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1.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27346996

RESUMEN

Stroke is one of the major causes of disability in the world. Due to the extended lifetime of the world's population, the number of people affected by stroke has increased substantially over the last years. Stroke may lead to sensorimotor deficits, usually causing hemiplegia or hemiparesia. In order to reduce motor deficits and accelerate functional recovery, MP combined with motor rehabilitation was introduced to the rehabilitation process of post-stroke patients. Evidence has shown that MP combining with motor rehabilitation based on activities of daily living was more effective than conventional motor rehabilitation used per se. This combination proved very useful and effective, with significant results in improvement of motor deficits in post-stroke patients. However, further studies must be conducted to determine specific parameters, such as type of imagery, frequency or duration.

2.
Somatosens Mot Res ; 32(2): 77-86, 2015.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25365543

RESUMEN

Motor dysfunction is consistently reported but understudied in schizophrenia. It has been hypothesized that this abnormality may reflect a neuro-developmental disorder underlying this illness. The main goal of this study was to analyze movement patterns used by participants with schizophrenia and healthy controls during overarm throwing performance, using a markerless motion capture system. Thirteen schizophrenia patients and 16 healthy control patients performed the overarm throwing task in a markerless motion capture system. Participants were also examined for the presence of motor neurological soft signs (mNSS) using the Brief Motor Scale. Schizophrenia patients demonstrated a less developed movement pattern with low individualization of components compared to healthy controls. The schizophrenia group also displayed a higher incidence of mNSS. The presence of a less mature movement pattern can be an indicator of neuro-immaturity and a marker for atypical neurological development in schizophrenia. Our findings support the understanding of motor dysfunction as an intrinsic part of the disorder of schizophrenia.


Asunto(s)
Percepción de Movimiento/fisiología , Movimiento/fisiología , Trastornos Psicomotores/etiología , Esquizofrenia/complicaciones , Adulto , Algoritmos , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Tiempo
3.
Crim Behav Ment Health ; 25(5): 389-402, 2015 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25251039

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: There is considerable evidence that aspects of cognitive function, especially executive function, are associated with antisocial behaviour and violence, but most research to date has measured current cognition and previous criminal behaviour. Furthermore, this research has been conducted almost exclusively with male offenders. AIM: The aim of this study is to examine relationships between a wide range of cognitive functions and behaviours among women in prison. Our hypotheses were that cognitive functioning would be associated with both more-or-less contemporaneously observed behaviour problems and self-rated adjustment to the environment. METHOD: Forty-five drug-free imprisoned female offenders were individually assessed on a battery of cognitive measures. Prison staff rated their behaviour on the Prison Behaviour Rating Scale and the women rated their own sense of adjustment to the environment on the Prison Adjustment Questionnaire. RESULTS: Stepwise hierarchical regressions indicated that attention was independently associated with behaviours reflecting tension, depression, isolation, fear, victimisation and worry, whereas processing speed was independently associated with behaviours reflecting lack of energy, mental slowness and lack of awareness of the surrounding environment and total Prison Adjustment Questionnaire score. There was no relationship between cognitive functioning and subjective perception of adjustment to prison. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE AND FUTURE RESEARCH: Results indicate that cognition contributes to some of the behavioural problems displayed by inmates in the prison context. Future studies should evaluate the role of programmes to improve cognitive processes in also improving prison behaviour and also test for continuities and discontinuities with post-release integrative success.


Asunto(s)
Adaptación Psicológica , Cognición/fisiología , Criminales/psicología , Función Ejecutiva/fisiología , Prisioneros/psicología , Prisiones , Adulto , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial , Ansiedad/psicología , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Depresión/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Percepción , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Violencia/psicología
4.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25870648

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the severity of subcortical atrophy in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) without extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and dementia with EPS. In addition, we aim to verify if there is correlation between demographic and clinical characteristics and subcortical atrophy in the groups. Methodology : The sample was composed of 21 patients with dementia and EPS as well as 19 patients with FTD without EPS. A linear assessment was conducted in order to identify the degree of subcortical atrophy (i.e., bifrontal index - BFI) using MRI. Moreover, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) and the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) were used to investigate clinical aspects. Results : It was verified that patients with dementia and EPS was older than the patients with FTD (p=0.01). The severity of cognitive deficits was associated with BFI, as well as the dementia severity in the EPS group. Conclusion : FTD group presented mean BFI scores above the cutoff for normal elderly population, indicating the presence of subcortical atrophy in this group. Mean BFI was higher (although not statistically significant) in FTD group than in dementia with EPS, which can suggest at least that subcortical pathology in FTD may be as important as in the dementia with EPS group. Subcortical atrophy is a good biological marker for cognitive deterioration in FTD and in dementia with EPS.

