Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Central America and the Caribbean: A One Health Perspective.

Ticks have complex life cycles which involve blood-feeding stages found on wild and domestic animals, with humans as accidental hosts. At each blood-feeding stage, ticks can transmit and/or acquire pathogens from their hosts. Therefore, the circulation of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), especially the zoonotic ones, should be studied in a multi-layered manner, including all components of the chain of infections, following the 'One Health' tenets. The implementation of such an approach requires coordination among major stakeholders (such as veterinarians, physicians, acarologists, and researchers) for the identification of exposure and infection risks and application of effective prevention measures. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases in Central America and the Caribbean and the challenges associated with the implementation of 'One Health' surveillance and control programs in the region.

Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Cuba, Half a Century of Scientific Research.

Ticks and the vast array of pathogens they transmit, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths, constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. In Cuba, the major tropical island in the Caribbean, ticks are an important cause of vector-borne diseases affecting livestock production, pet animal health and, to a lesser extent, human health. The higher number of tick species in the country belong to the Argasidae family and, probably less known, is the presence of an autochthonous tick species in the island, Ixodes capromydis. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) affecting animal and human health in Cuba. The review covers research results including ecophysiology of ticks, the epidemiology of TBPs, and the diagnostic tools used currently in the country for the surveillance of TBPs. We also introduce the programs implemented in the country for tick control and the biotechnology research applied to the development of anti-tick vaccines.

Características sociodemográficas, clínicas y de riesgo en un grupo de pacientes cubanos con sífilis primaria temprana

Introducción: La incidencia de sífilis ha ido en aumento en los últimos años. Se reportan más de 6,3 millones de casos nuevos anualmente. En Cuba constituye un problema de salud, y se presenta con mayor frecuencia en poblaciones clave. Objetivo: Describir las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y de riesgo de un grupo de pacientes con lesiones ulceradas, de hasta tres semanas de evolución, con diagnóstico de sífilis. Método: Se realizó la revisión documental de 33 encuestas clínico-epidemiológicas de pacientes con sospechas de sífilis para comparar variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y de riesgo de los pacientes con y sin diagnóstico de sífilis. Resultados: Se evidenció que solo el 46,3 % de los pacientes con lesiones ulceradas que asisten al servicio médico lo hacen durante las primeras tres semanas de aparición de la lesión. De los 33 pacientes (32 hombres y una mujer), 19 de ellos tuvieron diagnóstico de sífilis. Se constató la infección exclusivamente en hombres en todos los grupos etáreos, pero destaca la tasa específica elevada en adultos mayores de 55 años. Prevalecen las lesiones genitales sobre las extragenitales y la principal variable de riesgo son las prácticas sexuales entre hombres. Conclusiones: Estos resultados evidencian la problemática que constituye esta entidad de transmisión sexual en el país, y sugiere reforzar las estrategias nacionales para la prevención y control de la misma.

Introduction: The incidence of syphilis has been increasing in recent years. More than 6.3 million new cases are reported annually. In Cuba it constitutes a health problem, and it occurs more frequently in key populations. Objective: To describe the sociodemographic, clinical and risk characteristics of a group of patients with ulcerated lesions, lasting up to three weeks, with a diagnosis of syphilis. Method: A documentary review of 33 clinical-epidemiological surveys of patients with suspected syphilis was carried out to compare sociodemographic, clinical and risk variables of patients with and without a diagnosis of syphilis. Results: It was evident that only 46.3% of patients with ulcerated lesions who attend the medical service do so during the first three weeks of the lesion's appearance. Of the 33 patients (32 men and one woman), 19 of them had a diagnosis of syphilis. The infection was found exclusively in men in all age groups, but the high specific rate in adults over 55 years of age stands out. Genital ulcers prevail over extragenital ulcers and the main risk variable is sexual practices between men. Conclusions: These results show the problem of this sexually transmitted disease in the country, and suggest strengthening national strategies for its prevention and control.

[Diagnosis of Mycoplasma genitalium by MgPa and rRNA 16S gene amplification]. / Diagnóstico de Mycoplasma genitalium por amplificación de los genes MgPa y ARN ribosomal 16S.

