The role of bridge therapy prior to orthotopic liver transplantation.

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) offers the best chance for cure in the setting of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A consensus statement recommends locoregional therapy (LRT) be considered in patients with HCC who are expected to wait more than 6 months for OLT to diminish dropout from the waiting list because of tumor progression. This article reviews LRT as a bridge to OLT in patients with HCC.

Adenosine 2B receptor expression is post-transcriptionally regulated by microRNA.

We have reported that epithelial adenosine 2B receptor (A(2B)AR) mRNA and protein are up-regulated in colitis, which we demonstrated to be regulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Here, we examined the mechanism that governs A(2B)AR expression during colitis. A 1.4-kb sequence of the A(2B)AR promoter was cloned into the pFRL7 luciferase vector. Anti-microRNA (miRNA) was custom-synthesized based on specific miRNA binding sites. The binding of miRNA to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of A(2B)AR mRNA was examined by cloning this 3'-UTR downstream of the luciferase gene in pMIR-REPORT. In T84 cells, TNF-alpha induced a 35-fold increase in A(2B)AR mRNA but did not increase promoter activity in luciferase assays. By nuclear run-on assay, no increase in A(2B)AR mRNA following TNF-alpha treatment was observed. Four putative miRNA target sites (miR27a, miR27b, miR128a, miR128b) in the 3'-UTR of the A(2B)AR mRNA were identified in T84 cells and mouse colon. Pretreatment of cells with TNF-alpha reduced the levels of miR27b and miR128a by 60%. Over expression of pre-miR27b and pre-miR128a reduced A(2B)AR levels by >60%. Blockade of miR27b increased A(2B)AR mRNA levels by 6-fold in vitro. miR27b levels declined significantly in colitis-affected tissue in mice in the presence of increased A(2B)AR mRNA. Collectively, these data demonstrate that TNF-alpha-induced A(2B)AR expression in colonic epithelial cells is post-transcriptionally regulated by miR27b and miR128a and show that miR27b influences A(2B)AR expression in murine colitis.

Serum miRNA signature diagnoses and discriminates murine colitis subtypes and predicts ulcerative colitis in humans.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is difficult to diagnose due to nonspecific and variable symptoms, and lack of reliable diagnostic tests. Current methods are invasive, non-sensitive, non-predictive, and do not easily discriminate between its two main forms. Consequently, there remains a great need for reliable serum markers for IBD. Here, using a longitudinal study of various mouse models of colitis, we identified a serum miRNA signature that indicated the development of colitis and discriminated between inflammations of various origins (colitis from arthritis). Unlike the existing biomarkers, the newly identified signature also serves to distinguish individuals at risk, predict the type of inflammation, and evaluate the response to therapeutics. Moreover, the miRNA signature identified in mice predicted ulcerative colitis with 83.3% accuracy. In future, the signature identified herein could play a central role in monitoring inflammatory disorders and therapeutic responses in patients, thereby paving the way for personalized medicine.

Campylobacter Pouchitis Mimicking the Appearance of Crohn's Disease.

An unusual case of campylobacter pouchitis resembling the endoscopic appearance of Crohn's disease is reported.

Primary Adenocarcinoma of an Ileostomy in Crohn's Disease.

Although Crohn's disease has been associated with an increased risk of small bowel adenocarcinoma, primary adenocarcinoma arising from an ileostomy is a complication that has been rarely documented in Crohn's disease. Chronic small bowel inflammation may lead to development of malignancy through the dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. We report a case of a 61-year-old woman with Crohn's ileocolitis diagnosed with a primary adenocarcinoma at the ileostomy with metastases to the liver 47 years after proctocolectomy, and review the literature.

Edible ginger-derived nanoparticles: A novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer.

There is a clinical need for new, more effective treatments for chronic and debilitating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In this study, we characterized a specific population of nanoparticles derived from edible ginger (GDNPs 2) and demonstrated their efficient colon targeting following oral administration. GDNPs 2 had an average size of ∼230 nm and exhibited a negative zeta potential. These nanoparticles contained high levels of lipids, a few proteins, ∼125 microRNAs (miRNAs), and large amounts of ginger bioactive constituents (6-gingerol and 6-shogaol). We also demonstrated that GDNPs 2 were mainly taken up by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and macrophages, and were nontoxic. Using different mouse colitis models, we showed that GDNPs 2 reduced acute colitis, enhanced intestinal repair, and prevented chronic colitis and colitis-associated cancer (CAC). 2D-DIGE/MS analyses further identified molecular target candidates of GDNPs 2 involved in these mouse models. Oral administration of GDNPs 2 increased the survival and proliferation of IECs and reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß), and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-22) in colitis models, suggesting that GDNPs 2 has the potential to attenuate damaging factors while promoting the healing effect. In conclusion, GDNPs 2, nanoparticles derived from edible ginger, represent a novel, natural delivery mechanism for improving IBD prevention and treatment with an added benefit of overcoming limitations such as potential toxicity and limited production scale that are common with synthetic nanoparticles.