoms) instead of favoring an early reduction (in the first postoperative days) of immobilization and pain. Research towards a universally accepted standardization should be aimed for by the researchers, who have failed to date to sufficiently limit bias and limitations.

Previous anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction influences the complication rate of total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: The results of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are still under-investigated. The purpose of this research is to investigate the differences between TKA after ACL reconstruction and TKA for primary osteoarthritis through a review and meta-analysis of the literature. Methods: Case-control and cohort studies reporting outcomes of TKA following ACL reconstruction were considered eligible for inclusion. The primary endpoint was to systematically review and meta-analyze the reported complications of TKA following ACL reconstruction. The outcomes have been compared with a group of patients who underwent TKA for primary knee osteoarthritis (OA) with any previous ACL surgery. Secondary endpoints were to assess and compare technical difficulties and results including the operative time, the use of revision components, the request for intraoperative release or additional procedures, the revision rate, and the clinical outcomes. Results: Seven studies were included involving 1645 participants, 619 of whom underwent TKA in previous ACL reconstruction and 1026 TKA for primary OA with no previous ACL reconstruction. Meta-analysis showed that TKA in previous ACL reconstruction had a significantly higher complication rate (OR = 2.15, P < 0.001), longer operative times (mean differences (MD): 11.19 min; P < 0.001) and increased use of revision components (OR = 2.16; P < 0.001) when compared to the control group without differences of infection, and revision rate. Conclusions: TKA in a previous ACL reconstruction has a significantly higher complication rate, longer operative times, and a higher need for revision components and intraoperative soft tissue releases in comparison to TKA for primary OA without previous ACL reconstruction.

Unicompartimental knee arthroplasty metallosis treated with uni-on-uni revision: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Metallosis is the result of metallic wear debris in the soft tissues and is associated to both local and systemic inflammatory response. Metallosis has been reported after total hip and total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but rarely after a unicompartimental knee arthroplasty (UKA). In the context of UKA metallosis, surgeons often opt for revision using a TKA. However, in this paper, the authors successfully treated UKA revising the metal back only. CASE SUMMARY: Prior to treat our patient we conducted a literature research through which we identified eleven cases of metallosis after UKA, ten (90.9%) were treated revising using though a TKA. Only one case was managed through a uni-on-uni revision, reporting high knee function. Our patient complained worsening pain and function after a snap occurred at 16 mo after UKA implantation. At 18 mo following surgical debridment and uni-on-uni revision surgery, our patient exhibited a relevant improvement in Oxford Knee Score and a reduction of metal ion levels in the blood. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights that in case of metallosis after UKA, the treatment may be based on surgical debridement and just revising the mobilized components.

Meniscal sutures: biomechanical study of "mulberry" and horizontal loop techniques.

BACKGROUND: This in vitro biomechanical study tested the pullout strength of meniscal repair in human menisci using two different biodegradable suture techniques: the "mulberry" and the horizontal loop. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-five human menisci were used, to which a longitudinal tear of 1.5 cm was applied. If the thread broke or the knot was pulled inside the suture, as happened with the mulberry technique, the repair was considered a failure. Furthermore, we evaluated possible lesions of the meniscus due to changes the structural properties caused by the suture, leading to the loss of elastic return. RESULTS: The results showed there was a statistically significant difference between the two suture techniques used and the unsutured menisci. Furthermore, five menisci with vertical sutures were analyzed for which the breakup loads were superior to the breakup loads of the mulberry suture and the horizontal loop suture. Nevertheless, the load strengths with respect to elastic return were similar to those of the mulberry and the horizontal loop techniques. Finally, in five menisci, we analyzed the suture-healthy meniscus interface, and found breakup values similar to those of the unsutured meniscus. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show the need to perform meniscal sutures and the futility of sutures that are intended to withstand elevated loads such as traction strengths of >30 N, as these produce irreparable secondary lesions that alter the histological structure of the meniscus and prevent healing.

First reported case of a coronal hamate fracture associated with intrusion of the fifth metacarpal base, together with a fracture of the fourth metacarpal base.