OBJECTIVE: Mycoplasma genitalium has been associated with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU). Diagnosis by PCR has become the primary detection method for this organism. Thus, diagnosis by DNA amplification using the PCR technique should be utilized. MATERIAL AND METHODS: GMF/GMR and MgpF/MgpR primer pairs, complementary to the M. genitalium 16S rRNA and MgPa genes, respectively, were selected. Specificity and sensibility assays were conducted and clinical samples were studied. RESULTS: The PCR with each primer pair was specific only for M. genitalium, and the sensibility was higher with the GMF/GMR primers. In the study of 34 clinical samples, 18,5% were positive for M. genitalium, with more positive samples when the MgpF/MgpR primers were used. CONCLUSIONS: DNA amplification by PCR should be applied in clinical practice to the diagnosis of M. genitalium in patients with NGU should using.

Primera detección de Candidatus Rickettsia colombianensi en el departamento del Meta, Colombia / First detection of Candidatus Rickettsia colombianensi in the State of Meta, Colombia

RESUMEN Introducción: Las Rickettsias son un género de bacterias Gram negativas intracelulares obligadas causantes de muchas epidemias en el mundo y son transmitidas principalmente por garrapatas, pulgas, piojos y ácaros. Las rickettsiosis son enfermedades infecciosas reemergentes sin vigilancia epidemiológica en Colombia. Hasta hace pocos años Rickettsia rickettsi era la única Rickettsia transmitida por garrapatas presente en América; sin embargo, nuevas especies están siendo descritas, y aunque su patogenicidad no ha sido confirmada pueden ser consideradas patógenos potenciales. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de rickettsias en garrapatas del departamento del Meta, Colombia. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, fueron colectadas garrapatas y después de su identificación taxonómica, los genes gltA, ompA y ompB fueron amplificados y secuenciados. Resultados: Se obtuvieron un total de 169 grupos a los que se les realizó PCR de los cuales 2 grupos amplificaron para los genes gltA, ompA y ompB. Conclusiones: Los resultados demuestran la presencia de Rickettsia spp en garrapatas del departamento del Meta.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Rickettsia is a genus of Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria that cause several epidemics around the world and are transmitted mainly by ticks, fleas, lice and mites. Rickettsiosis is a re-emergent infectious disease without epidemiological surveillance in Colombia. Until few years ago, Rickettsia rickettsi was the only tick-borne Rickettsioses in America; however, new species are being described, and although their pathogenicity has not been confirmed, they should be considered as potential pathogens. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the presence of rickettsial agents in ticks in the state of Meta, Colombia. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted; ticks were collected and, after their taxonomic identification, gltA,ompAand ompB genes were amplified and sequenced. Results: A total of 169 pools were obtained to which PCR were carried out, of which 2 PCR were amplified for the gltA, ompA and ompB genes. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the presence of Rickettsia spp in ticks in the State of Meta.

Seroprevalencia de leptospirosis en pacientes con síndrome febril no palúdico / Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in patients with non-malarial febrile syndrome

Introducción: la leptospirosis es una enfermedad zoonótica transmitida por varias especies de animales domésticos y silvestres que actúan como reservorios del agente causal y que afecta humanos que habitan áreas urbanas y rurales en el mundo. Objetivo: determinar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra Leptospira sp. y los serogrupos dominantes, en pacientes con síndrome febril no palúdico del departamento del Meta, Colombia. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo de corte trasversal. La población la conformó todo paciente febril que asistiera a un hospital en la ciudad de Villavicencio, entre mayo de 2013 y junio de 2014. Los sueros pareados fueron procesados utilizando la prueba de microaglutinación con los serogrupos: Australis, Ballum, Bataviae, Canicola, Cynopteri, Panama, Pyrogenes, Sejroe, Semaranga. Se practicaron pruebas para diagnóstico de dengue (detección de anticuerpos IgM e IgG por ELISA), rickettsiosis (detección de anticuerpos IgG por inmunofluoresencia indirecta), hantavirosis (detección de anticuerpos IgG por ELISA). Resultados: de los 100 sueros estudiados, 29 resultaron positivos para leptospirosis. Los serogrupos más prevalentes fueron Canicola y Ballum. Conclusiones: los resultados de la prevalencia de leptospirosis muestran que esta enfermedad es subregistrada en la zona, por lo que sería recomendable que estuviera dentro del diagnóstico diferencial de los síndromes febriles(AU)

