Long-term lung function follow-up of preterm infants less than 32 weeks of gestational age.

BACKGROUND: Preterm infants, particularly those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), are at risk of lung development problems. Over the last decades, lung protective strategies have been used, decreasing the risk of chronic lung disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pulmonary function test (PFT) of preterm infants born after the introduction of lung protective strategies and to assess perinatal determinants of impaired lung function in this population. METHODS: A prospective, observational, single-center study was conducted in the neonatal unit of a high-complexity hospital. The study included newborns with less than 32 weeks gestational age born between 2012 and 2014, who were followed up until they reach school age. For the main outcome, two groups were stablished: no BPD or grade 1 BPD (no BPD/1) and grade 2 or 3 BPD (BPD 2/3). RESULTS: Out of 327 patients, 116 were included. BPD was diagnosed in 49.1% (47), with 50.9% (29) classified as grade 1, 35.1% (20) as grade 2, and 14.0% (8) as grade 3. Mean age at PFT was 8.59 years (SD 0.90). Mean FEV1% was 95.36% (SD 13.21) and FEV1 z-score -0.36 (SD 1.12); FVC% 97.53% (SD 12.59) and FVC z-score -0.20 (SD 1.06); FEV1/FVC ratio 85.84% (SD 8.34) and z-score -0.24 (SD 1.34). When comparing patients with no BPD/1 and BPD 2/3, we observed differences in all pulmonary function parameters, which persisted after adjusting for gestational age. No differences in PFT were observed between patients without BPD and those with grade 1 BPD. Most patients (76.7%, 89) had normal spirometry pattern, with obstructive pattern observed in 12.9% (15), restrictive pattern in 9.5% (11), and mixed pattern in 0.9% (1) of patients. CONCLUSION: Preterm infants with BPD 2/3 showed a decrease in all pulmonary function parameters compared to preterm infants with no BPD/1; an effect that was independent of gestational age. Among patients with BPD who had an altered PFT pattern, the most common pattern was obstructive, followed by restrictive and then, mixed.

Comorbidities and course of lung function in patients with congenital esophageal atresia. / Comorbilidades y evolución de la función pulmonar de pacientes con atresia esofágica congénita.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological characteristics, hospital follow-up, and course of patients who underwent surgery for esophageal atresia and its consequences on lung function. POPULATION AND METHODS: Retrospective, longitudinal, and analytical study. The medical records of patients with esophageal atresia born between 1996 and 2017 were reviewed. Perinatal data, type of atresia, associated malformations, respiratory and gastrointestinal complications, and spirometry data were recorded over 3 years. RESULTS: A total of 97 patients were included. The most common type of atresia was III, and the most frequent syndrome, trisomy 21; 13.4 % of patients died in the neonatal period; 23.8 % were followed up by the Department of Pulmonology, and their respiratory complications included exacerbations (46.4 %), wheezing or asthma (36 %), and pneumonia (26.8 %). Gastroesophageal reflux was a risk factor for wheezing (OR: 5.31; p = 0.002), exacerbations (OR: 4.00; p=0.009), and pneumonia (OR: 3.24; p = 0.02). In the first spirometry (n=20), the pattern was normal in 65 %; restrictive in 30 %; and mixed in 5 %. In the second spirometry (n = 19), the pattern was normal in 42.1 %; restrictive in 31.6 %; obstructive in 15.8 %, and mixed in 10.5 %. In the third spirometry (n = 14), the pattern was normal in 50 %; restrictive in 21.4 %; obstructive in 14.3 %, and mixed in 14.3 %. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample of patients, a large proportion had respiratory and gastrointestinal comorbidities. Lung function worsened progressively.

Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas, el seguimiento hospitalario y la evolución de los pacientes intervenidos por atresia esofágica y su repercusión en la función pulmonar. Población y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, longitudinal y analítico. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes con atresia esofágica nacidos entre 1996 y 2017. Se registraron datos perinatales, tipo de atresia, malformaciones asociadas, complicaciones respiratorias y digestivas, y los datos espirométricos durante tres años. Resultados: Se incluyeron 97 pacientes. El tipo de atresia más frecuente fue el III y el síndrome más frecuente, la trisomía 21. El 13,4 % fallecieron en el período neonatal. El 23,8 % de los pacientes estuvo en seguimiento por Neumología y presentó como complicaciones respiratorias exacerbaciones (el 46,4 %), sibilancias o asma (el 36 %), neumonías (el 26,8 %). El reflujo gastroesofágico fue factor de riesgo de sibilancias (OR 5,31; p = 0,002), exacerbaciones (OR 4,00; p = 0,009) y neumonías (OR 3,24; p = 0,02). En la primera espirometría (n = 20), un 65 % presentaba patrón normal; un 30 %, restrictivo, y un 5 %, mixto. En la segunda espirometría (n = 19), un 42,1 % presentaba patrón normal; un 31,6 %, restrictivo; un 15,8 %, obstructivo, y un 10,5 %, mixto. En la tercera espirometría (n = 14), el 50 % presentaba un patrón espirométrico normal; el 21,4 %, restrictivo; el 14,3 %, obstructivo, y un 14,3 %, mixto. Conclusiones: En nuestra muestra de pacientes, una importante proporción presentó comorbilidades respiratorias y digestivas. La función pulmonar empeoró progresivamente.

Normas para control y seguimiento de niños con displasia broncopulmonar (enfermedad pulmonar crónica de la infancia) / Control and follow-up standards in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (infant chronic lung disease)

La displasia broncopulmonar (enfermedad pulmonar crónica de la infancia) constituye un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades de etiopatogenia multifactorial y fisiopatología multisistémica. Su frecuencia ha aumentado en los últimos años debido principalmente a la mayor supervivencia de los recién nacidos prematuros de muy bajo peso al nacer que presentan interrupción del desarrollo vascular y pulmonar unido a alteraciones funcionales generadas por el déficit de surfactante y relacionadas con la inmadurez. Sin embargo, se ha controlado la gravedad de estos cuadros gracias a los cambios realizados en la práctica clínica. Para un adecuado control y seguimiento multidisciplinario, abordamos esta afección con el objetivo de elaborar un plan de actuación cuando estos neonatos se encuentran en su hogar tras el alta hospitalaria...