A new triterpenoid saponin from Pulsatilla cernua predicted by NMR-based mosaic method.

A saponin (1) with gypsogenin as aglycone was isolated from the roots of Pulsatilla cernua. The aglycone of compound 1 was considered as gypsogenin which was rarely found in this genus. Its structure was predicted by NMR-based "mosaic" method rapidly, and further confirmed on the basis of spectroscopic data, including 2D NMR spectra and chemical evidence. This work suggested that NMR-based mosaic method is suitable for most of saponins from common species of genus Pulsatilla.

5,7-Bis(benz-yloxy)-2-[4-(benz-yloxy)phen-yl]-4H-chromen-4-one.

In the title compound, C(36)H(28)O(5), the terminal benzene rings are twisted at dihedral angles of 6.75 (12), 70.86 (14) and 82.02 (12)° with the respect to the central plana r[maximum deviation = 0.070 (3) Å] chromen-4-one ring system. In the crystal structure, π-π stacking is observed between parallel benzene rings of adjacent mol-ecules [centroid-centroid distance = 3.7459 (16) Å].

[Study on the current situation and influential factors of child neglect among aged 3-6 year-olds in the urban areas of China].

OBJECTIVE: Children aged 3 - 6 years in the urban areas of China were surveyed for the first time to find out the state of child neglect (CN) as well as the major relevant risk factors so as to provide evidence for developing intervention measures. METHODS: 1163 children (of whom 49.6% were males and 4.5% were minority nationality) were randomly sampled under multistage stratification, from 25 cities which representing 15 provinces of China. Based on the Child Neglect Norms used by China, prevalence of CN was identified and SPSS-Windows 11.0 was employed for statistical analysis. Scores, frequency/degrees, age, sex and 5 types (physical, emotional, educational, medical and safety) of CN on every group of the regions, were calculated. Multifactorial analysis was conducted through Binary Logistic Regression and multiple linear regression to determine the relevant risk factors. RESULTS: (1) The average degree of CN for the 3 - 6 year-olds was 42.2, with its prevalence as 28.0%. Degrees of CN for the groups of 3, 4, 5, 6-year-olds were 41.7, 42.2, 42.1 and 43.1 (F = 0.988, P > 0.05), with frequencies of 25.0%, 25.3%, 27.9% and 35.4% (chi(2) = 4.798, P > 0.05), respectively. Degrees for CN in males and females were 42.7 and 41.8 (F = 2.502, P > 0.05) with the frequencies as 32.6% and 23.7% (chi(2) = 6.585, P < 0.05), respectively. Degrees of CN for the five types were 39.4-43.4 with the frequencies as 5.1%-12.9%, respectively. No significant difference was found in the frequency of the types (with an exception on 'physical neglect') between males and females (P > 0.05). The highest frequency (42.9%) of CN was seen in the single-parent families and the lowest in large family with three generations (25.5%). (2) According to monofactorial chi(2) test, the possible risk factors of CN would include: educational background, occupation and decrease of income of the parents during last year, etc. (3) Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that the influential factors to the occurrence of CN would include: father's educational background, sex of the child and mother's occupation, etc. (4) Multiple linear regression showed that the influential factors to the degree of CN were: family structure, number of supporting family members, relationship between parents and children, etc. CONCLUSION: The degree and frequency of CN among children aged 3 to 6 in the urban areas of China were high but similar among the four age groups. Male children had a higher frequency of neglect than females, but with similar degree. Children in single-parent families had the highest frequency. The major influential factors of CN would include: educational background, occupation, family structure, family income of the parents which were similar to the results reported from foreign literature.