Patients' self-report of diseases in the Medicare Health Outcomes Survey based on comparisons with linked survey and medical data from the Veterans Health Administration.

We evaluated the patient self-report questions about disease from the Medicare Health Outcomes Survey (HOS), using linked Veterans Health Administration (VA) data for patients who are eligible for both Medicare and Veterans Affairs (VA) care to estimate their utility as measures of illness burden. Patients were classified for 12 diseases on the basis of HOS question responses and these were compared with classifications based on similar questions from a VA survey or diagnostic codes from VA medical records. Agreement between classifications based on the 2 surveys was good with over 75% of patients affirming the disease in the HOS also affirming it in the VA survey for most diseases. HOS disease status also agreed well with VA-based disease status using diagnostic codes for most diseases, with reasonably good specificity (70%-94%) and sensitivity (65%-85%). The relatively poor measures of agreement for some of the conditions could be related to differences in question wording and other factors. These findings varied only slightly by education, age, and race. Furthermore, independent decrements in health status, derived from the SF-36 associated with each disease based on the survey questions, were similar in the 2 surveys. These results suggest that patients can provide reasonably good reports of their morbidity in survey questions and that patient self-report questions about disease can be used reliably in case-mix adjustments and in stratifications of patients by diseases.

Association of co-morbidities with prescribing patterns and cost savings: olanzapine versus risperidone for schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Olanzapine and risperidone are two commonly prescribed atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Prior studies have shown inconsistent results in terms of advantage in cost saving in prescribing these agents. Our preliminary analysis showed that a small percentage of intensive healthcare utilizers had substantial impact on healthcare costs. This study analysed the cost effects of olanzapine and risperidone among those who had intensive utilisation of medical care prior to drug initiation, and the relationship between the choice of the two drugs and patients' co-morbid condition. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated patients first treated with either risperidone or olanzapine between 1 April 1999 and 31 March 2000. According to patients' medication history during the 6 months prior to initial prescription of a study medication we categorised patients into three groups: (i) not receiving olanzapine or risperidone; (ii) not receiving any atypical antipsychotic agent; or (iii) not receiving any antipsychotic agent. We then compared the difference in cost saving by type of care in the 10% most expensive patients through bivariate and multivariate analyses. Based on the records of 18 499 patients with schizophrenia prescribed either olanzapine or risperidone between 1 April 1999 and 31 March 2000 we defined intensive users of healthcare as those who incurred an annual total cost in the top tenth percentile. We measured co-morbidity by number of diseases, and healthcare costs ($US, 1998-2001 values) in the year prior and the year after treatment initiation in six categories of care (inpatient medical/surgical, inpatient psychiatric care, other inpatient, outpatient psychiatric care, other outpatient and outpatient pharmacy). RESULTS: The top 10% most expensive patients accounted for about half of the total cost of the entire cohort and had nearly a 40% cost reduction for the year after treatment initiation versus the prior year, while the entire cohort increased cost between 2% and 12%. Compared with those prescribed olanzapine, patients prescribed risperidone had more medical co-morbidities, higher inpatient medical/surgical costs and lower psychiatric costs. Patients taking olanzapine had greater cost reduction in inpatient psychiatric care, whereas those taking risperidone had greater reduction in inpatient medical/surgical care. CONCLUSIONS: Among the top 10% most expensive patients, olanzapine and risperidone treatments were associated with comparable cost reductions in inpatient care. The choice of agent was associated with patients' co-morbid condition and was correlated with cost reduction in inpatient medical/surgical or psychiatric care.

A Patient-based severity measure of chronic lung disease: evaluating functional health and predicting health services use.

