Clinical and ultrasonographic evaluation of the window of opportunity for retreatment with rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis patients from a multicentre real-life study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine a potential window of opportunity for retreatment with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from a multicentre longitudinal real-life study based on tight monitoring with ultrasonography (US). METHODS: Thirty RA patients treated with rituximab were included. US parameters were collected at each time (8 visits) of the 18-month follow-up, notably the global score of power Doppler (PD) activity. Clinical relapse was defined as a DAS28 ESR of >3.2 after 6 months in responders while US relapse was defined as an increase of ≥20% of the global score of PD activity. The decision of retreatment was based exclusively on clinical findings. RESULTS: A total of 29 patients were analysed (mean (SD) age: 57.2 (12.2) years; female gender: 66%). The mean (SD) PD score decreased from 8.8 (5.2) at baseline to 4.9 (4.3) at 6 months (p <0.0001). A clinical response was observed at Month 4 or Month 6 for 93% of patients. A total of 19 patients had a first clinical relapse (with or without US relapse) after Month 6 (18 of them were retreated with rituximab). Among 10 patients without clinical relapse, 3 had US relapse (only one was retreated) and 7 had no US relapse (but 4 were retreated). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights a great heterogeneity in terms of sequence of clinical relapse, US relapse and retreatment in RA patients receiving rituximab. Therefore, US monitoring does not seem to be relevant to determine the best time for retreatment with rituximab.

Development and validation of a self-administered questionnaire measuring essential knowledge in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

To develop and validate a questionnaire assessing patient knowledge in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Knowledge considered essential for patients with RA was identified through a series of Delphi rounds among rheumatologists, health professionals (HPs), patients, and then reformulated to construct the knowledge questionnaire. Cross-sectional multicenter validation was performed in 12 rheumatology departments to assess internal validity (Kuder-Richardson coefficient), external validity, acceptability, reproducibility (Lin's concordance correlation coefficient) and sensitivity to change (difference in total score before and after patient education sessions). Associations between patient variables and knowledge levels were evaluated. RAKE (RA Knowledge questionnairE) is a self-administered 45-item questionnaire scored 0-100, with a 32-item short-form survey assessing knowledge of disease, comorbidity, pharmacological treatments, non-pharmacological treatments, self-care and adaptative skills. Of 130 patients included in the validation study, 108 were women. Acceptability was good with < 5% missing data. Internal validity coefficient was 0.90. Mean (standard deviation) long-form score was 72.8 ± 17.8, with lower scores in comorbidity and self-care and higher scores in adaptive skills. Reproducibility was good (0.86 [0.80; 0.92]). RAKE score was positively correlated with the patients' level of education and the HPs' opinion on the patients' knowledge. RAKE score showed good sensitivity to change: 66.8 ± 16.4 then 83.8 ± 12.7, representing a hedges effect size of 1.14 [95% CI 0.73; 1.55]. RAKE is an updated questionnaire assessing essential knowledge for patients with RA to enhance self-management according to current guidelines and the patients' perspective. RAKE can usefully inform patient education interventions, routine care and research.

Efficacy of a tight-control and treat-to-target strategy in axial spondyloarthritis: results of the open-label, pragmatic, cluster-randomised TICOSPA trial.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the benefits of a tight-control/treat-to-target strategy (TC/T2T) in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) with those of usual care (UC). METHODS: Pragmatic, prospective, cluster-randomised, controlled, open, 1-year trial (NCT03043846). 18 centres were randomised (1:1). Patients met Axial Spondylo Arthritis International Society (ASAS) criteria for axSpA, had an Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) ≥2.1, received non-optimal treatment by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and were biologic-naive. INTERVENTIONS: (1) TC/T2T: visits every 4 weeks and prespecified strategy based on treatment intensification until achieving target (ie, ASDAS <2.1); (2) UC: visits every 12 weeks and treatment at the rheumatologist's discretion. MAIN OUTCOME: Percentage of patients with a ≥30% improvement on the ASAS-Health Index (ASAS-HI). Other efficacy outcomes and adverse events were recorded. A health economic evaluation was performed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Two-level mixed models were used to estimate efficacy outcomes. Cost-effectiveness was assessed by the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained for TC/T2T versus UC. RESULTS: 160 patients were included (80/group). Mean (SD) age was 37.9 (11.0) years and disease duration was 3.7 (6.2) years; 51.2% were men. ASDAS at inclusion was 3.0 (0.7), and ASAS-HI was 8.6 (3.7). ASAS-HI improved by ≥30% in 47.3% of the TC/T2T arm and in 36.1% of those receiving UC (non-significant). All secondary efficacy outcomes were more frequent in the TC/T2T arm, although not all statistically significant. Safety was similar in both arms. From a societal perspective, TC/T2T resulted in an additional 0.04 QALY, and saved €472 compared with UC. CONCLUSION: TC/T2T was not significantly superior to UC for the primary outcome, while many secondary efficacy outcomes favoured it, had a similar safety profile and was favourable from a societal health economic perspective. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03043846.

