Spatial and temporal expression of CCR3 and the common beta chain of the IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF receptor in the nasal epithelium and lymphoid tissues in a rat model of allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma are closely related conditions that often co-exist, and are characterized by a Th2 inflammatory response where eosinophils occupy a predominant role. Strategies aimed at blocking signaling through the CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) and/or the common beta chain of the IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF receptor (ßc) efficiently reduced eosinophilic inflammation in both animal models and in asthmatic patients. This study was therefore aimed at characterizing the spatio-temporal expression pattern of ßc and CCR3 using a rat model of AR. METHODS: Sensitized rats were challenged with ovalbumin and sacrificed at 2h, 8h, 16h or 24h post-challenge. Nasal tissues were microdissected and used for mRNA quantification by QPCR, while histological evaluation determined the presence of eosinophils and mucosubstances. RESULTS: Allergen-induced recruitment of eosinophils in the distal septum and turbinates was maximal at 8h post-challenge, and was correlated with 2-4-fold increase in CCR3 and ßc mRNA. Recruitment of eosinophils was also accompanied by upregulated IL-5, IL-4Rα, TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA at early time-points. In contrast, IL-13 and MUC5AC mRNA, as well as production of mucosubstances were maximal at 24h. CONCLUSIONS: ßc and CCR3 could play important roles in the modulation of the allergic response, and their inhibition may represent a promising therapeutic approach for AR.

A multi-target antisense approach against PDE4 and PDE7 reduces smoke-induced lung inflammation in mice.

BACKGROUND: Recent development in the field of COPD has focused on strategies aimed at reducing the underlying inflammation through selective inhibition of the phosphodiesterase type IV (PDE4) isoform. Although the anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator activity of selective PDE4 inhibitors has been well documented, their low therapeutic ratio and dose-dependent systemic side effects have limited their clinical utility. This study examined the effect of 2'-deoxy-2'-Fluoro-beta-D-Arabinonucleic Acid (FANA)-containing antisense oligonucleotides (AON) targeting the mRNA for the PDE4B/4D and 7A subtypes on lung inflammatory markers, both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells were transfected with FANA AON against PDE4B/4D and 7A alone or in combination. mRNA levels for target PDE subtypes, as well as secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokines were then measured following cell stimulation. Mice were treated with combined PDE4B/4D and 7A AON via endo-tracheal delivery, or with roflumilast via oral delivery, and exposed to cigarette smoke for one week. Target mRNA inhibition, as well as influx of inflammatory cells and mediators were measured in lung lavages. A two-week smoke exposure protocol was also used to test the longer term potency of PDE4B/4D and 7A AONs. RESULTS: In NHBE cells, PDE4B/4D and 7A AONs dose-dependently and specifically inhibited expression of their respective target mRNA. When used in combination, PDE4B/4D and 7A AONs significantly abrogated the cytokine-induced secretion of IL-8 and MCP-1 to near baseline levels. In mice treated with combined PDE4B/4D and 7A AONs and exposed to cigarette smoke, significant protection against the smoke-induced recruitment of neutrophils and production of KC and pro-MMP-9 was obtained, which was correlated with inhibition of target mRNA in cells from lung lavages. In this model, PDE AONs exerted more potent and broader anti-inflammatory effects against smoke-induced lung inflammation than roflumilast. Moreover, the protective effect of PDE4B/4D and 7A AON was maintained when a once-weekly treatment schedule was used. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that inhaled AON against PDE4B/4D and 7A have unique effects on biomarkers that are believed to be important in the pathophysiology of COPD, which supports further development as a potential therapy in this disease.

Antisense therapy against CCR3 and the common beta chain attenuates allergen-induced eosinophilic responses.

RATIONALE: The drug product TPI ASM8 contains two modified phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides designed to inhibit allergic inflammation by down-regulating human CCR3 and the common beta chain (beta(c)) of IL-3, IL-5, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptors. OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effects of inhaled TPI ASM8 on sputum cellular influx, CCR3 and beta(c) mRNA and protein levels, and the airway physiologic response after inhaled allergen. METHODS: Seventeen subjects with mild atopic asthma were randomized in a crossover study to inhale 1,500 microg TPI ASM8 or placebo by nebulizer, once daily for 4 days. On Day 3, subjects underwent allergen inhalation challenge. Sputum samples were collected before and after allergen. CCR3 and beta(c) protein levels were measured by flow cytometry, mRNA was measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the FEV1 was measured over 7 hours after challenge. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Compared with placebo, TPI ASM8 inhibited sputum eosinophil influx by 46% (P = 0.02) and blunted the increase in total cells (63%) after allergen challenge. TPI ASM8 significantly reduced the early asthmatic response (P = 0.04) with a trend for the late asthmatic response (P = 0.08). The allergen-induced (Day 2 to Day 3) levels of beta(c) mRNA and CCR3 mRNA in sputum-derived cells were inhibited by TPI ASM8 (P = 0.039 and P = 0.054, respectively), with no significant effects on the cell surface protein expression of CCR3 and beta(c) (P > 0.05). No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: TPI ASM8 attenuates the allergen-induced increase in target gene mRNA and airway responses in subjects with mild asthma. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00264966).