We present a case reporting a rare combination of base of fourth metacarpal fracture and coronal body of hamate fracture, treated conservatively with excellent results. High index of suspicion for undetected bony injuries drove the execution of a CT scan, which allowed us to make a full correct diagnosis and plan treatment. Moreover, this case becomes the first reported case in the literature of such injury causing the intrusion of the base of the fifth metacarpal within the hamate bone, thus causing the coronal pattern of the hamate fracture. Differently from the common surgical management of this type of injury, we successfully treated this patient with close reduction and immobilisation, with full recovery after 3 months.

Foot Macrodactyly Associated with Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is a rare congenital malformation which may be associated with macrodactyly. The main problem is the need for custom-made shoes. We describe the case of a female newborn affected by Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, with a larger and longer right foot; the difference increased progressively and, at 5 years of age, the right foot was 50% larger and 38% longer than the left one. Due to the progression of the deformity, reduction surgery was advised to reduce the foot's width. Resection of the second ray and 2nd cuneiform was performed. The result was excellent and there were no complications during a 10-year follow-up period with a decrease of width and length difference to 10% and 4%, respectively, in comparison to the contralateral foot. There were no gait anomalies. Abnormal foot width and length represented the main problems and guided the surgical strategy. Second ray resection was effective, without complications and with a good long-term functional outcome. Possibility of wearing fashionable conventional shoes without insoles was achieved to the patient's satisfaction.

Articular Femoral Head Fracture Management: A Meta-analysis of Literature.

PURPOSE: Articular fractures of the proximal femur are seldom encountered and there are few studies in literature regarding this topic. To date, only a few large series have adequate follow-up and exhaustive description of treatment and outcome, which, however, often result incomplete and do not allow a comparison. Since there are still uncertainties and debates on which the treatment gold standard should be, the goal of the present study is to carry out a meta-analysis on type I and II Pipkin fracture management to establish the best treatment according to EBM. METHODS: Studies regarding acetabular fractures of the femur head were identified from Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Medline, ScienceDirect and PubMed; gray studies were searched from the included references' literature, and using general search engines and Social media; the query to be temporally extended from 1996 to 2020. Only comparative studies were included; we ruled out case-reports, case series, author's opinion, register databases. RESULTS: Comparing conservative and surgical treatment, we found evidence of a better outcome choosing surgical treatment. We found a significant better outcome with open reduction internal fixation, instead of fragment excision. Comparing failure rate of surgical approaches, we found no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: Our study proves that there is evidence in favor of operative treatment rather than conservative in complete or displaced Pipkin fracture Type I + II; open reduction internal fixation should be preferred rather than fragment excision, whenever possible. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III. Therapeutic.

Wound Infiltration with Levobupivacaine, Ketorolac, and Adrenaline for Postoperative Pain Control after Spinal Fusion Surgery.

STUDY DESIGN: This study enrolled patients in from a single center who underwent primary spinal fusion procedure and divided them into two groups (group-control study). PURPOSE: Good local infiltration can reduce postoperative analgesic requirements and enable expedited discharge. Administration of a combination of levobupivacaine (200 mg/100 mL, 0.9% normal saline), ketorolac (30 mg), and adrenaline (0.5 mg) as a wound infiltrate is recommended at an optimum combination. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: There is currently no consensus on the optimum intraoperative local infiltration of spinal surgery patients undergoing operative fusion. METHODS: Patients who were enrolled in two spinal centers (over 24 months) undergoing primary spinal fusion procedures were allocated into two groups, comparing the type of local infiltration used at the time of the procedure. Group 1 received the combination of levobupivacaine (200 mg), ketorolac (30 mg), and adrenaline (0.5 mg), while group 2 received other types of local anesthetics. Primary outcome measures include patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) use, morphine consumption, and length of hospital stay. Secondary outcome measure are as follows: days of physiotherapy, pain score, side effects, and complications. RESULTS: There are a total of 140 patients enrolled. Seventy-five patients enrolled were allocated to group 1, receiving the study combination, and 65 patients were assigned in group 2, receiving other local infiltrations. All primary outcome measures (consumption of morphine, use of PCA, and length of stay) were significantly higher in group 2 than the study combination (p<0.05). The secondary outcomes of pain scores and days of physiotherapy values were also significantly higher in group 2 (p<0.05). Patient satisfaction questionnaires gave significantly better results in group 1 (p<0.05). There were no significant statistical differences with regard to any postoperative complications between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the studied wound infiltration is a safe and feasible option that could provide good postoperative pain control without significant side effects. It also allowed to reduce dependence of opioids and PCA, earlier postoperative mobilization, lower pain scores postoperatively, and reduced hospital stay.