Introduction: leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted by several species of wild and domestic animals, which serve as reservoirs of the causative agent. The disease affects humans from urban and rural areas of the world. Objective: determine Leptospira sp. antibody seroprevalence and dominant serogroups in patients with non-malarial febrile syndrome from Meta Department in Colombia. Methods: across-sectional prospective study was conducted. The study population was all the febrile patients attending a hospital in the city of Villavicencio from May 2013 to June 2014. The paired sera were processed using the microagglutination test with the following serogroups: Australis, Ballum, Bataviae, Canicola, Cynopteri, Panama, Pyrogenes, Sejroe and Semaranga. Diagnostic tests were performed for dengue (IgM and IgG antibody detection by ELISA), rickettsiosis (IgG antibody detection by indirect immunofluorescence), and hantaviral disease (IgG antibody detection by ELISA). Results: of the 100 sera studied, 29 were positive for leptospirosis. The most prevalent serogroups were Canicola and Ballum. Conclusions: prevalence results for leptospirosis show that the disease has been under-recorded in the area. It is thus advisable to include it in the differential diagnosis of febrile syndromes(AU)

Acerca de la enfermedad de Lyme en Cuba y su conocimiento en personal médico / About Lyme disease in Cuba and its knowledge by medical personnel

Introducción: La borreliosis de Lyme no ha sido notificada oficialmente en Cuba pero existen sospechas clínico-epidemiológicas y evidencias serológicas sugestivas de la infección por Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, su agente causal. Objetivo: Describir aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de pacientes que padecieron la enfermedad y explorar el nivel de conocimientos en personal médico. Métodos: Se realizó revisión documental de los Registros de Diagnóstico de la infección por B. burgdorferi sensu lato, entre 2007-2016, conservados en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí y se combinó con un estudio exploratorio del nivel de conocimientos sobre la enfermedad en personal médico. Resultados: Hubo incremento discreto en el número de muestras recepcionadas. El suero y el líquido cefalorraquídeo, fueron las muestras de elección para el diagnóstico, realizado por ensayos inmunoenzimáticos. Se confirmó la infección en 10,9 por ciento de las muestras de sueros recibidas. Las lesiones en piel, adenopatías regionales, parálisis faciales, dificultad para la marcha y otras, motivaron la sospecha clínica de esta enfermedad. Predominó el antecedente de picaduras por insectos o garrapatas. El 70 por ciento de los médicos encuestados plantearon conocer sobre la enfermedad de Lyme, pero de ellos solo el 46 por ciento reconoció al menos una de sus manifestaciones clínicas. Conclusiones: Los aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos descritos, deben ser tomados en cuenta en pacientes con sintomatologías compatibles con la infección por B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Se requieren intervenciones educativas en el personal médico para un mejor reconocimiento clínico de esta entidad infecciosa y propiciar un mejor diagnóstico(AU)

Introduction: Lyme borreliosis has not been officially reported in Cuba but there are clinical-epidemiological suspicions and serological evidence that are suggestive of its causal agent: the infection by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Objective: To describe clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients who suffered from the disease and to explore the level of knowledge about it in medical personnel. Methods: A documentary review of the Diagnostic Records of B. burgdorferi sensu lato infection that are preserved in the National Reference Laboratory of Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine was carried out from 2007 to 2016, and it was combined with an exploratory study of the knowledge´s level about the disease in medical personnel. Results: There was a slight increase in the number of samples received. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid were the samples chosen for a diagnosis that was performed by enzyme immunoassay. Infection was confirmed in 10.9 percent of the serum samples received. Skin lesions, regional lymphadenopathy, facial paralysis, difficulty for walking and others led to the clinical suspicion of this disease. It was predominant the antecedent of insect or tick bites. Seventy percent of the doctors surveyed said they knew about Lyme disease, but only 46 percent of them acknowledged at least one of its clinical manifestations. Conclusions: B. burgdorferi sensu lato infection should be taken into account in patients with symptoms compatible with Lyme disease. Educational interventions are required in the medical personnel for a better clinical recognition of this infectious entity and to promote a better diagnosis(AU)

[Rapid serological diagnosis systems for human leptospirosis screening in Cuba]. / Sistemas serológicos rápidos utilizados para la pesquisa de leptospirosis humana en Cuba.