Prior research has consistently shown that among patients with chronic lung disease (CLD), health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is tied more to respiratory symptoms than to physiologic measures. However, traditional methods to quantify the severity of CLD have been restricted to physiologic measures (eg, FEV1, FVC, etc) that are often poor predictors of HRQOL and utilization of health services. Using a patient-based measure of symptom severity for CLD developed in the Veterans Health Study (VHS), this article evaluated the impact of the severity of CLD on patients' self-reported HRQOL and future use of health services. We used data from the VHS, a prospective study of patients receiving ambulatory care services in 4 Veterans Affairs outpatient clinics in the greater Boston area. Three hundred fifty-two (14.5%) patients were identified as having CLD through self-report of having a physician's diagnosis of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or asthma, and either using inhaled medications or having a productive cough for most days for 3 months. Ordinary least-square regressions were used to ascertain the effects of CLD severity on functional health and health services use. Compared with peak expiratory flow rate, which explained only 10% and 2%, respectively, of the variance in the SF-36 physical component summary (PCS) and in future doctor visits, the symptom severity explained 19% and 19%, respectively, of the variance in PCS and future doctor visits, after adjusting for age, education, and household income. The symptom severity measure is a strong predictor of future functional health (at 12 months of the VHS baseline) and health services use (within 6 months following the baseline). The study findings indicate that our measure of CLD severity is an efficient and easy-to-use approach that can be readily administered in ambulatory setting. It can be used as a case-mix adjustment in evaluating health outcomes and in predicting future utilization of health services.

Dissemination of methods and results from the veterans health study: final comments and implications for future monitoring strategies within and outside the veterans healthcare system.

The Veterans Health Study (VHS) followed a cohort of patients receiving ambulatory care in the Veterans Affairs healthcare system for up to 5 years. One of the principal aims of this study was to develop a library of methodologies including general and disease-specific health outcome questionnaires for use in monitoring the quality of healthcare and for research purposes. The cornerstone for this work is the Veterans RAND 36 and 12 Item Health Surveys (VR-36 and VR-12), a general measure developed in the VHS for measuring the physical and psychologic well-being of the patient. A comprehensive set of disease-specific assessments has also been developed as part of this study for the purposes of monitoring specific chronic conditions more commonly seen in routine ambulatory care settings. Since 1996, more than 2 million questionnaires have been administered in the VA for quality monitoring purposes, using the VR-36 and VR-12. Research studies that have used these batteries span randomized clinical trials in the VA cooperative studies program and clinical effectiveness research. Health assessments using VHS batteries are being disseminated for widespread use outside the VA. Chief among the assessments used is the VR-12, which has recently been included in the 2006 Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) as part of the Medicare Health Outcomes Survey for monitoring the Medicare Advantage Program. The methods and batteries developed in the VHS are in the public domain and provide a framework for future patient monitoring using standard measures of health.

Applications of methodologies of the Veterans Health Study in the VA healthcare system: conclusions and summary.

The Veterans Health Study (VHS) had as its overarching goal the development, testing, and application of patient-centered assessments for monitoring patient outcomes in ambulatory care in large integrated care systems such as the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Unlike other previous studies, the VHS has capitalized on rich administrative databases restricted to the VA and linked to patient-centered outcomes. The VHS has developed a comprehensive set of general and disease-specific measures for use by systems of care for ambulatory patients. Chief among these assessments is the Veterans SF-36 Health Survey for measuring health-related quality of life in veteran ambulatory populations. The Veterans SF-36 Health Survey provides the cornerstone for this study and historically has been extensively disseminated and used in the VA with close to 2 million administrations nationally as part of its quality management system. National surveys administered by the VA since 1996 using the Veterans SF-36 Health Survey indicate important regional differences with implications for varying resource needs. Based upon the rich foundation provided by the VHS methodology, the VA has implemented some of these approaches as part of its quality monitoring system and can serve as a model for other large integrated systems of care.

Recovery Curves for Pediatric Burn Survivors: Advances in Patient-Oriented Outcomes.