Effects of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeting CCR3 on the airway response to antigen in rats.

Asthma is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation, consisting predominantly of eosinophils within the airway lumen and walls. Eosinophil recruitment to the airways is mediated mainly by eotaxin and other chemokines that bind to the CC-chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3), which is highly expressed on eosinophils. This study assessed whether topical inhibition of CCR3 mRNA expression by phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) modifies pulmonary eosinophilia and AHR in an antigen-induced allergic asthma model in Brown Norway (BN) rats. Results show that specific inhibition of CCR3 expression in the lungs by an AS-ODN (AS4) reduced total eosinophil infiltration and the percentage of eosinophils into the airways of ovalbumin challenged rats. Moreover, reduction in CCR3 mRNA levels was correlated with a decrease in CCR3 protein in lung tissue. In addition, AS4 treatment had no effect on circulating eosinophils or on eosinophils in the bone marrow. Finally, AHR was significantly decreased in AS4-treated rats when compared with rats treated with a mismatch AS-ODN. In conclusion, inhibition of the expression of CCR3 decreased pulmonary eosinophilia and reduced AHR after antigen challenge in rats. Topical inhibition of CCR3 expression, using an AS-ODN, could represent a novel approach for the treatment of asthma.

Characterization of antisense oligonucleotides comprising 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinonucleic acid (FANA): specificity, potency, and duration of activity.

Antisense oligonucleotides (AON) are being developed for a wide array of therapeutic applications. Significant improvements in their serum stability, target affinity, and safety profile have been achieved with the development of chemically modified oligonucleotides. Here, we compared 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinonucleic acid (FANA)-containing AONs with phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (PS-DNA), 2'-O-methyl-RNA/DNA chimeras and short interfering RNAs (siRNA) with respect to their target knockdown efficacy, duration of action and resistance to nuclease degradation. Results show that two different configurations of FANA/DNA chimeras (altimers and gapmers) were found to have potent antisense activity. Specific target inhibition was observed with both FANA configurations with an estimated EC50 value comparable to that of an siRNA but 20-to 100-fold lower than the other commonly used AONs. Moreover, the FANA/DNA chimeras showed increased serum stability that was correlated with sustained antisense activity for up to 4 days. Taken together, these results indicate that chimeric FANA/DNA AONs are promising new tools for therapeutic gene silencing when increased potency and duration of action are required.

Intrasinus administration of topical budesonide to allergic patients with chronic rhinosinusitis following surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Whether instillation into the maxillary sinus of topical budesonide affected the immune response and improved allergic patients with chronic rhinosinusitis that had persistence of symptoms despite appropriate surgical intervention was assessed. STUDY DESIGN: Double-blind placebo-controlled. METHODS: Twenty-six patients with allergy to house dust mites who had previously had surgery and who had persistent symptoms of disabling rhinorrhea or pressure-pain resistant to oral antibiotics and intranasal corticosteroids were recruited. During the double-blind study, patients instilled 256 microg budesonide daily or placebo through an intubation device (maxillary antrum sinusotomy tube) into one of the maxillary sinuses for 3 weeks before clinical assessment and a second biopsy. RESULTS: We found an improvement in the symptom scores in 11 of the 13 patients who received budesonide; we also found a decrease in CD-3 (P = .02) and eosinophils (P = .002), and a decrease in the density of cells expressing interleukin4 (P = .0001) and interleukin-5 messenger RNA (P = .006) after treatment. CONCLUSION: Topical budesonide delivered through a maxillary antrum sinusotomy tube can control chronic rhinosinusitis that persists after surgery.

Low-dose fluticasone propionate with and without salmeterol in steroid-naïve patients with mild, uncontrolled asthma.