INTRODUCTION: human leptospirosis requires rapid and early microbiological diagnosis since it is a common lethal disease worldwide. OBJECTIVES: to increase the quality of microbiological diagnosis of this infection, to expand the knowledge on the circulation of groups of leptospiras in Cuba and to show the benefits of an agglutination assay using Cuban latex particles and of commercial immunochromatogenic systems LEPTO Dipstick, Lepto Tek Lateral Flow, Lepto Tek Dri Dot and SD Leptospira IgM-IgG. METHODS: this descriptive research used sera from positive and negative control cases to evaluate and measure the diagnostic value of rapid serological diagnosis systems with respect to the microagglutination method of reference (MAT). All the techniques used in this report are described in the Manual of Operations and Procedures of the Leptospira Lab in "Pedro Kourí" Institute of Tropical Medicine. RESULTS: all the studied diagnosis systems exhibited acceptable values of sensitivity, specificity and agreement when compared to the international microagglutination method of reference with live microorganisms. The great selectivity (antigen reactivity) and the diagnostic reliability of the diagnostic systems were confirmed; particularly the mixed Cuban-made latex, the LEPTO Dipstick and the SD Leptospira IgM-IgG. CONCLUSIONS: the procedures used in this research work exceeded the traditional methods including the microagglutination method of reference in terms of easiness, rapidity, technical simplicity and level of performance, and all were useful for the screening of antibodies to leptospiras.

Actualización acerca de Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato y enfermedad de Lyme / Update on Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Lyme disease

Introducción: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato es el agente etiológico de la enfermedad de Lyme, zoonosis emergente de difícil diagnóstico, prevención y control, reportada fundamentalmente en el hemisferio norte. Objetivo: facilitar información actualizada acerca de Borrelia burgdorferi. Métodos: se realizó una revisión de la literatura científica y especializada sobre los principales aspectos relacionados con este agente y su enfermedad; como son las características de las borrelias y el ciclo de vida, epidemiología, manifestaciones clínicas en humanos, diagnóstico de laboratorio, definición actual de caso, tratamiento, profilaxis, prevención y control. Resultados: se expone información actualizada y valiosa sobre los temas seleccionados, útil para el personal interesado en las enfermedades infecciosas transmitidas por vectores. Se muestra además información sobre los estudios realizados en Cuba. Conclusiones: se aporta información de utilidad para el manejo epidemiológico, clínico y microbiológico de casos con sospechas de la infección por Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato

Introduction: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is the causative agent of Lyme disease, an emerging zoonosis, whose diagnosis, prevention and control are difficult and it is mainly reported in the northern hemisphere. Objective: to provide updated information about Borrelia burgdorferi. Methods: a review of scientific and specialized literature on the key aspects of this agent and the disease such as characteristics and life cycle of borrelias, epidemiology, clinical manifestations in humans, laboratory diagnosis, current case definition, treatment, prophylaxis, prevention and control. Results: current valuable information on selected items was set forth, which is useful for the personnel involved in vector-borne infectious diseases. Additionally, information about studies conducted in Cuba was provided. Conclusions: this paper offers updated information for the epidemiological, clinical and microbiological management of suspected cases of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato

Ensayo de infección artificial de garrapatas cubanas con Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto / Artificial infection assay of Cuban ticks with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto

Como es conocido, Borrelia spp. constituye un grupo importante de patógenos bacterianos transmitidos por garrapatas, a excepción de Borrelia recurrentis que es transmitida por piojos del cuerpo. Estos microorganismos son los causantes de borreliosis o enfermedad de Lyme y fiebre recurrente.1El complejo B. burgdorferi sensu lato es causante de la enfermedad de Lyme, y el principal vector descrito lo constituyen las garrapatas duras del género Ixodes.2 Recientemente se ha reportado en México y Brasil la presencia de ADN de B. burgdorferi sensu stricto,3,4 una de las 19 genomaespecies del complejo, en garrapatas Amblyomma cajennense, pero se desconoce si esta especie es capaz de transmitir las borrelias a un nuevo hospedero. En Cuba, a partir de evidencias serológicas específicas de la infección por este agente y teniendo en cuenta las especies de ixódidos que prevalecen, así como sus características ecológicas y antropofílicas, las garrapatas A. cajennense y Rhipicephalus sanguineus se consideran vectores potenciales de las borrelias.5Sobre la base de los hallazgos e hipótesis anteriormente mencionados se hace necesario iniciar investigaciones para comprobar si otras especies diferentes de Ixodes spp. son capaces de transmitir las borrelias. Ello requiere contar con un método sencillo y eficaz que permita la infección artificial de ixódidos. Se han reportado disímiles estrategias con estos fines, entre las que se incluyen el empleo de cámaras de alimentación con membranas naturales o artificiales, la infusión por enema, la inoculación hemocélica y la alimentación por capilares...

