Pooled analysis of diarrhea events in patients with cancer treated with lapatinib.

PURPOSE: To characterize diarrhea events in patients with cancer treated with lapatinib as monotherapy or in combination with capecitabine or taxanes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eleven clinical trials (phase I, II, or III) in patients with metastatic cancer were analyzed. Lapatinib was administered at doses ranging from 1,000 to 1,500 mg/day as monotherapy (n = 926) or in combination with capecitabine (n = 198) or taxanes (n = 687). Diarrhea events were characterized based on severity, time to onset, duration, required interventions, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: In the pooled analysis of nine studies, diarrhea occurred in 55% of lapatinib-treated patients and 24% of patients not receiving lapatinib. All grade diarrhea occurred in 51% of patients treated with lapatinib monotherapy and 65% treated with lapatinib plus capecitabine. In a separate analysis, 48% of patients treated with lapatinib plus a taxane experienced diarrhea. Overall, most diarrhea events were grade 1/2. Grade 3 events occurred in <10% of patients and grade 4 events were rare (

A randomised phase II study of the efficacy and safety of intravenous topotecan in combination with either cisplatin or etoposide in patients with untreated extensive disease small-cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: Topotecan (Hycamtin is active in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). This phase II study investigated the efficacy and safety of topotecan in combination with either cisplatin or etoposide in untreated extensive disease SCLC (ED SCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with untreated ED SCLC were randomised to treatment with T/C (topotecan 1.25mg/(m(2)day) IV days 1-5, cisplatin 50mg/m(2) IV day 5; 41 patients) or T/E (topotecan 0.75 mg/(m(2)day) IV days 1-- 5, etoposide 60 mg/(m(2)day) IV days 1-5; 41 patients) every 21 days. Response was evaluated by strict radiological criteria. RESULTS: Response rates were similar for T/C (63.4%, 95% CI: 48.7-78.2%) and T/E (61.0%, 95% CI: 46-76%) with one patient in each arm who underwent complete response. Median survival was 41.6 weeks (9.6 months) for the T/C group and 43.7 weeks (10.1 months) for the T/E group. Toxicity was primarily haematological in both groups. The proportion of patients with grades 3-4 anaemia was significantly higher in the T/C arm (46.4%) versus 20% with the T/E arm (p=0.018). The proportion of patients with grade 4 neutropenia was not significantly lower with T/C (56.1%) than with T/E (65.0%, p=0.41), as was the incidence of associated events such as sepsis (T/C: 0%; T/E: 9.8%, p=0.11). The overall deliverability of either regimen was similar. The most frequent non-haematological adverse experiences of all grades per patient were nausea (T/C: 43.9%; T/E: 36.6%), and alopecia (T/C: 39.0%; T/E: 56.1%). Topotecan did not appear to increase the frequency of adverse events specifically associated with cisplatin. CONCLUSION: This study showed T/C and T/E to be effective and well tolerated in patients with ED SCLC and further evaluation of topotecan in first line SCLC is warranted.

HLA-DQA1*02:01 is a major risk factor for lapatinib-induced hepatotoxicity in women with advanced breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Hepatobiliary adverse events (AEs) have been observed in a small proportion of patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) treated with lapatinib. This study sought to identify gene variants associated with lapatinib-induced ALT elevation and hepatobiliary AEs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A two-stage pharmacogenetic investigation of ALT elevation was conducted in lapatinib-treated patients with MBC. Exploratory marker identification evaluated classical HLA alleles, candidate genes, and genome-wide screening in 37 cases with ALT greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) and 286 controls with ALT ≤ 1× ULN, selected from 901 lapatinib-treated patients in 12 trials. Markers achieving prespecified association thresholds were progressed to an independent confirmatory data set of 24 ALT cases and 155 controls selected from a subsequent trial of 374 lapatinib-treated patients. RESULTS: Of 58 variants associated with ALT elevation in the exploratory data set, four exceeded the prespecified significance threshold in the confirmatory analysis. These variants reside in the same MHC genomic locus and include HLA-DQA1*02:01. In the confirmatory study, DQA1*02:01 allele carriage was present in 71% of ALT cases and in 21% of controls (P < .001; odds ratio, 9.0; 95% CI, 3.2 to 27.4). As a predictor of liver safety risk in ALT cases versus noncases, DQA1*02:01 had negative and positive predictive values of 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95 to 0.99) and 0.17 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.26), respectively. CONCLUSION: These results support a role for immune mechanisms in lapatinib-induced hepatotoxicity. Further work is required to determine whether testing for DQA1*02:01 allele carriage is clinically useful in managing liver safety risk during lapatinib treatment.

Optimizing collection of adverse event data in cancer clinical trials supporting supplemental indications.

