Choice of medium affects PBMC quantification, cell size, and downstream respiratory analysis.

High-resolution respirometry (HRR) can assess peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) bioenergetics, but no standardized medium for PBMC preparation and HRR analysis exist. Here, we study the effect of four different media (MiR05, PBS, RPMI, Plasmax) on the count, size, and HRR (Oxygraph-O2k) of intact PBMCs. Remarkably, the cell count was 21 % higher when PBMCs were resuspended in MiR05 than in PBS or Plasmax, causing O2 flux underestimation during HRR due to inherent adjustments. Moreover, smaller cell size and cell aggregation was observed in MiR05. Based on our findings, we propose that Plasmax, PBS or RPMI is more suitable than MiR05 for HRR of intact PBMCs. We provide oxygen solubility factors for Plasmax and PBS and encourage further optimization of a standardized HRR protocol for intact PBMCs.

Accessory muscle of the flexor digitorum superficialis and its clinical implications / Músculo acessório do músculo flexor superficial e sua implicação clínica

ABSTRACT Anatomical variations of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle and tendon unit are frequently reported by anatomists and clinicians. Anatomical muscle variations of the FDS and its tendons may include variations of muscle belly, presence of accessory or duplicate tendons, abnormal tendon connections, and absence of muscle or tendon components. Such variations may or may not have clinical implications. This report presents a case not described previously: a unilateral accessory muscle of the flexor digitorum superficialis which was connected by a thick tendon to the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle; it was directed proximally to the insertion of the medial epicondyle of the humerus, next to the superficialis head of the pronator teres muscle. The belly of the accessory muscle was positioned anterior to the median and anterior interosseous nerve. This anatomical variation is known as type V in the classification of Elliot et al. The knowledge of these anatomical variations helps hand surgeons interpret the clinical examination, particularly in the evaluation of patients who have suffered tendon injuries or show sign s of possible peripheral nerve entrapment.

RESUMO Variações anatômicas (anomalias) da unidade musculotendínea do flexor superficial dos dedos (FSD) têm sido relatadas com frequência na literatura em tratados, artigos clínicos e anatômicos. Podem ocorrer variações do corpo muscular, presença de tendões acessórios ou duplicados, conexões musculotendinosas anormais e ausência do componente muscular ou tendinoso. Essas variações podem ou não ter implicações clínicas. Os autores apresentam um caso não descrito previamente de um músculo acessório do músculo FSD unilateral que estava conectado através de um tendão espesso ao músculo FSD e dirigia-se proximalmente para inserir-se no epicôndilo medial do úmero ao lado da cabeça superficial do músculo pronador redondo. O músculo flexor superficial acessório posicionava anteriormente aos nervos mediano e interósseo anterior. Essa variação se enquadra no tipo V da classificação de Elliot et al. O conhecimento dessas variações anatômicas auxilia o cirurgião da mão a interpretar o exame clínico, em especial na avaliação de pacientes que sofreram lesões tendinosas ou apresentam sinais de possíveis compressão de algum nervo periférico.