Detección de anticuerpos IgM contra leptospiras por un sistema comercial ELISA-IgM / Detection of IgM antibodies to leptospires by using a commercial ELISA-IgM system

Introducción: la leptospirosis humana es una zoonosis sistémica y transmisible producida por bacterias invasivas del complejo Leptospira interrogans sensu lato. Numerosos métodos se utilizan para el serodiagnóstico de esta entidad clínica, dentro de los cuales se encuentra ELISA. Objetivos: aplicar un nuevo sistema serológico comercial de ELISA, para la pesquisa de anticuerpos IgM contra leptospiras e identificar los serogrupos de leptospiras presentes en los sueros positivos por este sistema. Métodos: de pacientes sospechosos de leptospirosis se estudiaron 27 y 61 sueros con anticuerpos contra leptospiras y sin estos, respectivamente. La técnica de microaglutinación con antígenos vivos (MAT) se utilizó como método de referencia. Los sistemas comerciales de SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM, SD flujo lateral Leptospira IgM y la hemoaglutinación indirecta (HAT) fueron comparativamente empleados. Resultados: 27 sueros con anticuerpos contra leptospiras resultaron positivos por SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM, 20 por SD flujo lateral Leptospira IgM y 9 por hemoaglutinación indirecta. De 61 sueros sin anticuerpos contra leptospiras, 9 y 8 resultaron positivos, respectivamente, por SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM y por SD flujo lateral Leptospira IgM. Los serogrupos Ballum y Canicola predominaron en los sueros positivos por el sistema comercial. La coincidencia entre SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM y la técnica de microaglutinación con antígenos vivos fue de 89,77 porciento. Conclusiones: SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM muestra una mayor positividad en los sueros estudiados, lo que avalaría su posible introducción en Cuba. Se confirma la amplia reactividad del antígeno usado en SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM, lo cual sugiere mantener una activa vigilancia de laboratorio sobre los serogrupos de leptospiras, a nivel nacional

Introduction: human leptospirosis is a communicable systemic zoonosis caused by the invasive bacteria Leptospira interrogans sensu lato complex. Numerous methods are used for serodiagnosis of this disease, including the ELISA tests. Objectives: to implement a new commercial serological ELISA test (SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM, SD Bioline, Korea) for screening of IgM antibodies and for identification of Leptospira serogroups in positive sera. Methods: twenty seven and sixty one sera, with/without IgM antibodies to leptospires, respectively, were studied. They had been taken from patients suspected of having leptospirosis. The microscopic agglutination test with live antigens (MAT) was the reference method. In addition, other commercial systems such as SD Leptospira IgM Lateral Flow and indirect hemagglutination (HAT) tests were comparatively used. Results: all the 27 sera with antibodies against Leptospira were positive according to SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM, 20 sera were found positive by SD Lateral Flow Igm test and 9 sera by the indirect HAT test. Of the 61 sera without antibodies to leptospires, 9 and 8 were positive by SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM and SD Leptospira IgM Lateral Flow test, respectively. Serogroups Canicola and Ballum were predominant in positive sera tested by the commercial system under evaluation. The agreement coefficient between SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM and MAT was 89.77 percent. Conclusions: SD Leptospira ELISA-IgM showed higher positivity rate than the other systems in the studied sera; this aspect would support its possible introduction in Cuba. The great reactivity of the antigen used in the system was confirmed, which indicates that active laboratory surveillance of leptospiral serogroups should be kept nationwide

Propuesta y evaluación de un modelo estadístico para el control de la calidad de las serologías VDRL/RPR / Proposal and evaluation of a statistical model for the quality control of veneral disease research laboratories/rapid plasma reagin serologies

