Eight-and-a-Half Syndrome Secondary to Neurotoxoplasmosis: A Rare Case Report.

Eight-and-a-half syndrome (EHS) is a neuro-ophthalmological condition characterised by horizontal gaze palsy, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and ipsilateral facial palsy. Albeit rare, EHS is a well reported condition in the literature, with several reports presenting multiple aetiologies. Infarcts are the cause in more than half the cases. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related cases are rare, and are probably underreported in low- and middle-income countries. In this report, we describe EHS secondary to neurotoxoplasmosis in a 40-year-old HIV-positive Brazilian man. EHS secondary to neurotoxoplasmosis is a challenging diagnosis, with important differential diagnoses, notably for HIV patients.

Intraparenchymal pericatheter cyst as an indicator of ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction: A case-based update.

Background: Intraparenchymal pericatheter cysts (IPCs) are a rare ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) complication, with only a few cases recorded in the literature. Case Description: We report a 22-year-old woman admitted with headache, papilledema, vision loss, and a history of leukemia. Lumbar puncture revealed idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Three months after VPS implantation, she was readmitted with headache and worsening of visual impairment. CT evidenced a IPC with perilesional edema. Intraoperatively, a shunt revision and cyst drainage were opted for. We present a discussion and literature review on this unique complication of VPS, with emphasis on management. Conclusion: It is important to understand and consider IPCs as complications of VPS surgery, including in adult patients and IIH cases.

Cerebral venous thrombosis in Latin America: A critical review of risk factors, clinical and radiological characteristics.

Background: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare disease that frequently occurs in young women of childbearing age, with variable clinical presentation in regions with limited access to diagnostic imaging or specialized neurological care. In the last decade, there has been an increase in the number of studies on CVT in Latin America, which may contribute to a better epidemiological description of the disease in this region and, consequently, its early diagnosis. Objectives: Our study aims to review the risk factors, clinical and radiological characteristics of CVT in Latin America, being critically compared with data from world literature. Methods: PubMed, ScienceDirect, BVS, and Scopus were searched to identify studies reporting CVT in Latin American countries published up to July 2022. We excluded case reports and case series reporting <5 patients later in the final analysis. Results: We identified a total of 3714 studies and 26 qualified for the quantitative analysis, which described 1486 cases of CVT. Headache was the most frequent symptom (82.1%) and the use of oral contraceptives in women was the main risk factor (46.7%). The transverse sinus was the most frequent location of the thrombus (52%). The treatment used most in the acute phase was heparin (88.5%) and oral anticoagulation was widely used at hospital discharge (67.8%). The mortality was low (6.5%), and most patients achieved complete recovery (75.3%). Conclusion: Despite considerable dissimilarities in studies between countries, particularities were identified in the risk factors of CVT in Latin America compared to other regions of the world.

Corrigendum: Cerebral venous thrombosis in Latin America: A critical review of risk factors, clinical and radiological characteristics.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1017565.].

Multiple extradural spinal arachnoid cysts: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Extradural spinal arachnoid cysts (SACs) rarely cause neural compression and disability. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 38-year-old female presented with a history of two episodes of falling due to transient weakness in the lower limbs. The neurological examination showed normal motor and sensory function, but hyperreflexia. The thoracic magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple extradural SACs between the T3-L1 levels. Following complete surgical resection of the most symptomatic cyst, she did well. The histopathological examination confirmed a Type I extradural SAC. CONCLUSION: Here, we discussed one case and reviewed the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of multiple extradural SACs.

Parkinsonism Secondary to Hydrocephalus Caused by Neurocysticercosis.

The diagnosis of parkinsonism is established by the presence of tremor, stiffness and bradykinesia alongside with neurological examination, requiring the exclusion of secondary causes such as stroke, hydrocephalus and infectious diseases. Included in this last category, neurocysticercosis is a disease caused by Taenia solium, with a variable clinical presentation that can include epileptic seizures, hydrocephalus and rarely parkinsonism. In the reported case, the syndrome is a consequence of lesions in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway caused by the implant and mass effect of the cysticercus. The authors report a case of parkinsonism in a 59-year-old woman with a previous history of neurocysticercosis who presented with hydrocephalus on magnetic resonance imaging exam. The patient was treated with pharmacological therapy and ventriculoperitoneal shunt, progressing with amelioration of the symptoms presented.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: literature review based on three case reports / Doença de creutzfeldt-jakob: revisão da literatura baseada no relato de três casos

ABSTRACT. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is one of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies that lead to rapidly progressive dementia. CJD has a low prevalence, and the average survival is only 1 year after the onset of symptoms. As the patients with CJD develop rapidly progressive dementia, associated with myoclonus, visual or cerebellar problems, pyramidal or extrapyramidal features, and akinetic mutism, the hypothesis of CJD must be raised. Classic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings are hypersignals in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and cortical region. CJD must be considered a differential diagnosis of other types of dementia, and there is no effective treatment for this disease. In this article, we present a literature review based on the report of three cases of the sporadic form of this disease.

RESUMO. A doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (DCJ) faz parte do grupo das encefalopatias espongiformes transmissíveis que levam a um quadro de demência rapidamente progressiva. A DCJ possui baixa prevalência, e a sobrevida média é de apenas um ano após o início dos sintomas. Diante de um paciente com demência rapidamente progressiva, associada a mioclonias, alterações visuais ou cerebelares, sinais piramidais ou extrapiramidais e mutismo acinético, a hipótese de DCJ deve ser levantada. Os achados clássicos na ressonância magnética são os hipersinais em núcleo caudado, putâmen e região cortical. A DCJ deve ser considerada como um diagnóstico diferencial de outros tipos de demência e não existe um tratamento eficaz para essa doença. Apresentamos neste artigo uma revisão da literatura baseada no relato de três casos da forma esporádica dessa doença.