Evaluation of the impact of a nurse-led program of patient self-assessment and self-management in axial spondyloarthritis: results of a prospective, multicentre, randomized, controlled trial (COMEDSPA).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a nurse-led program of self-management and self-assessment of disease activity in axial spondyloarthritis. METHODS: Prospective, randomized, controlled, open, 12-month trial (NCT02374749). Participants were consecutive axial spondyloarthritis patients (according to the rheumatologist) and nurses having participated in a 1-day training meeting. The program included self-management: educational video and specific video of graduated, home-based exercises for patients; and self-assessment: video presenting the rationale of tight monitoring of disease activity with composite scores (Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease activity Score, ASDAS/Bath Ankyslosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, BASDAI). The nurse trained patients to collect, calculate and report (monthly) ASDAS/BASDAI. Treatment allocation was by random allocation to this program or a comorbidities assessment (not presented here and considered here as the control group). RESULTS: A total of 502 patients (250 and 252 in the active and control groups, respectively) were enrolled (age: 46.7 (12.2) years, male gender: 62.7%, disease duration: 13.7 (11.0) years). After the one-year follow-up period, the adherence to the self-assessment program was considered good (i.e. 79% reported scores >6 times). Despite a lack of statistical significance in the primary outcome (e.g. coping) there was a statistically significant difference in favor of this program for the following variables: change in BASDAI, number and duration of the home exercises in the active group, and physical activity (international physical activity score, IPAQ). CONCLUSION: This study suggests a short-term benefit of a nurse-led program on self-management and self-assessment for disease activity in a young axial spondyloarthritis population in terms of disease activity, exercises and physical activity.

Early phase clinical and biological markers associated with subclinical atherosclerosis measured at 7 years of evolution in an early inflammatory arthritis cohort.

OBJECTIVES: Accelerated atherosclerosis has emerged as a critical issue in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There is a need to better understand the link between RA and atherosclerosis. Our aim was to identify parameters associated with the development of subclinical atheroma in a very early arthritis (VErA) cohort. METHODS: VErA-cohort patients were prospectively recruited from 1998 to 2002. Arthritis treatment was standardised from onset. The clinical, biological and radiological parameters of all patients were collected from inclusion. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) was measured 7 years after their first symptoms. RESULTS: Among 105 patients included, 82 developed RA (mean age at onset: 51.7±12.8 years). Mean carotid artery IMT at year 7 was 0.67±0.12 mm. Larger thickness defined by values above the median (0.66) was associated with inclusion age (p<10-6), swollen joint count (p=0.01), DAS44 (p=0.048) and hypertension (p=0.006). In contrast, anti-CCP positivity (>50 UA/ml) was associated with thinner cIMT (p=0.03). Baseline as well as cumulated values of markers reflecting systemic inflammation, lymphocyte activation, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress were not correlated with carotid subclinical atherosclerosis. Major independent atheroma risk factors retained by multivariate analyses were hypertension (OR 4.33 [1.59-11.73]; p=0.004) and swollen joint count at inclusion (OR 3.87 [1.54-9.72]; p=0.004), while methotrexate use was a protective marker (OR 0.27 [0.11-0.71]; p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: This study conducted from the VErA vascular cohort of community-cases of RA confirm that cIMT is under the influence of classical CV risk (hypertension), disease marker (SJC) and methotrexate intake.