Introducción: la finalidad de todo laboratorio de control de la calidad del diagnóstico serológico de sífilis es controlar su correcta realización. Objetivo: evaluar una propuesta de modelo estadístico para tabular los resultados de los laboratorios adscritos al control de la calidad de diagnóstico de serología VDRL (venereal disease research laboratories)/RPR (rapid plasma reagin) para la evaluación y atención diferenciada a estos. Métodos: se elaboró un modelo para la recogida de información de los 21 laboratorios de la red en Villa Clara durante 2006-2010 y se hicieron modificaciones hasta llegar a la versión final. Se definieron las variables sueros enviados, total discordantes, discordantes no reactivas, discordantes reactivas, envío por mes, y evaluación integral. Se establecieron criterios de estimación para cada variable. Se presenta la evaluación del modelo con la información del trimestre enero-marzo de 2011. Resultados: la propuesta permitió detectar que las principales dificultades radican en el no cumplimiento del número de sueros enviados, no se recepcionan muestras mensualmente y además se presentan resultados discordantes. El modelo resulta justo al valorar porque se utilizan criterios cuantitativos generalizados que posibilitan dar una evaluación cualitativa individualizada, y se corresponde con las técnicas evaluativas actuales que se aplican en diferentes esferas del quehacer social. Conclusiones: el modelo estadístico valorado permite la tabulación de datos desde el laboratorio provincial de control de la calidad, a través de las variables propuestas y así evaluar a cada laboratorio

Introduction: the purpose of every quality control laboratory for the serological diagnosis of syphilis is to monitor the accuracy of test performance. Objective: to evaluate the proposal of a statistical model to tabulate the results of the laboratories involved in the quality control of the veneral disease research laboratories-rapid plasma reagin serology for the assessment of and customized attention to them. Methods: a model for the collection of information from the 21 laboratories of Villa Clara's provincial network in the 2006-2010 period was designed and refined until the final version was reached. The defined variables comprised Number of sent sera, Total discordant, Nonreactive Discordant, Reactive Discordant, Shipping by month and Final evaluation were defined. Evaluation criteria were set for each variable. This paper presented the evaluation of the model with information from January to March, 2011. Results: the suggested model allowed the detection of the main difficulties such as the non-compliance with the number of sent sera, non-reception of samples monthly and also current conflicting results. The model is fair when making evaluation, since it uses generalized quantitative criteria that enable individualized qualitative assessment and it is also in line with current evaluative techniques applied in different fields of social endeavor. Conclusions: the statistical model allows provincial quality control laboratory to tabulate data by using the suggested variables and thus evaluate each laboratory in Villa Clara

Detección de ADN de leptospiras en tejidos frescos de fallecidos en Cuba, 2008-2011 / Detection of leptospiral DNA in fresh tissues from dead people in Cuba, 2008-2011

Introducción: la leptospirosis como importante zoonosis reemergente a nivel mundial presenta una mortalidad asociada entre 15 y 25 porciento. El diagnóstico postmortem de esta enfermedad es laborioso. Diferentes métodos moleculares se utilizan en su confirmación, entre ellos la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. En Cuba, desde 2008 se realiza el diagnóstico molecular de los fallecidos con sospecha de leptospirosis en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Leptospiras del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí (LNRL-IPK

Introduction: leptospirosis is an important re-emerging zoonosis worldwide, with an associated mortality ranging 15-25 percent. Post-mortem diagnosis of the disease is painstaking. Different molecular methods for diagnosis of leptospirosis have been implemented. In Cuba, the National Reference Laboratory for Letospires of Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine (LNRL-IPK

[Diagnosis of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum y Ureaplasma urealyticum in patients with bacterial vaginosis]. / Diagnóstico de Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum y Ureaplasma urealyticum en pacientes con vaginosis bacteriana.

An observational descriptive study to determine the frequency of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum isolates in patients with bacterial vaginosis was carried out in 296 patients who had vaginal secretion and were seen at two hospitals. The diagnosis was based on Amsel's criteria. Endocervical swabs were taken from women positive to this disease for M. hominis and Ureaplasma spp. diagnosis by traditional methods. Polymerase chain reaction identified U. parvum and U. urealyticum. Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 30.1% of females, and in 77.5% of them the studied urogenital mycoplasmas were present. M. hominis was the most common species (71%) whereas U. parvum and Urealyticum were detected in 23.2 % and 5.8% of cases respectively. The diagnosis of Mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas should be performed in females with bacterial vaginosis, which will allow applying adequate therapeutic control and avoiding future pathologies in the genital tract.