BACKGROUND: The role of combination ICS/LABA as initial controller therapy in mild, persistent asthma is uncertain. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of initial controller therapy with fluticasone propionate (FP) 100 microg twice daily to the efficacy of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate (FSC) 100/50 microg twice daily in patients with persistent asthma symptoms while using as-needed SABA alone. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study was conducted at 45 general practice and 15 specialist centers. A total of 526 adult patients were randomized to receive FP or FSC for 24 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was change in morning peak expiratory flow (PEF) from baseline. Secondary efficacy endpoints included symptom- and rescue-free days; asthma exacerbation rate; asthma-related health-care utilization; and the onset of effect. Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events. RESULTS: Mean morning PEF was significantly greater in the FSC versus the FP group (P<0.001); this greater effect was evident as early as the first week of treatment (P<0.001). The percentages of symptom-free days and rescue-free days in the FSC group were 7.7% (P=0.009) and 8.4% (P=0.001) higher than the FP group, respectively. Trends toward lower exacerbation-related health care-utilization for FSC versus FP were not statistically significant and exacerbation rates were not significantly different. The incidence of adverse events was low with both treatments. CONCLUSIONS: :Treatment with FSC was a more effective initial controller therapy than FP monotherapy in ICS-naïve patients who had uncontrolled asthma while using as-needed SABA alone.

Safety, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of TPI 1020 in smokers with asthma.

BACKGROUND: TPI 1020 is a novel compound with potential for anti-neutrophil effects. TPI 1020 exerts its effects by a dual mechanism of action involving corticosteroid activity and controlled donation of nitric oxide. OBJECTIVES: We assessed the safety, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic activity of ascending doses of TPI 1020 compared to budesonide in asthma. METHODS: Smokers with mild asthma (n=27) were randomized to receive either 600mcg of TPI 1020 (n=13) or 400mcg of budesonide (n=14) bid for 2weeks followed by 1200 and 800mcg bid, respectively, for an additional week. RESULT: There was no serious adverse event and all but one adverse event were mild or moderate (severe headache with budesonide). Patients receiving TPI 1020 reported three-fold fewer treatment-emergent AEs (n=13) than those receiving budesonide (n=39). TPI 1020 had similar effects as budesonide on FEV(1), PEF, rescue medication, asthma scoring system, methacholine response, sputum eosinophils and exhaled NO. Sputum neutrophils (%) tended to decrease more with TPI 1020 (32.6% decrease versus 3.7% increase for budesonide); the decrease occurring only in patients with high neutrophils at baseline. A significant difference favoring TPI 1020 was noted for CRP. Budesonide caused a statistically significant decrease in 24h urinary free cortisol over 22days (median of 4.4-2.8mcg/ml, p=0.01) whereas TPI 1020 had no such effect (4.4-5.8mcg/ml), suggesting lower systemic corticosteroid exposure following TPI 1020 treatment. CONCLUSION: TPI 1020 appears safe in asthmatic smokers and warrants further investigation in respiratory conditions.

Advantageous toxicity profile of inhaled antisense oligonucleotides following chronic dosing in non-human primates.

TPI ASM8 and TPI 1100 are two products containing modified phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides (AONs), which are undergoing development for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), respectively. TPI ASM8 is comprised of two AONs, one targeting the human chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) and the other targeting the common beta-chain of the IL-3/IL-5/GM-CSF receptors. TPI 1100 is also a dual-AON compound targeting the phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 and 7 isotypes. For both products, the AONs are present in a 1:1 ratio by weight. Both products will be administered by inhalation to patients, and TPI ASM8 is currently undergoing Phase 2 clinical trials. As part of the safety assessment of both products, the toxicity and disposition (i.e., pharmacokinetics of the AON components in plasma and tissues) were investigated in 14-day inhalation studies in monkeys at doses ranging from 0.05 to 2.5mg/kg/day. Results indicated that both products were safe and well tolerated at all dose levels. Reversible treatment-related alterations were only observed at the high dose levels tested and were limited to changes in the respiratory tract which were characterized primarily by the presence of alveolar macrophages in the absence of a generalized inflammatory response. Plasma pharmacokinetic profiles showed very low plasma concentrations, and no plasma accumulation was observed after repeated doses. While significant amounts of the AONs of both TPI ASM8 and TPI 1100 were measured in trachea and lung, only limited amounts of the AONs could be measured in kidney and liver, which, in combination with the low plasma level data, is indicative of very low systemic exposure. Taken together, these results demonstrate that these two new AON-based products are safe and that delivery via the inhaled route achieves localized deposition in the pulmonary tract with very limited systemic exposure and reduced toxicity compared to other routes of AON administration.

Inhibition of antigen-induced eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness by antisense oligonucleotides directed against the common beta chain of IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF receptors in a rat model of allergic asthma.