Impact of a nurse-led programme on comorbidity management and impact of a patient self-assessment of disease activity on the management of rheumatoid arthritis: results of a prospective, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial (COMEDRA).

OBJECTIVES: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are at an increased risk of developing comorbid conditions. A close monitoring of the disease targeting a status of low disease activity is associated with a better outcome. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the impact of a nurse-led programme on comorbidities and the impact of patient self-assessment of disease activity on the management of RA. METHODS: We enrolled 970 patients (mean age 58 years, 79% women) in a prospective, randomised, controlled, open-label, 6-month trial. In the comorbidity group (n=482), the nurse checked comorbidities and sent the programme results to the attending physicians. In the self-assessment group (n=488), the nurse taught the patient how to calculate his/her Disease Activity Score which had to be reported on a booklet to be shared with the treating rheumatologist. The number of measures taken for comorbidities and the percentage of patients recording a change (initiation, switch or increased dose) in disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in the 6 months follow-up period of the study defined the outcomes of the trial. RESULTS: The number of measures taken per patient was statistically higher in the comorbidity group: 4.54±2.08 versus 2.65±1.57 (p<0.001); incidence rate ratio: 1.78 (1.61-1.96) and DMARD therapy was changed more frequently in the self-assessment group: 17.2% versus 10.9% (OR=1.70 (1.17; 2.49), p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the short-term benefit of a nurse-led programme on RA comorbidity management and the impact of patient self-assessment of disease activity on RA treatment intensification. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT #01315652.

An Overview of Opioid Prescription Patterns among Non-Opioid Users Following Emergency Department Admission.

The evolving landscape of opioid prescription practices necessitates a comprehensive understanding of emerging patterns, particularly among new opioid users discharged from emergency departments. This study delves into the intricate realm of opioid utilization by elucidating the prevalence of their prescriptions. A retrospective analysis of electronic health records was conducted, including a cohort of 71 patients who received opioid prescriptions upon discharge from emergency departments from 1 January 2022 to 30 June 2022. Demographic characteristics and prescription details were systematically examined. This study illuminates tramadol's prominence, with 84% of prescriptions and a Defined Daily Dose (DDD) morphine equivalent of 60 mg, as the primary choice as a new opioid, a finding that draws attention due to the closely aligned dosages with morphine equivalents. This discovery prompts a critical reassessment of tramadol's therapeutic role, considering its multifaceted nature encompassing serotonergic effects and heightened fall risks. This study advocates for a nuanced and vigilant approach to tramadol prescription, cognizant of its potential risks and therapeutic implications, and highlights the imperative of optimizing data quality and traceability within electronic health records to enhance patient care and facilitate future research endeavors.

Standardized reporting for systematic global evaluation of axial spondyloarthritis: An evidence-based and consensus-driven initiative.

INTRODUCTION: National and international scientific societies advocate for a regular, systematic, and standardized global evaluation of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) patients. However, there are no recommendations specifying the content of this global evaluation. This initiative aimed to propose a standardized reporting framework, using evidence-based and consensus approaches, to collect data on all domains of axSpA. METHODS: A literature review and consensus process involved a steering committee and an expert panel of 37 rheumatologists and health professionals. The first steering committee took place in March 2022 and identified the main domains for inclusion in the standardized report. A hierarchical literature review was conducted to identify items within these domains and tools for assessment. The items and tools for assessment were discussed and consensus was reached through a vote session during an expert meeting that took place in March 2023. RESULTS: The steering committee identified four main domains to include in the standardized reporting framework: disease assessment, comorbidities, lifestyle, and quality of life. Items and tools for assessment were adopted after the expert meeting. Additionally, recommendations regarding digital tools (websites, apps, social media) were provided. CONCLUSION: This initiative led to a consensus, based on evidence and expertise, on a reporting framework for use during periodic systematic global evaluations of axSpa in daily practice.