[Microbiological confirmation of two emergent outbreaks of human leptospirosis in Cuba]. / Confirmación microbiológica de 2 brotes emergentes de leptospirosis humana en Cuba.

Clinical samples from 293 patients with suspicion of leptospirosis were studied for the microbiologic confirmation of these events, in October-December 2005, when there were 2 outbreaks in humans, in Cuba. Sera samples of patients in acute phase and during convalescence, as well as hemocultures performed before the beginning of the antibiotic therapy, were analyzed. Conventional techniques (passive hemagglutination test and serogroups hemagglutination), and advanced or fast diagnosis techniques (Lepto tek Dri-Dot, Lepto-Cuba, Latex-India, Lepto tek Lateral Flow) were used for serologic diagnosis. In outbreak 1, 26 % of the studied cases were confirmed by serological tests (22/84), and 25% (5/20) through hemocultures; whereas in outbreak 11, 48 of the 162 studied cases (30%) were serologically confirmed, and it was possible to obtain isolation of leptospires in 6 of the 27 processed cases (22%). The main serovariants found by serology were Canicola, Ballum, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Pomona. The rapid diagnosis methods were useful screening tools in the most severe cases or at pediatric ages. The two epidemiologic events were caused by pathogenic leptospires infection, which contributed to the adoption of hygienic-sanitary measures in both provinces.

[Outbreak of human leptospirosis in Guantánamo Province]. / Brote de leptospirosis humana en la Provincia Guantánamo.

A characterization of the epidemic occurred in Guantánamo province during October and November 2005, and as well as of the activities developed for its control was made. The existence of favourable factors was confirmed, and as a result from the 42nd statistical week on there was an increase in the number of medical attentions with clinical pictures and epidemiologic elements. 885 suspected cases were notified, 61 were microbiologically confirmed, accounting for a positivity of 69%. The municipalities with the highest risk were Niceto Pérez, Guantánamo city, and Manuel Tames. Some activities were immediately carried out, with the multisectorial and interdisciplinary support from different organizations, allowing the control of the situation in less than a month. The study of this outbreak showed that leptospirosis is still a health problem in Cuba, and that it is necessary to join efforts and resources to control it.

Sistemas serológicos rápidos utilizados para la pesquisa de leptospirosis humana en Cuba / Rapid serological diagnosis systems for human leptospirosis screening in Cuba

Introducción: la leptospirosis humana necesita de un diagnóstico microbiológico rápido y oportuno por ser una enfermedad letal y frecuente en todo el mundo. Objetivo: incrementar la calidad del diagnóstico microbiológico de esta infección, ampliar el conocimiento sobre la circulación de serogrupos de leptospiras en Cuba y demostrar la utilidad de un sistema de aglutinación con partículas de látex cubano y los sistemas inmunocromatogénicos comerciales LEPTO Dipstick, Lepto Tek Lateral Flow, Lepto Tek Dri Dot y SD Leptospira IgM-IgG. Métodos: en esta investigación descriptiva se utilizaron sueros de casos controles positivos y negativos para evaluar y medir el valor diagnóstico de los sistemas serológicos rápidos con respecto al método de referencia de microaglutinación (MAT). Todas las técnicas utilizadas en este reporte aparecen descritas en el Manual de Operaciones y Procederes del Laboratorio de Leptospiras, del Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí". Resultados: todos los sistemas estudiados presentaron aceptables valores de sensibilidad, especificidad y concordancia en comparación con el método de referencia internacional de microaglutinación con microrganismos vivos. Se constató la amplia selectividad (reactividad antigénica) y la fiabilidad diagnóstica de los sistemas, se destacan en particular el látex mezclado de producción nacional, el LEPTO Dipstick y el SD Leptospira IgM-IgG. Conclusiones: ninguno de los procedimientos utilizados fue superado en cuanto a su sencillez, rapidez, simplicidad técnica y grado de ejecución al comparárseles con los métodos tradicionales, incluido el de referencia, y todos resultaron útiles en la pesquisa de anticuerpos frente a leptospiras.