Orthopaedic patient workflow in CoViD-19 pandemic in Italy.

CoViD-19 epidemic started in China in late December 2019, and soon spread, turning into a pandemic. All medical specialties have soon been involved in the management of CoViD-19 patients; the daily Orthopaedic activity has been affected profoundly by this dramatic health emergency. The present paper aims to summarize all the measures and changes that had to be made in order to avoid the healthcare system collapse in the most affected areas, and provides an operative flowchart.

Does Manual Drilling Improve the Healing of Bone-Hamstring Tendon Grafts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction? A Histological and Biomechanical Study in a Rabbit Model.

BACKGROUND: Heat necrosis due to motorized drilling during anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction could be a factor in delayed healing at the bone-tendon graft interface. HYPOTHESIS: The process of osteointegration could be enhanced using manual drilling. It reduces the invasiveness of mechanical-thermal stress normally caused by the traditional motorized drill bit. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: ACL reconstruction using semitendinosus tendon autografts was performed in 28 skeletally mature female New Zealand white rabbits, which were randomly divided into 3 groups. In group A (n = 12), the tunnels were drilled using a motorized device; in group B (n = 12), the tunnels were drilled using a manual drill bit; and group C (n = 4) served as a control with sham surgical procedures. The healing process in the tunnels was assessed histologically at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks and graded according to the Tendon-Bone Tunnel Healing (TBTH) scoring system. In addition, another 25 rabbits were used for biomechanical testing. The structural properties of the femur-ACL graft-tibia complex, from animals sacrificed at 8 weeks postoperatively, were determined using uniaxial tests. Stiffness (N/mm) and ultimate load to failure (N) were determined from the resulting load-elongation curves. RESULTS: The time course investigation showed that manual drilling (group B) had a higher TBTH score and improved mechanical behavior, reflecting better organized collagen fiber continuity at the bone-fibrous tissue interface, better integration between the graft and bone, and early mineralized chondrocyte-like tissue formation at all the time points analyzed with a maximum difference at 4 weeks (TBTH score: 5.4 [group A] vs 12.3 [group B]; P < .001). Stiffness (23.1 ± 8.2 vs 17.8 ± 6.3 N/mm, respectively) and ultimate load to failure (91.8 ± 60.4 vs 55.0 ± 18.0 N, respectively) were significantly enhanced in the specimens treated with manual drilling compared with motorized drilling (P < .05 for both). CONCLUSION: The use of manual drilling during ACL reconstruction resulted in better tendon-to-bone healing during the crucial early weeks. Manual drilling was able to improve the biological and mechanical properties of bone-hamstring tendon graft healing and was able to restore postoperative graft function more quickly. Tunnel drilling results in bone loss and deficient tendon-bone healing, and heat necrosis after tunnel enlargement may cause mechanical stress, contributing to a delay in healing. Manual drilling preserved the bone stock inside the tunnel, reduced heat necrosis, and offered a better microenvironment for faster healing at the interface. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Based on study results, manual drilling could be used successfully in human ACL reconstruction, but further clinical studies are needed. A clinical alternative, called the original "all-inside" technique, has been developed for ACL reconstruction. In this technique, the femoral and tibial tunnels are manually drilled only halfway through the bone for graft fixation, reducing bone loss. Data from this study suggest that hamstring tendon-to-bone healing can be improved using a manual drilling technique to form femoral and tibial tunnels.