Impact of Clinical Pharmacist Consultations on Postoperative Pain in Ambulatory Surgery.

Post-operative pain is a common symptom of ambulatory surgery. The objective of this study was to evaluate a pain management protocol integrating a pharmacist consultation. We conducted a quasi-experimental, single center, before-after study. The control group was recruited between 1 March and 31 May 2018 and the intervention group between 1 March and 31 May 2019. Outpatients in the intervention group received a pharmacist consultation, in addition to the usual anesthesiologist and nurse consultations. Pharmacist consultations were conducted in two steps: the first step consisted of general open-ended questions and the second step of a specific and individualized pharmaceutical interview. A total of 125 outpatients were included in each group. There were 17% (95% CI 5 to 27%, p = 0.022) fewer patients with moderate to severe pain in the pharmaceutical intervention group compared with the control group, which corresponded to a decrease in the mean pain level of 0.9/10 (95% CI -1.5/10; -0.3/10; p = 0.002). The multivariate analysis did not reveal any confounding factors, showing that only the pharmaceutical intervention could explain this result. This study demonstrates a positive impact of pharmacist consultations on postoperative pain in ambulatory surgery.

Efficacy of a nurse-led patient education intervention in promoting safety skills of patients with inflammatory arthritis treated with biologics: a multicentre randomised clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a nurse-led patient education on safety skills of patients with inflammatory arthritis treated with biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs). METHODS: This is a multicentre, open-labelled, randomised controlled trial comparing an intervention group (face-to-face education by a nurse at baseline and 3 months later) with a control group (usual care) at the introduction of a first subcutaneous bDMARD. The primary outcome was score on the BioSecure questionnaire at 6 months (0-100 scale), a validated questionnaire assessing competencies in dealing with fever, infections, vaccination and daily situations. The secondary outcomes were disease activity, coping, psychological well-being, beliefs about medication, self-efficacy and severe infection rate. RESULTS: 129 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis were enrolled in nine rheumatology departments; 122 completed the study; 127 were analysed; and 64 received the intervention (mean duration: 65 min at baseline and 44 min at 3 months). The primary outcome was met: the BioSecure score was 81.2±13.1 and 75.6±13.0 in the education and usual care groups (difference: +6.2, 95% CI 1.3 to 11.1, p=0.015), demonstrating higher safety skills in the education group. Exploratory analyses showed better skills regarding infections, greater willingness for vaccinations and greater adherence-related behaviours in the education group. Coping was significantly more improved by education; other secondary outcomes were improved in both groups, with no difference. CONCLUSIONS: Educating patients was effective in promoting patient behaviours for preventing adverse events with bDMARDs. An education session delivered to patients starting a first bDMARD can be useful to help them self-manage safety issues. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02855320.

eDOL mHealth App and Web Platform for Self-monitoring and Medical Follow-up of Patients With Chronic Pain: Observational Feasibility Study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic pain affects approximately 30% of the general population, severely degrades quality of life (especially in older adults) and professional life (inability or reduction in the ability to work and loss of employment), and leads to billions in additional health care costs. Moreover, available painkillers are old, with limited efficacy and can cause significant adverse effects. Thus, there is a need for innovation in the management of chronic pain. Better characterization of patients could help to identify the predictors of successful treatments, and thus, guide physicians in the initial choice of treatment and in the follow-up of their patients. Nevertheless, current assessments of patients with chronic pain provide only fragmentary data on painful daily experiences. Real-life monitoring of subjective and objective markers of chronic pain using mobile health (mHealth) programs can address this issue. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that regular patient self-monitoring using an mHealth app would lead physicians to obtain deeper understanding and new insight into patients with chronic pain and that, for patients, regular self-monitoring using an mHealth app would play a positive therapeutic role and improve adherence to treatment. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a new mHealth app called eDOL. METHODS: We conducted an observational study to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the eDOL tool. Patients completed several questionnaires using the tool over a period of 2 weeks and repeated assessments weekly over a period of 3 months. Physicians saw their patients at a follow-up visit that took place at least 3 months after the inclusion visit. A composite criterion of the acceptability and feasibility of the eDOL tool was calculated after the completion of study using satisfaction surveys from both patients and physicians. RESULTS: Data from 105 patients (of 133 who were included) were analyzed. The rate of adherence was 61.9% (65/105) after 3 months. The median acceptability score was 7 (out of 10) for both patients and physicians. There was a high rate of completion of the baseline questionnaires and assessments (mean 89.3%), and a low rate of completion of the follow-up questionnaires and assessments (63.8% (67/105) and 61.9% (65/105) respectively). We were also able to characterize subgroups of patients and determine a profile of those who adhered to eDOL. We obtained 4 clusters that differ from each other in their biopsychosocial characteristics. Cluster 4 corresponds to patients with more disabling chronic pain (daily impact and comorbidities) and vice versa for cluster 1. CONCLUSIONS: This work demonstrates that eDOL is highly feasible and acceptable for both patients with chronic pain and their physicians. It also shows that such a tool can integrate many parameters to ensure the detailed characterization of patients for future research works and pain management. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrial.gov NCT03931694; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03931694.