IMPORTANCE: Patient-reported outcomes serving as benchmarks for recovery of pediatric burn survivors are lacking, and new approaches using longitudinal cohorts for monitoring their expected recovery based on statistical models are needed for patient management during the early years following the burn. OBJECTIVE: To describe multidimensional patient-reported outcomes among pediatric burn survivors younger than 5 years to establish benchmarks using recovery curve methods. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective cohort study of pediatric burn survivors younger than 5 years at 12 burn centers. Age-matched nonburned reference groups were studied to define expected results in normal growth and development. The Burn Outcomes Questionnaire for children aged 0 to 5 years (BOQ0-5) was administered to parents of children who had burns and were younger than 5 years. Mixed models were used to generate 48-month recovery curves for each of the 10 BOQ0-5 domains. The study was conducted between January 1999 and December 2008. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The 10 BOQ0-5 domains including play, language, fine motor skills, gross motor skills, emotional behavior, family functioning, pain/itching, appearance, satisfaction with care, and worry/concern up to 48 months after burn injury. RESULTS: A total of 336 pediatric burn survivors younger than 5 years (mean [SD] age, 2.0 [1.2] years; 58.4% male; 60.2% white, 18.6% black, and 12.0% Hispanic) and 285 age-matched nonburned controls (mean [SD] age, 2.4 [1.3] years; 51.1% male; 67.1% white, 8.9% black, and 15.0% Hispanic) completed the study. Predicted scores improved exponentially over time for 5 of the BOQ0-5 domains (predicted scores at 1 month vs 24 months: play, 48.6 vs 52.1 [P = .03]; language, 49.2 vs 54.4 [P < .001]; gross motor skills, 48.7 vs 53.0 [P = .002]; pain/itching, 15.8 vs 33.5 [P < .001]; and worry/concern, 31.6 vs 44.9 [P < .001]). Pediatric burn survivors had higher scores in language, emotional behavior, and family functioning domains compared with healthy children in later months. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study demonstrates significant deficits in multiple functional domains across pediatric burn survivors compared with controls. Recovery curves can be used to recognize deviation from the expected course and tailor care to patient needs.

Patient characteristics and the likelihood of initiation on olanzapine or risperidone among patients with schizophrenia.

Although pharmacologic treatments are available for patients with schizophrenia, little is known about how prescription patterns of atypical antipsychotic agents are related to patient characteristics. In this study, we examined the association between patient characteristics and the likelihood of being initiated on olanzapine or risperidone, two of the most frequently prescribed atypical agents for schizophrenia. We selected patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder based on > or = 1 inpatient or > or = 2 outpatient ICD-9-CM codes (> or = 7 days apart) between 7/1/98 and 6/30/99 from the Veterans Health Administration (VA). We classified patients into one of three types of initiation: (a) not on olanzapine or risperidone, (b) not on any atypical agents, or (c) not on any antipsychotic agents for 6 months, and then subsequently being prescribed the target drugs. Using logistic regression, we examined whether the odds ratio of being initiated on olanzapine versus risperidone are related to patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Compared to risperidone initiators, olanzapine initiators used more drugs for psychiatric conditions (including antiparkinsonian agents, typical antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers) than risperidone initiators. On the other hand, risperidone initiators had more medical comorbidities and more non-psychiatric hospitalizations. Olanzapine and risperidone appear to be prescribed to patients with different characteristics. Initiation of risperidone was more common among patients who presented with more medical comorbid conditions, whereas initiation of olanzapine was more common among patient who presented with more mental comorbid conditions. Future research needs to determine the reasons for those differences.

Comprehensive health status assessment of centenarians: results from the 1999 large health survey of veteran enrollees.

BACKGROUND: Information on the health status of centenarians provides a means for understanding the health care needs of this growing population. Therefore, we examined the health status of a national cohort of centenarian veteran enrollees. METHODS: Ninety-three centenarian veteran enrollees returned a complete health history questionnaire, which included questions about sociodemographic information, age-associated conditions, health behaviors, health-related quality of life as measured by the Veterans SF-36, and change in health status. RESULTS: Centenarian veteran enrollees are a group with major impairment across multiple dimensions of health-related quality of life despite having a relatively low prevalence of diseases. They had considerable physical limitations as reflected by their physical health summary scores (26.2 +/- 8.3). However, their mental health was comparatively good (mental health summary score 44.1 +/- 12.5). Compared to younger elderly veterans (ages 85-99), centenarians had a lower prevalence of hypertension, angina or myocardial infarction, diabetes, and chronic low back pain (p <.05). Centenarians had significantly worse physical functioning, role physical, vitality, and social functioning scores than did younger elderly veterans. The two groups did not differ in their general health, bodily pain, role emotional, and mental health scores. Centenarians did not perceive much decline in their physical or mental health during the preceding year. CONCLUSIONS: Centenarian veteran enrollees are a group with a low number of age-associated diseases and good mental health despite substantial physical limitations. These results support future studies of services directed toward improvement of function as opposed to those focused solely on the treatment of diseases.

