Sitagliptin Induces Tolerogenic Human Dendritic Cells.

Sitagliptin, an anti-diabetic drug, is a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4/CD26 inhibitor with additional anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. In this study, we investigated for the first time the effect of sitagliptin on the differentiation and functions of human dendritic cells generated from monocytes (MoDCs) for 4 days using the standard GM-CSF/IL-4 procedure. LPS/IFN-γ treatment for an additional 24 h was used for maturation induction of MoDCs. Sitagliptin was added at the highest non-cytotoxic concentration (500 µg/mL) either at the beginning (sita 0d protocol) or after MoDC differentiation (sita 4d protocol). Sitagliptin impaired differentiation and maturation of MoDCs as judged with the lower expression of CD40, CD83, CD86, NLRP3, and HLA-DR, retention of CD14 expression, and inhibited production of IL-ß, IL-12p70, IL-23, and IL-27. In contrast, the expression of CD26, tolerogenic DC markers (ILT4 and IDO1), and production of immunoregulatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-ß) were increased. Generally, the sita 0d protocol was more efficient. Sitagliptin-treated MoDCs were poorer allostimulators of T-cells in MoDC/T-cell co-culture and inhibited Th1 and Th17 but augmented Th2 and Treg responses. Tolerogenic properties of sitagliptin-treated MoDCs were additionally confirmed by an increased frequency of CD4+CD25+CD127- FoxP3+ Tregs and Tr1 cells (CD4+IL-10+FoxP3-) in MoDC/T-cell co-culture. The differentiation of IL-10+ and TGF-ß+ Tregs depended on the sitagliptin protocol used. A Western blot analysis showed that sitagliptin inhibited p65 expression of NF-kB and p38MAPK during the maturation of MoDCs. In conclusion, sitagliptin induces differentiation of tolerogenic DCs, and the effect is important when considering sitagliptin for treating autoimmune diseases and allotransplant rejection.

Lopinavir-NO, a nitric oxide-releasing HIV protease inhibitor, suppresses the growth of melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo.

We generated a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing derivative of the anti-HIV protease inhibitor lopinavir by linking the NO moiety to the parental drug. We investigated the effects of lopinavir and its derivative lopinavir-NO on melanoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Lopinavir-NO exhibited a twofold stronger anticancer action than lopinavir in vitro. These results were successfully translated into syngeneic models of melanoma in vivo, where a significant reduction in tumour volume was observed only in animals treated with lopinavir-NO. Both lopinavir and lopinavir-NO inhibited cell proliferation and induced the trans-differentiation of melanoma cells to Schwann-like cells. In melanoma cancer cell lines, both lopinavir and lopinavir-NO induced morphological changes, minor apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, caspase activation and autophagy were detected only in B16 cells, indicating a cell line-specific treatment response. Lopinavir-NO released NO intracellularly, and NO neutralization restored cell viability. Treatment with lopinavir-NO induced only a transient activation of Akt and inhibition of P70S6 kinase. The results of this study identify lopinavir-NO as a promising candidate for further clinical trials in melanoma and possibly other solid tumours.

Dysfunctions of Neutrophils in the Peripheral Blood of Children with Cystic Fibrosis.

Dysfunction of neutrophils in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is best characterized in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), whereas peripheral blood neutrophils are less examined, and the results are contradictory, especially in younger populations. Therefore, this work aimed to study functional and phenotypic changes in circulating neutrophils in children with CF. The study included 19 CF children (5-17 years) and 14 corresponding age-matched healthy children. Isolated neutrophils were cultured either alone or with different stimuli. Several functions were studied: apoptosis, NET-osis, phagocytosis, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), neutrophil elastase (NE), and 11 cytokines. In addition, the expression of 20 molecules involved in different functions of neutrophils was evaluated by using flow cytometry. CF neutrophils showed reduced apoptosis and lower production of NE and IL-18 compared to the healthy controls, whereas IL-8 was augmented. All of these functions were further potentiated after neutrophil stimulation, which included higher ROS production and the up-regulation of CD11b and IL-10 expression. NET-osis was higher only when neutrophils from moderate-severe CF were treated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the process correlated with forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1). Phagocytosis was not significantly changed. In conclusion, circulating neutrophils from children with CF showed fewer impaired changes in phenotype than in function. Functional abnormalities, which were already present at the baseline levels in neutrophils, depended on the type of stimuli that mimicked different activation states of these cells at the site of infection.