Combining anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide with the American College of Rheumatology 1987 criteria failed to improve early rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis in the community-based very early arthritis cohort.

OBJECTIVES: To test the performances of combining anti-CCP second generation (CCP2) with ACR 1987 classification criteria and to diagnose early RA in a community-based very early arthritis (VErA) patient cohort. METHODS: The VErA cohort comprised 310 patients (median age 52 years; 68.1% women; median symptom duration 4.2 months; glucocorticoid- and DMARD naïve) conservatively treated during the first 2 years. At 6 years of follow-up, a three-expert committee classified the patients into three groups: RA, other classified arthritis (OCA) or unclassified arthritis (UA). We calculated the performances of the different sets, including anti-CCP2 positivity, while retaining or deleting RF and rheumatoid nodule components with ACR 1987 criteria for early RA diagnosis. Models were subjected to receiver operating characteristics curve and logistic regression analyses to try to identify relevant sets able to classify very early RA. RESULTS: At 6 years, 149 patients were diagnosed as RA and 119 as non-RA (95 OCA and 24 UA). The original ACR 1987 criteria had 77.9% sensitivity and 64.7% specificity for the RA diagnosis at 6 years. The modified set excluding rheumatoid nodules, including anti-CCP2 positivity and retaining RF performed significantly better than ACR 1987 criteria, with 79.9% sensitivity and 64.7% specificity and with a larger area under the curve. However, in the zone of interest, i.e., ≥4/7 criteria, the curves for these sets were superimposed. CONCLUSIONS: Adding anti-CCP2 positivity and deleting rheumatoid nodules failed to improve the performances of ACR 1987 classification criteria for the diagnosis of early RA.

Gene profiling predicts rheumatoid arthritis responsiveness to IL-1Ra (anakinra).

OBJECTIVES: The overall non-response rate to biologics remains 30-40% for patients with RA resistant to MTX. The objective of this study was to predict responsiveness to the anakinra-MTX combination by peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene profiling in order to optimize treatment choice. METHODS: Thirty-two patients treated with anakinra (100 mg/day s.c.) and MTX were categorized as responders when their 28-joint DAS (DAS-28) had decreased by ≥1.2 at 3 months. Pre-treatment blood samples had been drawn. RESULTS: For seven responders and seven non-responders, 52 microarray-identified mRNAs were expressed as a function of the response to treatment, and unsupervised hierarchical clustering correctly separated responders from non-responders. The levels of seven of these 52 transcripts, as assessed by real-time, quantitative RT-PCR, were able to accurately classify 15 of 18 other patients (8 responders and 10 non-responders), with 87.5% specificity and 77.8% negative-predictive value for responders. Among the 52 genes, 56% were associated with IL-1ß. CONCLUSION: This predictive gene expression profile was obtained with a non-invasive procedure. After further validation in other cohorts of patients, it could be proposed and used on a large scale to select likely RA responders to combined anakinra-MTX. Trial registration. Clinical Trials; NCT00213538 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).