The role of generic and disease-specific measures of physical and role functioning in assessing patient outcomes: a longitudinal study.

Using longitudinal data from the Veterans Health Study (VHS), we extended our earlier published cross-sectional analysis in comparing the generic SF-36 physical functioning (PF) and role limitations (role-physical [RP]) scales with the disease-specific PF and RP scales using disease attributions. The present study included 569 patients with chronic lung disease (CLD) and 352 patients with chronic low back pain (LBP) who received Veterans Affairs (VA) ambulatory care between June 1993 and March 1996. Consistent with our earlier study, we found that changes in the generic PF and RP scales had higher correlations with the other generic SF-36 scales than those in the disease-specific PF and RP scales over 12 months. On the other hand, disease-specific measures of PF and RP had larger R and t statistic values in discriminating the impacts of symptom-based illness severity as well as clinical services on physical and role functioning. These results suggest that the generic and disease-specific measures of PF and RP behave distinctly different from each other over time. The generic measures of PF and RP tend to assess a broad array of health-related quality of life, whereas disease-specific attributions of PF and RP scales tend to evaluate disease progression and clinical management associated with specific disease conditions. Disease-specific attribution is an important alternative to the development of new disease-specific instruments for assessing illness severity and the impact of clinical services.

Utilization of medical services by Veterans Health Study (VHS) respondents.

The first objective of this study was to profile Veterans Health Study (VHS) respondents' use of medical services-the types of services used, use of a regular source of care, and the propensity to use services for selected symptoms. We focused on differential use of VA and non-VA services and highlighted differences in use by age group. The second objective was to use multivariate analysis to identify factors associated with respondents' use of any medical services and with VA services specifically. We incorporated 2 self-reported variables not used in previous studies of VA utilization-health status and disease burden. Patients receiving ambulatory care services in 4 VA ambulatory outpatient clinics in the greater Boston area were eligible for inclusion in the VHS. A sample of 2425 community-dwelling male veterans was randomly selected from among veterans receiving ambulatory services at Boston-area VA facilities. This analysis focuses on 1909 respondents for whom we had complete data. Interviews and questionnaires were used to collect cross-sectional, observational data on sociodemographic, economic, and clinical characteristics; health status; disease burden; and service-connected disability (SCD) rating. To measure health status, we used 2 summary measures, the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and the Mental Component Summary (MCS), derived from the 8 scales of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36-item Health Survey (MOS SF-36). To measure disease burden, we used the Physical Comorbidity Index (PHYCI) and Mental Comorbidity Index (MENCI), composed of 30 physical and 6 mental health conditions and symptoms, respectively. Information on the availability of non-VA insurance was obtained from administrative VA files. Information on utilization prior to the interview was self-reported. Recall periods of 3 and 12 months were used for ambulatory and inpatient services, respectively. We used descriptive statistics to profile respondents and their utilization patterns. We used multivariate probit models to identify respondent characteristics associated with use of any medical services, medical visits, mental health visits, and hospital stays. Independent variables used in the models were socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, and measures of disease burden, health status, and VA eligibility. The respondents relied heavily on the VA for medical care: 74% of the respondents said the VA was their regular source of care; 72% of all the respondents and 87% of those who had used any medical service in the recall period had used a VA service; 68% of those who were hospitalized used a VA hospital; and 76% of the medical care the respondents received and 60% of their hospital stays were in VA facilities. Younger veterans (aged 22-44) used substantially more mental health services than older respondents, but they were less likely than older veterans to have seen a doctor recently for most of the medical symptoms studied. PHYCI and PCS were significantly related to use of any medical services and to use of inpatient services; MENCI and MCS were significantly related to use of mental health services (P<.05 for each, respectively). Lower income and lack of alternatives to VA care were directly related to use of any VA services and VA inpatient services. Information on the reasons for differential use of VA and non-VA services can be useful to the VA as it serves an aging veteran population, seeks to provide comprehensive care to a wider spectrum of veterans, and moves into a more competitive healthcare marketplace.

No racial differences in mortality found among Veterans Health Administration out-patients.