Airway obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and the accumulation and persistence within the airways of inflammatory cells characterize asthma. Interleukin (IL)-3, granulocyte macrophage colony- stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL-5 are among several cytokines that have been shown to be increased in asthma and to contribute to atopic inflammation. They mediate their effect via receptors that have a common beta subunit (beta(c)). We hypothesized that blocking of this common beta(c) would impair the airway response to antigen. We report that an antisense (AS) phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) found to specifically inhibit transcription of the beta(c) in rat bone marrow cells also caused inhibition of beta(c) mRNA expression and of immunoreactive cells within the lungs of Brown Norway (BN) rats when injected intratracheally (p < 0.01). Inhibition of beta(c) significantly reduced (p < 0.01) experimentally induced eosinophilia in vivo in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BN rats after antigen challenge. Furthermore, when compared with mismatch-treated rats, beta(c) AS-ODN caused inhibition of antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to leukotriene D4. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the common beta(c) of IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF receptors is involved in the eosinophil influx and airway hyperresponsiveness that follow OVA challenge and underscore the potential utility of a topical antisense approach targeting beta(c) for the treatment of asthma.

Interleukin-2-induced increased airway responsiveness and lung Th2 cytokine expression occur after antigen challenge through the leukotriene pathway.

Previous studies have shown that the allergic late airway response (LR) is dependent on the leukotriene (LT) pathway in Brown Norway (BN) rats. In this same model, interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been shown to increase allergic airway responses without increasing LT production. This study examined the relationship between the upregulation of cellular immunity with IL-2 and the LT pathway in ovalbumin-sensitized BN rats. Airway responsiveness to LTD(4) was significantly increased in BN rats pretreated with IL-2 (20,000 U twice a day for 4.5 days). Treatment with montelukast, a cysteinyl LT(1) receptor antagonist, blocked IL-2's induced increase of the LR to ovalbumin challenge. When cytokine expression was assessed either by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction or in situ hybridization, we found that montelukast decreased the amount of IL-4 mRNA expression in the lungs while increasing the amount of interferon-gamma mRNA expression 8 hours after challenge. These results indicate that upregulation of cellular immunity with IL-2 can increase the sensitivity of the airways to LTD(4) and that inhibition of the LT pathway will block the LR and modulate cytokine expression after antigen challenge.

The CCR3 receptor is involved in eosinophil differentiation and is up-regulated by Th2 cytokines in CD34+ progenitor cells.

The involvement of chemokines in eosinophil recruitment during inflammation and allergic reactions is well established. However, a functional role for chemokines in eosinophil differentiation has not been investigated. Using in situ RT-PCR, immunostaining, and flow cytometric analysis, we report that human CD34+ cord blood progenitor cells contain CCR3 mRNA and protein. Activation of CD34+ progenitor cells under conditions that promote Th2 type differentiation up-regulated surface expression of the CCR3. In contrast, activation with IL-12 and IFN-gamma resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of CCR3. Eotaxin induced Ca2+ mobilization in CD34+ progenitor cells, which could explain the in vitro and in vivo chemotactic responsiveness to eotaxin. We also found that eotaxin induced the differentiation of eosinophils from cord blood CD34+ progenitor cells. The largest number of mature eosinophils was found in cultures containing eotaxin and IL-5. The addition of neutralizing anti-IL-3, anti-IL-5, and anti-GM-CSF Abs to culture medium demonstrated that the differentiation of eosinophils in the presence of eotaxin was IL-3-, IL-5-, and GM-CSF-independent. These results could explain how CD34+ progenitor cells accumulate and persist in the airways and peripheral blood of patients with asthma and highlight an alternative mechanism by which blood and tissue eosinophilia might occur in the absence of IL-5.

The effects of IL-5 on airway physiology and inflammation in rats.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that the cytokine IL-5 is a prominent feature of airway inflammation in asthma. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether exogenous IL-5 could cause changes in lung physiology, the early and late airway response after antigen challenge, and airway inflammation in rats that do not have a propensity to develop these changes after sensitization and challenge. METHOD AND RESULTS: Intratracheal administration of IL-5 to ovalbumin sensitized Brown Norway SSN rats increased the airway responsiveness to methacholine (AHR) 20 hours after administration of IL-5 at the same time as an increase in neutrophils occurred in the lung lavage. This effect was dose dependent and was not caused by endotoxin. Concurrent intratracheal administration of 50 ng of anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody with 10 microg of recombinant human IL-5 decreased the AHR and neutrophil influx. Pretreatment with 3 microg of IL-5 had no effect on the early and late airway response or on AHR after ovalbumin challenge. However, IL-5 increased lung re-sistance 20 hours after antigen challenge. Although total lung cells and differential counts did not differ significantly 8 hours after antigen challenge, the blood lymphocyte CD4/CD8 ratio decreased in IL-5 pretreated rats (P <.05). In addition, in situ hybridization showed a significant increase in cells within the airway wall expressing IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA in IL-5 treated/challenged rats compared to controls (P <.05). CONCLUSION: The intratracheal administration of IL-5 causes only part of the physiologic changes that are associated with asthma. Other factors are necessary to obtain the complete asthma phenotype.