Clinical impact of a personalized pharmaceutical plan on opioid management in non-cancer pain: a pilot study.

Non-cancer pain of the locomotor apparatus is the main symptom justifying referral to a rheumatologist with potential introduction of opioids, leading to addiction if misused. The objective was to evaluate the impact of a personalized pharmaceutical plan on patients' knowledge of their opioid treatment and its duration. This prospective non-randomized pilot study was conducted during 7 months with standardized data collected in a French rheumatology department. Patients with rheumatic diseases and non-cancer pain requiring opioid treatment were included. The intervention group had a 30-min opioid-targeted pharmaceutical interview and received a full medication plan and the control group received usual care. A total of 17 patients were included in the intervention group and 18 in the control group. Among patients in the intervention group, only 6 (35%) knew that immediate-release opioids have a rapid and short action, 9 (53%) were worried about taking opioids, and 13 (76%) reported that they would refer to the information document provided if side effects occurred. A trend toward a shorter duration of treatment was observed in the study group (HR = 1.87, 95% CI 0.93 to 3.76, p = 0.08), but this trend was attenuated when adjusting on hospital duration (HR = 1.53, 95% CI 0.74 to 3.15, p = 0.25). This pilot study provides preliminary evidence on the role of the clinical pharmacist in the management of non-cancer pain with strong opioids. Clinical benefits will be assessed in a randomized study. Key Points • Knowledge of opioids is insufficient in rheumatology patients with non-cancer pain. • Pharmaceutical interviews may improve patients' knowledge of opioids.

Opioid epidemic: Does rheumatological practice favors risk for patients? National survey on rheumatologists' opioid prescriptions and compliance to guidelines for strong opioid prescription.

OBJECTIVES: Given the scope of rheumatology and its prevalence of pain, it seems needed that a study should focus on prescription habits, in the midst of the international opioid epidemic and given the moderate efficacy of strong opioids in chronic musculoskeletal conditions. We compared rheumatologists' opioid prescribing patterns in non-cancer pain with recommended practice. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of the French health insurance database, including all patients aged 16 years or over reimbursed for at least one strong opioid prescription from a rheumatologist in 2015. A nationwide survey of all registered rheumatologists in France was performed with a 47-item questionnaire in June 2015. RESULTS: Only 2.4% of the patients receiving a strong opioid in 2015 (n=700,946) had at least one prescription from a rheumatologist. Rheumatologists prescribed mostly morphine, and significantly less oxycodone and fentanyl (P<0.00001) than other specialists. Rheumatologists prescribed a mean of 35.8mg morphine equivalent/day. A response rate of 33.7% was obtained to the questionnaire. Acute musculoskeletal pain was the principal condition for strong opioids prescription, with 94.5% re-evaluating opioid treatment within two weeks of initiation. For efficacy, 80% said that they stopped treatment if no benefit was observed after a test period (mean=1.2 months). Rheumatologists with pain management training were significantly more likely to evaluate pain before prescribing strong opioids (P=0.001), evaluate efficacy within three months (P=0.01) and screen for risk factors for misuse at initiation (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: For non-cancer pain, rheumatologists generally prescribe opioids for short periods, at low doses, mostly according to national recommendations. Pain education strongly affected opioid prescription by rheumatologists.