PURPOSE: Although much is known about the safety of an anticancer agent at the time of initial marketing approval, sponsors customarily collect comprehensive safety data for studies that support supplemental indications. This adds significant cost and complexity to the study but may not provide useful new information. The main purpose of this analysis was to assess the amount of safety and concomitant medication data collected to determine a more optimal approach in the collection of these data when used in support of supplemental applications. METHODS: Following a prospectively developed statistical analysis plan, we reanalyzed safety data from eight previously completed prospective randomized trials. RESULTS: A total of 107,884 adverse events and 136,608 concomitant medication records were reviewed for the analysis. Of these, four grade 1 to 2 and nine grade 3 and higher events were identified as drug effects that were not included in the previously established safety profiles and could potentially have been missed using subsampling. These events were frequently detected in subsamples of 400 patients or larger. Furthermore, none of the concomitant medication records contributed to labeling changes for the supplemental indications. CONCLUSION: Our study found that applying the optimized methodologic approach, described herein, has a high probability of detecting new drug safety signals. Focusing data collection on signals that cause physicians to modify or discontinue treatment ensures that safety issues of the highest concern for patients and regulators are captured and has significant potential to relieve strain on the clinical trials system.

Cardiac safety of lapatinib: pooled analysis of 3689 patients enrolled in clinical trials.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cardiac safety of lapatinib, an oral, reversible, tyrosine kinase EGFR (ERBB1) and HER2 inhibitor, using prospective data collected in 44 clinical studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Lapatinib (as monotherapy or in combination) was administered to 3689 patients in studies conducted between January 5, 2001, and September 30, 2006. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was prospectively evaluated via multiple-gated acquisition scan or echocardiography at screening, every 8 weeks during therapy, and at withdrawal. We analyzed cardiac events defined as symptomatic (grade 3 or 4 left ventricular systolic dysfunction according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events) or asymptomatic (LVEF decreases > or = 20% relative to baseline and below the institution's lower limit of normal; no symptoms). RESULTS: A study-defined cardiac event was reported in 60 patients (1.6%) previously treated with anthracyclines (n=12), trastuzumab (n=14), or neither (n=34). These prior treatments were associated with a 2.2%, 1.7%, and 1.5% incidence of cardiac events, respectively. In most patients (53 patients, 83%), events were not preceded by symptoms. Mean times to onset and duration of LVEF decrease were 13.0 and 7.3 weeks, respectively. The decrease in LVEF was rarely severe; the mean nadir was 43%. In 40 patients for whom outcome was determined, 35 (88%) had a partial or full recovery regardless of continuation or discontinuation of lapatinib. No cardiac deaths occurred among patients treated with lapatinib. CONCLUSION: Our review of data from 44 clinical studies revealed low levels of cardiotoxicity for lapatinib. Cardiac events were usually asymptomatic, caused reversible decreases in LVEF, and occurred at similar rates in patients who were and were not pretreated with anthracyclines or trastuzumab.

Phase III study of oral compared with intravenous topotecan as second-line therapy in small-cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: Single-agent intravenous (IV) topotecan is an effective treatment for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) after failure of first-line chemotherapy. This open-label, randomized, phase III study compared oral and IV topotecan in patients with SCLC sensitive to initial chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with limited- or extensive-disease SCLC, documented complete or partial response to first-line therapy, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status < or = 2, and measurable recurrent disease (WHO criteria) with a treatment-free interval of > or = 90 days were assigned to treatment with either oral topotecan 2.3 mg/m2/d on days 1 through 5 or IV topotecan 1.5 mg/m2/d on days 1 through 5 every 21 days. Primary end point was response rate as confirmed by an external reviewer blinded to treatment. RESULTS: A total of 309 patients were randomly assigned. In intent-to-treat analysis, response rates were 18.3% with oral topotecan (n = 153) and 21.9% with IV topotecan (n = 151), with a difference (oral -IV) of -3.6% (95% CI, -12.6% to 5.5%). Median survival time was 33.0 weeks for oral and 35.0 weeks for IV topotecan; 1- and 2-year survival rates were 32.6% and 12.4% for oral topotecan, respectively, and 29.2% and 7.1% for IV topotecan, respectively. Third-line chemotherapy was similar for both groups (33% for oral; 35% for IV). Incidence of grade 4 toxicity in patients who received oral and IV topotecan was as follows: neutropenia in 47% and 64%, thrombocytopenia in 29% and 18%, grade 3 or 4 anemia in 23% and 31%, and sepsis in 3% and 3%, respectively. The most frequent nonhematologic adverse events (all grades) included nausea (43% oral; 42% IV), alopecia (26% oral; 30% IV), fatigue (31% oral; 36% IV), and diarrhea (36% oral; 20% IV). CONCLUSION: Oral topotecan demonstrates activity and tolerability similar to IV topotecan in chemotherapy-sensitive SCLC patients and offers patients a convenient alternative to IV therapy.