5.
Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health ; 11(Suppl 1 M5): 77-101, 2015.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25834629

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: In the last decades, children's and adolescents' obesity and overweight have increased in European Countries. Unhealthy eating habits and sedentary lifestyle have been recognized to determine such an epidemic. Schools represent an ideal setting to modify harmful behaviors, and physical activity could be regarded as a potential way to avoid the metabolic risks related to obesity. Methods : A systematic review of the literature was carried out to summarize the evidence of school-based interventions aimed to promote, enhance and implement physical activity in European schools. Only randomized controlled trials were included, carried out in Europe from January 2000 to April 2014, universally delivered and targeting pupils aged between 3 and 18 years old. Results : Forty-seven studies were retrieved based either on multicomponent interventions or solely physical activity programs. Most aimed to prevent obesity and cardiovascular risks among youths. While few studies showed a decrease in BMI, positive results were achieved on other outcomes, such as metabolic parameters and physical fitness. Conclusion : Physical activity in schools should be regarded as a simple, non-expensive and enjoyable way to reach all the children and adolescents with adequate doses of moderate to vigorous physical activity.

6.
CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets ; 16(6): 638-651, 2017.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28017130

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is a major manifestation of schizophrenia and a crucial treatment target as these deficits are closely related to patients' functional outcomes. Cognitive remediation is the gold-standard practice to address cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. There is clear evidence stating that cognitive remediation improves cognitive function and promotes structural neuroplastic changes in patients with schizophrenia, with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression emerging as a potential biomarker for its efficacy. This is particularly important as there is clear evidence relating atypical BDNF expression to cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia. Despite the valuable role of cognitive remediation in the management of schizophrenia, there is still a need to develop methods that allow maximizing its efficacy. METHOD AND RESULTS: In this review, we present a hypothesis arguing that cognitive remediation efficacy for patients with schizophrenia can be enhanced by aerobic exercise-induced BDNF upregulation. There have been a few trials reporting that combining aerobic exercise with cognitive training was superior to cognitive training alone to improve cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, there is preliminary evidence suggesting that combined aerobic and cognitive training can increase peripheral BDNF levels. CONCLUSION: Thereby, engaging in aerobic exercise in close temporal proximity to cognitive remediation may allow achieving a state of neuroplastic readiness in the brain, facilitating cognitive functioning enhancement. Although this hypothesis still lacks evidence, future clinical trials using cognitive remediation for schizophrenia should explore strategies to maximize neuroplasticity and achieve optimal cognitive improvements.


Asunto(s)
Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/metabolismo , Trastornos del Conocimiento/etiología , Trastornos del Conocimiento/rehabilitación , Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Plasticidad Neuronal/fisiología , Esquizofrenia/complicaciones , Humanos
7.
World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther ; 8(1): 26-38, 2017 Feb 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28217372

RESUMEN

The liver is the organ by which the majority of substances are metabolized, including psychotropic drugs. There are several pharmacokinetic changes in end-stage liver disease that can interfere with the metabolization of psychotropic drugs. This fact is particularly true in drugs with extensive first-pass metabolism, highly protein bound drugs and drugs depending on phase I hepatic metabolic reactions. Psychopharmacological agents are also associated with a risk of hepatotoxicity. The evidence is insufficient for definite conclusions regarding the prevalence and severity of psychiatric drug-induced liver injury. High-risk psychotropics are not advised when there is pre-existing liver disease, and after starting a psychotropic agent in a patient with hepatic impairment, frequent liver function/lesion monitoring is advised. The authors carefully review the pharmacokinetic disturbances induced by end-stage liver disease and the potential of psychopharmacological agents for liver toxicity.

8.
Clin Psychol Rev ; 43: 80-9, 2016 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26437567

RESUMEN

Recent advances in psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia have targeted social cognitive deficits. A critical literature review and effect-size (ES) analysis was conducted to investigate the efficacy of comprehensive programs of social cognitive training in schizophrenia. Results revealed 16 controlled studies consisting of seven models of comprehensive treatment with only three of these treatment models investigated in more than one study. The effects of social cognitive training were reported in 11/15 studies that included facial affect recognition skills (ES=.84) and 10/13 studies that included theory-of-mind (ES=.70) as outcomes. Less than half (4/9) of studies that measured attributional style as an outcome reported effects of treatment, but effect sizes across studies were significant (ESs=.30-.52). The effect sizes for symptoms were modest, but, with the exception of positive symptoms, significant (ESs=.32-.40). The majority of trials were randomized (13/16), selected active control conditions (11/16) and included at least 30 participants (12/16). Concerns for this area of research include the absence of blinded outcome raters in more than 50% of trials and low rates of utilization of procedures for maintaining treatment fidelity. These findings provide preliminary support for the broader use of comprehensive social cognitive training procedures as a psychosocial intervention for schizophrenia.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos del Conocimiento , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/métodos , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados como Asunto , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Esquizofrenia , Percepción Social , Teoría de la Mente/fisiología , Trastornos del Conocimiento/etiología , Trastornos del Conocimiento/fisiopatología , Trastornos del Conocimiento/terapia , Humanos , Esquizofrenia/complicaciones , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatología , Esquizofrenia/terapia
9.
Mol Neurobiol ; 53(9): 6367-6376, 2016 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26572641

