TLR4 polymorphism and haplotype are associated with obesity and lipid profile in young population: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The single nucleotide polymorphisms in the TLR4 gene can decrease or increase the response to lipopolysaccharide, increasing the susceptibility to inflammatory diseases, affecting the expression or receptor function by inducing a low-grade chronic inflammatory response. PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of SNPs - 2570 A > G (rs2737190), - 2081 G > A (rs10983755), 896 A > G (rs 4986790), and 1196 C > T (rs4986791) of the TLR4 gene with obesity and metabolic alterations in the young population. RESULTS: In this study, it was found that the carriers of the heterozygous genotype of the SNPs - 2081 G > A, 896 A > G, and 1196 C > T confer a higher risk of developing obesity (OR = 3.73, p = 0.018; OR = 5.66, p = 0.014, and OR = 8.95, p = 0.014, respectively). Also, with the lipid profile, the SNP - 2081 G > A was associated with total cholesterol (TC) ≥ 200 mg/dL (OR = 3.91, p = 0.020) and Kannel index > 3% (OR = 4.00, p = 0.008). The SNP 896 A > G was associated with LDL-c ≥ 100 mg/dL (OR = 3.64, p = 0.040) and Kannel index > 3% (OR = 4.33, p = 0.016), and the SNP 1196 C > T was associated with TC ≥ 200 mg/dL (OR = 4.37, p = 0.048), Castelli index > 4.5/> 5% (OR = 5.33, p = 0.016), and Kannel index > 3% (OR = 16.00, p = 0.001). Finally, the AGGT haplotype was associated with Castelli index > 4.5/> 5% (OR = 5.40, p = 0.015) and Kannel index > 3% (OR = 10.46, p < 0.001), and the AAAC haplotype was associated with obesity (OR = 3.56, p = 0.020), TC ≥ 200 mg/dL (OR = 4.04, p = 0.007), LDL-c ≥ 100 mg/dL (OR = 2.98, p = 0.030) and Kannel index > 3% (OR = 4.20, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The heterozygous genotype of the SNPs - 2081 G > A, 896 A > G and 1196 C > T of the TLR4 gene was associated with altered lipid profile and development of obesity in young university students of Guerrero State, Mexico.

Dissipative curvature fluctuations in bilayer vesicles: Coexistence of pure-bending and hybrid curvature-compression modes.

We have studied the relaxation dynamics of shape fluctuations in unilamellar lipid vesicles by neutron spin echo (NSE). The presence of a hybrid curvature-compression mode coexisting with the usual bending one has been revealed in the experimental relaxation functions at high q . Differently to the conventional relaxation approximately q (3) typical for bending modes, the hybrid mode was found to relax as approximately q (2) , which is compatible with a dissipation mechanism arising from intermonolayer friction. Complementary data obtained from flickering spectroscopy (FS) in giant unilamellar vesicles confirm the existence of both modes coexisting together. By combining NSE and FS data we have depicted the experimental bimodal dispersion diagram, which is found compatible with theoretical predictions for reliable values of the material parameters. From the present data two conventional dynamical methods (NSE and FS) have been shown to be suitable for measuring intermonolayer friction coefficients in bilayer vesicles.

Results and functional outcomes of acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy admitted to intensive care unit. / Resultados y evolución funcional de pacientes críticos con ictus isquémico sometidos a trombectomía mecánica.