Assessment of adherence to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: This work aimed to assess treatment adherence in rheumatoid arthritis patients with several tools and to identify factors associated with poor adherence. METHOD: Between February and December 2015, 183 patients were included in this cross-sectional study. A homemade 23-item self-questionnaire was filled by patients during an outpatient consultation or a day hospitalization stay. Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS)-4, MMAS-8 and Girerd scores were extracted from this homemade questionnaire. Medication possession ratio (MPR) was then calculated. For identification of factors associated with nonadherence, patients were divided in two groups according to MMAS-8 results differentiating patients with good or bad adherence to treatments. RESULTS: Of the 183 patients, 59% received a combination of biologic and conventional synthetic disease-modifying drugs, 22% a biological treatment alone, and 19% a conventional DMARD alone. Respectively, 3%, 10%, and 7% were considered as low adherent according to MMAS-4, MMAS-8, and Girerd scores. MPR was calculated for 84/183 patients; 23% were low adherent. The need for a help in preparing the drugs (p = 0.05; OR = 6.12; 95% CI: 0.86 to 268.90) and concomitant diabetes (p < 0.001; OR = 0.045, 95% CI: 0.001 to 0.299) was higher in patients with good adherence. Presence of a patient's relative reminding to take medications was associated with low adherence (p = 0.002; OR = 4.32, 95% CI: 1.41 to 13.11). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted the difficulty of assessing treatment adherence in rheumatoid arthritis patients despite four different tools. Objective measures by MPR indicated a higher proportion of poor adherent patients than self-questionnaires.Key Points• Proportion of patients considered as low adherent ranged from 3 to 27% according to the method of evaluation.• The use of a pillbox and/or the preparation of drugs by a patient's relative was associated with good adherence.• The presence of a patient's relative reminding to take medication was associated with low adherence.

The burden of pain in rheumatoid arthritis: Impact of disease activity and psychological factors.

BACKGROUND: Pain remains a prevalent symptom for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients despite a wide therapeutic choice. The objective of this study was to provide a multidimensional evaluation of pain. METHODS: A total of 295 RA patients from 7 French rheumatology centres were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Patients completed a chronic pain assessment questionnaire approved by the French National Authority for Health, the health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) as well as depression and anxiety scales (HAD, Beck Depression Inventory, STAI). Disease activity (DAS28) and ESR were recorded. A multivariate descriptive analysis was undertaken using principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS: 38.4% of patients had a pain score > 40 mm/100, although 83% were on biological treatment and 38.7% were in remission based on the RA activity score. The PCA analysis found four axes representing 70% of total variance. The axes, per cent of variance and variables represented were as follows: (a) axis 1, 41% variance, anxiety and depression scores, sensory and affective qualifier score, HAQ and pain impact on daily life; (b) axis 2, 13% variance, disease activity score (DAS28) and pain relief with current treatment; (c) axis 3, 9% of variance, RA duration and radiographic score and (d) axis 4, 6% of variance, DAS28 and ESR. Moderate to severe pain was significantly associated with axes 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a high proportion of patients on biological treatments, 38.4% of patients continue to experience moderate to severe pain. Pain is associated with the RA activity score, but also with the depression and anxiety scores. SIGNIFICANCE: Substantial proportion of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients still experiences relevant pain, although more than 80% on biological treatment. Pain is primarily associated with anxiety and depression scores and with disease activity score. These findings highlight the need to assess patients' mental well-being alongside. Clinical measures of disease activity to better manage pain and guide treatment decisions.

Data to be collected for an optimal management of axial spondyloarthritis in daily practice: Proposal from evidence-based and consensual approaches.

OBJECTIVE: To propose a list of variables to be collected right after the diagnosis has been made and during the follow-up of patients with axial spondyloarthritis (ax-SpA) for an optimal management in daily practice. METHODS: The process comprised (1) the evaluation of the interest of 51 variables proposed for the assessment of ax-SpA by means of a systematic literature research; (2) a consensus process involving 78 hospital-based or office-based rheumatologists, considering the collection of each variable in a 4 grade scale from "not very useful/useless" to "mandatory"; (3) a consensus on the minimum interval of time for periodic assessment of the selected variables on a 5 grade scale from "at each visit" to "never to be re-collected". RESULTS: The systematic literature research retrieved a total of 14,133 abstracts, of which 213 were included in the final qualitative synthesis. Data to be collected at the initial systematic review comprised 5 patient's self-administered questionnaires, 3 variables of the physician's interview, 2 variables of the physical examination, 2 variables of the specific ax-SpA imaging and 2 other investigations. Two variables were recommended to be systematically collected at each visit, 1 variable twice a year, 6 variables yearly and 1 variable every 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Using an evidence-based and an expert consensus approaches, this initiative defined a core set of variables to be collected and reported right after the diagnosis and during follow-up of patients with ax-SpA in daily practice.