RESUMEN

Epigenetic modulation is found to get involved in multiple neurobehavioral processes. It is believed that different types of environmental stimuli could alter the epigenome of the whole brain or related neural circuits, subsequently contributing to the long-lasting neural plasticity of certain behavioral phenotypes. While the maternal influence on the health of offsprings has been long recognized, recent findings highlight an alternative way for neurobehavioral phenotypes to be passed on to the next generation, i.e., through the male germ line. In this review, we focus specifically on the transgenerational modulation induced by environmental stress, drugs of abuse, and other physical or mental changes (e.g., ageing, metabolism, fear) in fathers, and recapitulate the underlying mechanisms potentially mediating the alterations in epigenome or gene expression of offsprings. Together, these findings suggest that the inheritance of phenotypic traits through male germ-line epigenome may represent the unique manner of adaptation during evolution. Hence, more attention should be paid to the paternal health, given its equivalently important role in affecting neurobehaviors of descendants.


Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/genética , Conducta Adictiva/genética , Conducta Adictiva/metabolismo , Padre , Patrón de Herencia/genética , Estrés Psicológico/genética , Epigénesis Genética , Humanos , Fenotipo
10.
CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets ; 15(6): 713-22, 2016.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26996165

RESUMEN

Bipolar disorder (BD) affects 1 to 1.5% of the world population and consists of at least one manic episode (or hypomanic) associated with depressive episodes, interspersed with periods of euthymic mood. Recurrent crises lead to significant disability in BD patients, and correlates negatively to social and occupational adjustment. Such disability can be explained by a series of events, such as cortical and altered metabolic activity, impairments in cognitive functions, and in core anatomical structures involved in mood modulation. Therefore, our review aims to provide information on the current research related to the pathophysiology of BD. We will review the cognitive and brain functioning, and biomarkers of BD. The current literature shows that cognitive deficits are commonly observed in all phases in BD patients, independent of a remissive state. These deficits are assigned to functional, structural and metabolic changes, particularly in the pre-frontal cortex region, hippocampus and amygdala, along with the connections between them, as well as decreased baseline brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels or imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, implying a lower physical ability to reestablish from a stressful stimulus. BD patients effectively present a differentiated pattern of cortical, neuroanatomical and functional responses. It is suggested that physiological processes occur differently in bipolar subjects compared to healthy individuals, affecting behavior and brain function in such patients. Future directions are yet necessary to establish the best way to neutralize or reverse these events.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno Bipolar/fisiopatología , Trastorno Bipolar/psicología , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Humanos
11.
CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets ; 14(5): 567-75, 2015.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25921745

RESUMEN

Stroke is one of the most common conditions requiring rehabilitation, and its motor impairments are a major cause of permanent disability. Hemiparesis is observed by 80% of the patients after acute stroke. Neuroimaging studies showed that real and imagined movements have similarities regarding brain activation, supplying evidence that those similarities are based on the same process. Within this context, the combination of mental practice (MP) with physical and occupational therapy appears to be a natural complement based on neurorehabilitation concepts. Our study seeks to investigate if MP for stroke rehabilitation of upper limbs is an effective adjunct therapy. PubMed (Medline), ISI knowledge (Institute for Scientific Information) and SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library) were terminated on 20 February 2015. Data were collected on variables as follows: sample size, type of supervision, configuration of mental practice, setting the physical practice (intensity, number of sets and repetitions, duration of contractions, rest interval between sets, weekly and total duration), measures of sensorimotor deficits used in the main studies and significant results. Random effects models were used that take into account the variance within and between studies. Seven articles were selected. As there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (MP vs control), showed a - 0.6 (95% CI: -1.27 to 0.04), for upper limb motor restoration after stroke. The present meta-analysis concluded that MP is not effective as adjunct therapeutic strategy for upper limb motor restoration after stroke.