Introduction: human leptospirosis requires rapid and early microbiological diagnosis since it is a common lethal disease worldwide. Objectives: to increase the quality of microbiological diagnosis of this infection, to expand the knowledge on the circulation of groups of leptospiras in Cuba and to show the benefits of an agglutination assay using Cuban latex particles and of commercial immunochromatogenic systems LEPTO Dipstick, Lepto Tek Lateral Flow, Lepto Tek Dri Dot and SD Leptospira IgM-IgG. Methods: this descriptive research used sera from positive and negative control cases to evaluate and measure the diagnostic value of rapid serological diagnosis systems with respect to the microagglutination method of reference (MAT). All the techniques used in this report are described in the Manual of Operations and Procedures of the Leptospira Lab in "Pedro Kourí" Institute of Tropical Medicine. Results: all the studied diagnosis systems exhibited acceptable values of sensitivity, specificity and agreement when compared to the international microagglutination method of reference with live microorganisms. The great selectivity (antigen reactivity) and the diagnostic reliability of the diagnostic systems were confirmed; particularly the mixed Cuban-made latex, the LEPTO Dipstick and the SD Leptospira IgM-IgG. Conclusions: the procedures used in this research work exceeded the traditional methods including the microagglutination method of reference in terms of easiness, rapidity, technical simplicity and level of performance, and all were useful for the screening of antibodies to leptospiras.

Diseño de un instrumento para evaluar el nivel de conocimientos, sobre leptospirosis humana, en médicos de la atención primaria de salud / Design of a tool to assess the knowledge level on human leptospirosis in primary health care physicians

INTRODUCCION: el éxito en el tratamiento a un paciente con leptospirosis está vinculado con el diagnóstico temprano y oportuno de los casos. A pesar de que en Cuba esta enfermedad tiene un comportamiento endemo epidémico, deficiencias en el tratamiento clínico de algunos casos han influido en la mortalidad. MÉTODOS: se propone un instrumento diseñado y validado por consulta de expertos y evaluado a través de un estudio piloto desarrollado en las 7 áreas de salud de Boyeros, con el objetivo de evaluar el nivel de conocimientos sobre leptospirosis en médicos asistenciales de la atención primaria. RESULTADOS: el instrumento está compuesto por 3 acápites (datos generales, problemas de atención a pacientes, formas de actualización sobre el tema y evaluación de los conocimientos). A su vez, el acápite destinado a la exploración de conocimientos se subdivide en 3 secciones para explorar de forma independiente, elementos de tratamiento clínico, diagnóstico microbiológico y aspectos epidemiológicos de la enfermedad. Los items de cada acápite fueron conformados teniendo en cuenta las normas cubanas para la prevención y control de la leptospirosis, así como los lineamientos para el diagnóstico, vigilancia y control de la leptospirosis humana editado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Sociedad Internacional de Leptospirosis. CONCLUSIONES: el uso de un instrumento estandarizado de este tipo permitirá evaluar el nivel de conocimiento de médicos asistenciales sobre esta zoonosis a nivel comunitario, y contribuir así a trazar estrategias locales y regionales que impacten contra la letalidad causada por esta enfermedad

INTRODUCTION: the treatment success in a patient presenting leptospirosis is linked to the early and timely diagnosis of cases. Despite that in Cuba this disease has an endemic-epidemic behavior, deficiencies in clinical treatment of some cases has influenced on the mortality. METHODS: a tool designed and validated by expert consultation and assessed thorough a pilot study conducted in the 7 health areas of Boyeros municipality to assess the knowledge level of primary care assistant physicians on the leptospirosis. RESULTS: the tool includes three items (general data, patient care problems, updating ways on this subject and knowledges assessment). At the same time, the paragraph aimed to knowledges exploration is subdivided into 3 sections to explore in a independent way the clinical treatment elements, microbiologic diagnosis and epidemiologic features of disease. The items of each paragraph were adapted considering the Cuban guidelines to prevention and control of leptospirosis, as well as the lineaments for diagnosis, surveillance and control of the human leptospirosis published by WHO and the International Society of Leptospirosis. CONCLUSIONS: the use of a standardized tool of this type will allow to assess the knowledge level of assistant physicians on this community level zoonosis and thus to contribute to design local and regional hard-hitting strategies on lethality caused by this entity