The Challenge of Managing the "Third-Space" in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Review of Current Concepts.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the best treatment for advanced knee osteoarthritis and it has proven to be durable and effective. Anterior knee pain (AKP) is still one of the most frequent complications after TKA, but sometimes no recognized macroscopic causes can be found. The correct treatment of patella is considered the key for a proper management of AKP. The inclusion of patellar resurfacing during TKA has been described as a potential method for the reduction of AKP. After surgeons started to resurface the patella, new complications emerged, such as component failure, instability, fracture, tendon rupture, and soft tissue impingement. Patelloplasty has been proposed as a good alternative to resurfacing but whether or not to resurface the patella is still a controversial topic in the literature. Therefore, patellofemoral joint is a complex critical aspect in TKA and choosing between the several options of treatment of patella could not be sufficient. In this review, evidence-based studies do not succeed in resolving this difficult argument. The accurate management of the so-called "third space" should include an accurate assessment of cartilage layers, balance of soft tissue, preoperative anterior tracking, and positioning of the femoral and tibial components. In fact, the selection of suitable implants and adherence to proper surgical technique are the fundamental principles for the success of TKA.

Return to sport activity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature athletes with manual drilling original all inside reconstruction at 8 years follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are common injuries in adolescent athletes, especially in those who bear high stress on their knees due to shearing forces. The goal of the surgical procedures in skeletally immature patients is to restore joint stability avoiding the adverse effects on the growth process. The aim of this study was to verify the return of the skeletally immature professional athletes to sports in the long-term, following ACL reconstruction with the original all-inside technique and with manual drilling. METHODS: This study included 24 athletes (14 boys, 10 girls; mean age: 13.15 years, range: 9-14 years) who had radiographic evidence of open physes, were less than 14 years of age at the time of surgery and those with a minimum follow-up of eight years. All patients completed a questionnaire, the IKDC subjective knee evaluation form, and Tegner Activity Scale. Biomechanical outcomes of the KT-1000 arthrometer, gait analysis, and stabilometric and isokinetic results were also evaluated. A plain radiograph of both lower limbs was taken to obtain a precise measurement of the limb length and mechanical axis angles. RESULTS: The patients returned to sport activities in a mean time of 6.43 months. No rerupture or resurgery due to growth abnormalities was observed. The mean difference in length between the operated and contralateral legs was 0.4 (range: -0.2 to 0.7) cm. The mean side-to-side difference measured with the KT-1000 arthrometer was 5.2 (range: 3.5 to 7) mm in the preoperative and 0.8 (range: 0 to 2.5) mm in the postoperative measurements. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the original all-inside technique with manual drilling with a half tunnel and short graft seems to be a very effective technique for the surgical management of ACL injuries in pediatric/adolescent athletes. A good rate of return to sports at pre-injury levels or higher, high patient satisfaction and a decent motor and proprioceptive function is possible as shown by our analysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, Therapeutic study.

Acute patellofemoral instability in children and adolescents.

Patellofemoral problems are considered to be among the most frequent causes of knee pain in children and adolescents. Correcting bone abnormalities through specific and targeted interventions is mandatory in skeletally immature patients. Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction is the preferred procedure, but there are several important precautionary considerations that the surgeon must take into account. It must always be remembered that MPFL rupture is the result, not the cause, of an altered extensor mechanism; therefore, patellar stabilization with MPFL reconstruction is only the first step to be accomplished in the management of an MPFL rupture. If other anatomical alterations are encountered, alternative/additional surgical procedures should be considered. If MPFL rupture occurs without associated anatomical or functional knee alterations, an appropriate rehabilitation program after MPFL reconstruction should be sufficient to achieve a good outcome. In conclusion, an acute patellar dislocation should be managed conservatively unless there is evidence of osteochondral damage or medial retinaculum lesions. Osseous procedures are contraindicated in children, while MPFL anatomical reconstruction with "physeal sparing" is the primary surgical option.

Postpartum Sacral Stress Fracture: An Atypical Case Report.

Sacral stress fractures are common in elderly people. However, sacral stress fracture should be always screened in the differential diagnoses of low back pain during the postpartum period. We present a case of sacral fracture in a thirty-six-year-old woman with low back pain and severe right buttock pain two days after cesarean section delivery of a 3.9 Kg baby. The diagnosis was confirmed by MRI and CT scan, while X-ray was unable to detect the fracture. Contribution of mechanical factors during the cesarean section is not a reasonable cause of sacral fracture. Pregnancy and lactation could be risk factors for sacral stress fracture even in atraumatic delivery such as cesarean section. Our patient had no risk factors for osteoporosis except for pregnancy and lactation. Transient or focal osteoporosis is challenging to assess and it cannot be ruled out even if serum test and mineral density are within the normal range.