Asunto(s)
Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Terapia Ocupacional/métodos , Recuperación de la Función/fisiología , Rehabilitación de Accidente Cerebrovascular , Extremidad Superior/fisiopatología , Humanos
12.
CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets ; 13(6): 1026-40, 2014.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24923347

RESUMEN

Depression, the most prevalent psychiatric disorder, has a lifelong risk of 20% and is related to high rates of death among the patients. Thus, this study aims to conduct a systematic review of changes in executive functions of adult patients diagnosed with depression. We found 1381 articles; however, only 28 were selected and recovered. The inclusion criteria was the assessment of executive functions with at least one neuropsychological test, and articles that evaluated primarily adult individuals with depression, without comparison to other psychiatric disorders. Although most of the studies (25 out of 28 analyzed) have shown deficits in some executive subcomponents, these findings are not conclusive because they used different parameters of assessment. Moreover, many variables were not controlled, such as the different subtypes of the disorder, the high level of severity, comorbidity and the use of drugs. Most studies showed different deficits in executive functions in depressed patients, but further longitudinal studies are needed in order to confirm these findings.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos del Conocimiento/etiología , Depresión/complicaciones , Función Ejecutiva/fisiología , Trastornos del Conocimiento/diagnóstico , Bases de Datos Bibliográficas/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas
13.
Schizophr Res ; 150(1): 64-8, 2013 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23962827

RESUMEN

Psychosocial interventions have proven to be effective in treating social cognition in people with psychotic disorders. The current study aimed to determine the effects of a metacognitive and social cognition training (MSCT) program, designed to both remediate deficits and correct biases in social cognition. Thirty-five clinically stable outpatients were recruited and assigned to the MSCT program (n=19) for 10 weeks (18 sessions) or to the TAU group (n=16), and they all completed pre- and post-treatment assessments of social cognition, cognitive biases, functioning and symptoms. The MSCT group demonstrated a significant improvement in theory of mind, social perception, emotion recognition and social functioning. Additionally, the tendency to jump to conclusions was significantly reduced among the MSCT group after training. There were no differential benefits regarding clinical symptoms except for one trend group effect for general psychopathology. The results support the efficacy of the MSCT format, but further development of the training program is required to increase the benefits related to attributional style.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos del Conocimiento/etiología , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/métodos , Esquizofrenia/complicaciones , Esquizofrenia/rehabilitación , Psicología del Esquizofrénico , Conducta Social , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Trastornos del Conocimiento/rehabilitación , Emociones , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Pacientes Ambulatorios , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Teoría de la Mente , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto Joven
14.
Estud. psicol. (Natal) ; 18(4): 559-568, out.-dez. 2013. tab
Artículo en Portugués | LILACS | ID: lil-709694

RESUMEN

Neste estudo procuramos determinar a satisfação e a percepção de mudanças específicas resultantes da participação num programa de treino metacognitivo e da cognição social (TMSC) para pessoas com Esquizofrenia. Participaram 21 participantes com diagnóstico de Esquizofrenia responderam a um inquérito por questionário de administração direta com questões abertas, realizado a meio e no final do TMCS. A partir das categorias (1) Satisfação com o programa, (2) Reestruturação sócio-cognitiva e (3) Mudanças na relação eu-outro, verificamos que o programa é relevante, tem potencial para introduzir mudanças na relação com os outros e parece otimizar a cognição social. Os aspectos negativos apontados estão relacionados com a duração do programa e das sessões, e com a linguagem utilizada...


This study aimed to understand the satisfaction and the perception of specific changes triggered by the participation in a metacognitive and social cognition training program (MSCT) for people with Schizophrenia. Participed 21 participants with a diagnosis of Schizophrenia answered a questionnaire of direct-response with open ended questions applied in the middle-term and at the end of the MSCT. Based on the categories (1) satisfaction with the program, (2) social cognitive restructuring and (3) Changes in the self-other relationship, we found that the program was considered to be relevant, had the potential to improve relationships with others and facilitated the enhancement of social cognition. The most important negative aspects mentioned were the duration of the program and sessions, and the specific language used...


En este estudio hemos tratado de determinar la satisfacción y la percepción de los cambios específicos que resulten de la participación en un programa de entrenamiento metacognitivo y de la cognición social (TMSC) para las personas con esquizofrenia. 21 participantes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia respondieron a un cuestionario de administración directa con preguntas abiertas, realizadas en el medio y al final de TMCS. A partir de las categorías (1) satisfacción con el programa, (2) reestructuración socio-cognitiva, y (3) cambios en la relación yo-otro, constatamos que el programa es relevante, tiene la posibilidad de introducir cambios en la relación con los demás y parece optimizar la cognición social. Los aspectos negativos se refieren a la duración del programa y de las sesiones, y la terminología utilizada...


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cognición , Esquizofrenia/prevención & control , Rehabilitación/psicología
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