OBJECTIVE: Health care delivery systems that offer equal access to ambulatory care may hold promise for preventing and correcting racial disparities that exist in our health care system as a whole. We examined whether racial differences in mortality rates exist among patients receiving outpatient care within the Veterans Health Administration. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: This study used data from the 1998 National Survey of Ambulatory Care Patients, a prospective monitoring system of patient outcomes. We used an outpatient care system in the Veterans Health Administration. We followed 25,172 Whites and 3,517 African-Americans for 48 months. The main study outcome measures were unadjusted and adjusted mortality rates over a 48-month period. RESULTS: African-Americans had significantly lower unadjusted 48-month mortality rates than Whites (33 vs. 40 deaths per 1,000 person-year, hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-0.95). After risk adjustment, the mortality rates became similar for African-Americans and Whites (hazard ratio, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.89-1.09). These findings were consistent across all time points evaluated during the 48-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of racial differences in mortality in patients receiving ambulatory care in the Veterans Health Administration is reassuring, given the emphasis on equal access within this health care system. This warrants further research to determine whether efforts to improve access in other settings have the potential to reduce racial disparities in health care.

The health status of elderly veteran enrollees in the Veterans Health Administration.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the health status of elderly veteran enrollees, stratified by age group, and compare with nonveteran populations. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Outpatient. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1,406,049 veteran enrollees were surveyed, and 887,775 returned the questionnaire (63.1%). Of these, 663,729 (74%) were aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Patient demographics, comorbid conditions, and health status, which was assessed using the Veterans 36-item short form (SF-36), a reliable and valid measure of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). RESULTS: Elderly veteran enrollees are a group with poor health status across all scales of the Veterans SF-36. Significant decline in HRQoL was found in patients grouped by increasing age (65-74, 75-84, and > or =85). Of the Veterans SF-36 scales, the role physical and role emotional scales and physical functioning presented the largest decrements by age group. The elderly veteran enrollees had poorer health status than older people enrolled in Medicare managed care, ranging from 0.5 to 1 standard deviations worse. CONCLUSION: Elderly veteran enrollees have substantial disease burden, as reflected by major impairments across multiple dimensions of HRQoL. These findings bear important implications for use of services, suggesting that the Veterans Health Administration will require considerable resources to provide care for its aging population.

Measurement comparisons of the medical outcomes study and veterans SF-36 health survey.

The Medicare Health Outcomes Survey (HOS) uses the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) SF-36 among beneficiaries enrolled in Medicare managed care programs, whereas the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has administered the Veterans version of the SF-36 for quality management purposes. The Veterans version is comparable to the MOS version for 6 of the 8 scales, but distinctly different in role physical (RP) and role emotional (RE) scales. The gains in precision for the Veterans SF-36 provide evidence for the use of this version in future applications for assessing patient outcomes across health care systems.

Comorbidity assessments based on patient report: results from the Veterans Health Study.

The objective of the study was to develop a self-reported measure of patients' comorbid illnesses that could be readily administered in ambulatory care settings and that would improve assessment of their health-related quality of life and utilization of health services. Data were analyzed from the Veterans Health Study, an observational study of health outcomes in patients receiving Veterans Administration (VA) ambulatory care. Patients who received ambulatory care services in 4 VA outpatient clinics in the greater Boston area between August 1993 and March 1996 were eligible for inclusion. Among the 4137 patients recruited, 2425 participated in the Veterans Health Study, representing a response rate of 59%. Participants were mailed a health-related quality of life questionnaire, the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). They were also scheduled for an in-person interview at which time they completed a medical history questionnaire. We developed a comorbidity index (CI) that included 30 self-reported medical conditions (physical CI) and 6 self-reported mental conditions (mental CI). The physical CI and the mental CI were significantly associated with all SF-36 scales and explained 24% and 36%, respectively, of the variance in the physical component summary and the mental component summary of the SF-36. Both indexes were also significant predictors of future outpatient visits and mortality. The CI is an independent predictor of health status, outpatient visits, and mortality. Its use appears to be a practical approach to case-mix adjustment to account for differences in comorbid illnesses in observational studies of the quality of healthcare. It can be administered to large patient populations at relatively low cost. This method may be particularly valuable for clinicians and researchers interested in population-based studies, case-mix adjustment, and clinical trials.