PURPOSE: To study the results and complications of endovascular treatment (EVT) in acute ischemic stroke patients admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU). To analyse the possible factors related to mortality and level of disability at ICU discharge and one year after stroke. DESIGN: Observational prospective study. SETTING: Mixed ICU. Third level hospital. PATIENTS: Sixty adult patients. Consecutive sample. INTERVENTIONS: None. VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Epidemiological data, time from symptom onset to EVT, angiographic result, length of stay, days on mechanical ventilation, neurological complications, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at ICU admission and discharge, modified Rankin scale score (mRS) at one year. RESULTS: Mean age 68,90±8,84years. Median time from symptom onset to EVT: 180minutes. Median NIHSS at admission: 17,5; at discharge: 3. Distal flow was achieved in 90% of cases. Median ICU stay: 3 days. Mechanical ventilation: 81,7.%. Functional independence (mRS≤2) 50% at one year. Deaths: 22 (36,6%) of which 8 (13,3%) died during UCI stay and the rest during the first year. CONCLUSIONS: The factors relating to a worse functional outcome were symptomatic hemorrhage transformation, lack of recanalization and complications during EVT. The factors relating to mortality were symptomatic hemorrhage and hydrocephalus. Distal flow was achieve in most cases with a low complication rate. Half of the patients presented functional independence one year after the stroke.

Infectious complications related to external ventricular shunt. Incidence and risk factors. / Complicaciones infecciosas relacionadas con el drenaje ventricular externo. Incidencia y factores de riesgo.

OBJECTIVE: Infectious complications related to external ventricular shunt (ICREVS) are a main problem in neurocritical intensive care units (ICU). The aim of the review is to assess the incidence of ICREVS and to analyse factors involved. METHODS: Retrospective analysis, adult polyvalent ICU in a third level reference hospital. Patients carrying external ventricular shunt (DVE) were included. Those patients with central nervous system infection diagnosed prior DVE placement were excluded. RESULTS: 87 patients were included with 106 DVE. Most common admittance diagnosis was subarachnoid haemorrhage (49.4%). 31 patients with 32 DVE developed an ICREVS. Infection rate is 19.5 per 1000 days of shunt for ICREVS and 14 per 1000 days for ventriculitis. 31.6% of the patients developed ICREVS and 25.3% ventriculitis. Patients who developed ICREVS presented higher shunt manipulations (2.0 ± 0.6 vs. 3.26 ± 1.02, p=0.02), shunt repositioning (0.1 ± 0.1 vs. 0.2 ± 0.1) and ICU and hospital stay (29.8 ± 4.9 vs 49.8 ± 5.2, p<0.01 y 67.4 ± 18.8 vs. 108.9 ± 30.2, p=0.02. Those DVE with ICREVS were placed for longer not only at infection diagnosis but also at removal (12.6 ± 2.1 vs. 18.3 ± 3.6 and 12.6 ± 2.1 vs. 30.4 ± 7.3 days, p<0.01). No difference in mortality was found. CONCLUSIONS: One out of three patients with a DVE develops an infection. The risk factors are the number of manipulations, repositioning and the permanency days. Patients with ICREVS had a longer ICU and hospital average stay without an increase in mortality.

[Epidemiological surveillance for multidrug-resistant microorganisms in a general ICU]. / Vigilancia epidemiológica para microorganismos multirresistentes en una UCI polivalente.

OBJECTIVE: Multidrug resistant (MDR) microorganisms represent a threat for patients admitted in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). The objective of the present study is to analyse the results of epidemiological surveillance cultures for these microorganisms in one of these units. METHODS: General ICU. Retrospective analysis, descriptive statistics. Analysis of epidemiological surveillance cultures for MDR microorganisms in 2015. Studied microorganisms: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), ESBL-and/or carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CESBL-KP) and MDR Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB). RESULTS: One thousand, two hundred and fifty nine patients admitted. A total of 2,234 specimens from 384 patients were analysed (690, 634, 62 and 286 were rectal, throat, nasal and skin swabs respectively). Global APACHE II was 18.3 ± 8 versus 21.7 ± 7.8 in patients colonized/infected on admission. Global mortality was 19.7% versus 22.3% in patients colonized/infected on admission. The higher sensitivities achieved with the different samples for the different microorganism detection were as follows. MRSA: 79% and 90% for nasal and nasal + throat swabs, respectively. MDRAB: 80% and 95% for throat and throat + rectal swabs, respectively. CESBL-KP: 95% and 98% for rectal and rectal + throat swabs, respectively. 94 out of the 384 patients (24.4%) were colonized/infected with MDR at admission. 134 patients (10.6% of the total patients admitted) were colonized/infected with a total of 169 MMR during the hospital stay. MRSA has the earliest colonization/infection (9.2 ± 6.4days) and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, the latest (18.7± 16.4 days). CONCLUSIONS: 24.4% of patients were colonized/infected by MDR at admission. Nasal, throat and rectal swabs were the most effective specimens for recovering MRSA, MDRAB and CESBL-KP, respectively. The combination of two specimens improves MDR detection except for CESBL-KP. Skin swabs are worthless. The most prevalent MDR at admission were ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae while the most frequent hospital acquired MDR was MDRAB..