Improving the response choices on the veterans SF-36 health survey role functioning scales: results from the Veterans Health Study.

Role functioning and its limitations due to one's health is an important aspect of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) SF-36 includes 2 role functioning scales: role limitations due to physical health problems (RP) or emotional problems (RE). Although they capture important concepts of HRQoL, these 2 scales have some limitations in their measurement properties. Using dichotomized sets of response choices, the scales are limited in their distributional properties (eg, higher standard deviation than other SF-36 scales) and ability to discriminate between clinically relevant groups. In this study, we ascertain the improvements to these 2 scales using 5-point ordinal response choices for each of the scale items. Two thousand one hundred sixty-two patients from the Veterans Health Study (VHS), an observational study of health outcomes in patients receiving ambulatory care, completed a health status questionnaire and a medical history. The health questionnaire included (1) the MOS SF-36, in which the RP and RE items used dichotomized yes/no responses; and (2) a set of modified RP and RE items that used 5-response choices for each of the items, ranging from "no, none of the time" to "yes, all of the time." We compared the original and modified RP and RE scales using internal consistency reliability and factor analysis. We tested item convergent and discriminant validity using multitrait scaling, and scale discriminant validity using ordinary least squares regression. Results indicate that the modifications to the original RP and RE scales accomplish important gains in the distributional properties of the scales. The floor and ceiling effects of the 2 scales have been reduced and the reliability of the RP scale has increased (0.87-0.95). Factor analysis and multitrait scaling tests indicate that the modified items have the same interpretation as the original items. Tests of discriminant validity indicate that the modified RP and RE scales have greater explanatory power for measures of disease burden, depression, and disease severity. The modified SF-36 role scales are clearly superior to the original versions. The modifications have increased the explained variability, suggesting greater explanatory power and more information obtained by the role functioning measures. The modified RP and RE are capturing a wider spectrum of disease severity, in part due to the lowering of the floor and raising of the ceiling of the scales. Additional work needs to test these improvements in other populations and to expand the analysis to track the responsiveness of the modified scales to clinically and socially important changes over time.

Patient-reported measures of health: The Veterans Health Study.

The goal of the Veterans Health Study (VHS) was to extend the work of the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) into the VA, by developing methodology for monitoring patient-based outcomes of care for use in ambulatory outpatient care. The principal objective of the VHS was developing valid and reliable measures to assess general health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and identifying the presence of selected health conditions, their severity, and their impact on HRQoL. In this article, we provide an overview of the historical context, framework, objectives, and applications of the VHS for the purpose of assessing the health outcomes of veteran patients. The VHS is a prospective observational study that has followed 2425 VA patients for up to 2 years. The patients were sampled from users of the Veterans Affairs (VA) ambulatory care system in the Boston area. The health conditions selected were hypertension, diabetes, chronic lung disease, osteoarthritis of the knee, chronic low-back pain, and alcohol-related problems. These conditions were chosen because they are both prevalent in the VA and have measurable impacts on HRQoL. One of the cornerstones of the VHS was the development of the Veterans SF-36, modified from the MOS SF-36 for use in veteran ambulatory populations. Other key accomplishments included the development of patient-based disease-specific measures of health and the establishment of methods and logistics for comprehensive health outcomes research in large health care systems such as the VA, using these patient-based measures. Selected measures developed in the VHS, eg, the Veterans SF-36, have been integrated into the VA outcomes measurement system. The scope of the VHS is unique; it resulted in the development of a broad range of patient-focused process and outcome measures, as well as methodologies for assessing large numbers of patients, that have been widely used in the VA outpatient health care system for monitoring health outcomes across the nation.

The development, validation, and testing of a health outcomes burn questionnaire for infants and children 5 years of age and younger: American Burn Association/Shriners Hospitals for Children.

The 12-member American Burn Association/Shriners Hospitals for Children Outcomes Task Force was charged with developing a health outcomes questionnaire for use in children 5 years of age and younger that was clinically based and valid. A 55-item form was tested using a cross-sectional design on the basis of a range of 184 infants and children between 0 and 5 years of age at 8 burn centers, nationally. A total of 131 subjects completed a follow-up health outcomes questionnaire 6 months after the baseline assessment. A comparison group of 285 normal nonburn children was also obtained. Internal consistency reliability of the scales ranged from 0.74 to 0.94. Tests of clinical validity were significant in the hypothesized direction for the majority of scales for length of hospital stay, duration since the burn, percent of body surface area burned, overall clinician assessment of severity of burn injury, and number of comorbidities. The criterion validity of the instrument was supported using the Child Developmental Inventories for Burn Children in early childhood and preschool stages of development comparing normal vs abnormal children. The instrument was sensitive to changes over time following a clinical course observed by physicians in practice. The Health Outcomes Burn Questionnaire for Infants and Children 5 years of age and younger is a clinically based reliable and valid assessment tool that is sensitive to change over time for assessing burn outcomes in this age group.

Measurement of treatment adherence with antipsychotic agents in patients with schizophrenia.

The importance of medication adherence in sustaining control of schizophrenic symptoms has generated a great deal of interest in comparing levels of treatment adherence with different antipsychotic agents. However, the bulk of the research has yielded results that are often inconsistent. In this prospective, observational study, we assessed the measurement properties of 3 commonly used, pharmacy-based measures of treatment adherence with antipsychotic agents in schizophrenia using data from the Veterans Health Administration during 2000 to 2005. Patients were selected if they were on antipsychotics and diagnosed with schizophrenia (N = 18,425). A gap of >/=30 days (with no filled index medication) was used to define discontinuation of treatment as well as medication "episodes," or the number of times a patient returned to the same index agent after discontinuation of treatment within a 1-year period. The study found that the 3 existing measures differed in their approaches in measuring treatment adherence, suggesting that studies using these different measures would generate different levels of treatment adherence across antipsychotic agents. Considering the measurement problems associated with each existing approach, we offered a new, medication episode-specific approach, which would provide a fairer comparison of the levels of treatment adherence across different antipsychotic agents.

An alternative approach to measuring treatment persistence with antipsychotic agents among patients with schizophrenia in the Veterans Health Administration.

Prior studies have demonstrated the importance of treatment persistence with anti-psychotic agents in sustaining control of schizophrenic symptoms. However, the conventional approach in measuring treatment persistence tended to use only the first prescription episode even though some patients received multiple prescriptions (or multiple treatment episodes) of the same medication within one year following the initiation of the index drug. In this study, we used data from the Veterans Health Administration in the United States to assess the extent to which patients received multiple prescriptions. The study found that about a quarter of the patients had two or more treatment episodes and that levels of treatment persistence tended to vary across treatment episodes. Based on these results, we offered an alternative approach in which we calculated treatment persistence with typical and atypical antipsychotic agents separately for patients with one, two, or three treatment episodes. Considering that patients with different number of treatment episodes might differ in disease profiles, this treatment episode-specific approach offered a fair comparison of the levels of treatment persistence across patients with different number of treatment episodes. Future research needs to extend the analyses beyond two antipsychotic classes to individual antipsychotic agents. A more comprehensive assessment using appropriate analytic methods should help physicians make prescription choices that will ultimately improve the care of patients with schizophrenia.

Change in health status and mortality as indicators of outcomes: comparison between the Medicare Advantage Program and the Veterans Health Administration.

BACKGROUND: Comparing health outcomes with adequate methodology is central to performance assessments of health care systems. We compared the Medicare Advantage Program (MAP) and the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) with regard to changes in health status and mortality. METHODS: We used the Death-Master-File for vital status and the Short-Form 36 to determine physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) health at baseline and at 2 years. We compared the probability of being alive with the same or better (than would be expected by chance) PCS (or MCS) at 2 years and mortality, while adjusting for case-mix. Given the geographic variations in MAP enrollment, we did a regional sub-analysis. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the probability of being alive with the same or better PCS except for the South (VHA 65.8% vs. MAP 62.5%, P = .0014). VHA patients had a slightly higher probability than MAP patients of being alive with the same or better MCS (71.8% vs. 70.1%, P = .002) but no significant regional variations. The hazard ratios for mortality in the MAP were higher than in the VHA across all regions. CONCLUSION: With the use of appropriate methodology, we found small differences in 2-year health outcomes that favor the VHA.