Cultural paradoxes relating to sexuality and breastfeeding.

Despite the widely acknowledged evidence supporting the benefits of breastfeeding, the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding in the United States and other Western countries remain low. To investigate this phenomenon, we conducted an analysis of the socio-cultural factors that influence women's infant-feeding decisions and examined how breastfeeding is treated in the mass media and by U.S. legislation. We found that cultural notions of the female breast as a primarily sexual object place the act of breastfeeding in a controversial light and can be one of the most influential factors in a woman's decision not to breastfeed. This notion is often supported by the media and legislation. Further research needs to focus on the relationship between sexuality and breastfeeding to help our understanding of breastfeeding behavior. This research should assist policymakers and health workers in their efforts to protect and promote breastfeeding and to increase its social acceptability.

PIP: This commentary report analyzes the sociocultural factors that influence women's infant-feeding decisions and examines how breastfeeding is treated in the mass media and by the US legislation. Most mothers in the industrialized countries prefer not to breastfeed, although they were aware of the breastfeeding benefits because of the cultural notions behind breastfeeding. Media and legislation often support this notion. Few of the cultural paradoxes affecting infant breastfeeding behaviors in our society were discussed. Of these cultural paradoxes, sexuality seems to be the most powerful. In the industrialized countries, women often do not breastfeed in public, if at all, because they are uncomfortable and embarrassed. The eroticism of the breast and the incompatibility of motherhood with sexuality present a unique dilemma, which has cross-cultural implications. Men also contribute to this paradox. Furthermore, for some women, breastfeeding can be a sexual experience. Many scholars have documented how breastfeeding can trigger sexual arousal. It is therefore, the role of mass media and of the legislators to help the society in transforming the social views of the breast as a primarily sexual object and of breastfeeding as a suspect activity. Only then will a woman in the society have a true choice in her decision about infant feeding. Yet, further research should be developed to have a broader and deeper understanding of the essence of breastfeeding within the society.

A community-based approach to the promotion of breastfeeding in Mexico.

A comprehensive education strategy is presented that links training, community education, research, and mass-media efforts to enhance breastfeeding practices. Breastfeeding promotion models, an administrative system, and lessons learned during the project are described. The keys to effective breastfeeding promotion are shown to be accurate information; appropriate education, training, and follow-up; and a supportive administrative system.

PIP: An operations research project designed to determine what model of intervention was most successful in promoting breast feeding among 585 urban women in Mexico began in 1986. The interventions involved having trained promoters teach and counsel breast feeding mothers in Irapuato, program supervisors teach groups of mothers in Chihuahua, and both trained promoters and program supervisors train individuals or groups in Cuauhtemoc. Jalapa served as the control site. The breast feeding prevalence rate in the 4 communities varied from 64.5%-81.3% prior to intervention with a mean in the target group of 74.9%. The mean climbed to 88.8% for this group after intervention. Further, the breast feeding prevalence rate for Jalapa fell from 65.9%-56%. In addition, 70% of the women in the experimental group exclusively breast fed their infants during the 1st month whereas only 63.3% in the control did. Subsequent months' breast feeding prevalence rates decreased o 13.7% and 14.7% (5 months) and 9.4% and 3.3% (6 months) in the experimental and control groups respectively. Informal support groups of breast feeding mothers formed unexpectedly as a result of the educational and outreach activities. The data showed that the intervention model using the promoters was the most successful strategy. They also provided the researchers and other health care professionals interested in promoting community based breast feeding programs with guidelines. For example, supervisors should not discourage promoters from addressing other community needs since discouraging them can jeopardize their dedication to breast feeding promotion. Further, program planners should gather geographic and sociodemographic data of the area and population prior to planning and intervention.

[Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia]. / Hipobetalipoproteinemia familiar.

We present the case of a 5-month-old girl, with consanguineous parents, who was born at 28 weeks of gestation and who showed intermittent signs of abdominal distension accompanied by increased regurgitation and vomiting after food intake. Significant biochemical alterations (reduced levels of triglicerides, cholesterol, and vitamin A and absence of apolipoprotein B and vitamin E) led to the diagnosis of homozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia, which was subsequently confirmed by genetic studies.

[Effectiveness and safety of mebendazole compared to nitazoxanide in the treatment of Giardia lamblia in children]. / Eficacia y seguridad de mebendazol contra nitazoxanida en el tratamiento de Giardia lamblia en niños.

OBJECTIVE: Compare the effectiveness and safety of mebendazole versus nitazoxanide in the treatment of Giardia lamblia in children. Giardiasis is an intestinal protozoan of worldwide distribution which most frequently affects the infantile population. In Mexico we have, found a frequency of three to sixty percent. We have, used different medications in it's treatment, but the experience with mebendazole and nitazoxanide is scarce. METHOD: An experimental study as a clinical assay. We included children from the ages of 4 to 12 years old, which had a positive Giardia lamblia cysts in their feces. The children were divided into to two groups: A, were a administered 100 mg of mebendazole every 12 hours, for three days; B, were administered 100 mg of nitazoxanide every 12 hours, for three days; A feces control study was performed at three, five and seven days post treatment. At the end of the treatment we asked the parents if the children had presented any adverse events during the administration of the medication. For the statistical analysis we used Student's t and Chi squared. RESULTS: We studied 82 children, 41 (50%) for each group. In group A, the control feces studies were negative 33 resulting in a 80.4% effectiveness; in group B, 32 were negative resulting in a 78.0% effectiveness, without being statistically significant with a p = 0.8. We found adverse, events in 9 (22%) of the children in group A and 16 (39%) in group B, there was, statistically significant difference with p = 0.09. However, we discovered that the children who received nitazoxanide suffered from abdominal pain more frequently. CONCLUSIONS: We can conclude that both mebendazole and nitazoxanide are efficient for use against infection due to Giardia lamblia, however, the secondary reactions with nitazoxanide were more frequent than with mebendazol.

[Adrenal myelolipoma associated with lithiasic cholecystitis, hiatal hernia and esophagitis]. / Mielolipoma adrenal vinculado a colecistitis litiásica, hernia hiatal y esofagitis.

UNLABELLED: The adrenal myelolipoma are rare tumors that are generally asymptomatic, unilateral and nonfunctional and in the majority of the cases they are found incidentally. OBJECTIVE: Is to present a clinical case of adrenal myelolipoma, associated with gallstones. CASE REPORT: A 30 year old obese female with chronic abdominal pain, which underwent a GI series, having found a hiatal hernia and esophagitis. An ultrasound, of the gallbladder and bile ducts showed gallstones and incidentally a tumor of 9.3 x 8 x 7 cm was found between the right kidney and the liver. In the CT of the abdomen of observed, a little vascularized tumor of the adipose composition of 9.2 x 6 x 5 cm over the top of the right kidney. A cholecystectomy was performed and the resection of the tumor, histopathological study of the tumor reported normal adrenal tissues, mature adiposis and hematopoietic with all of its series. CONCLUSIONS: The association of adrenal myelolipoma and gallstones is not common and it could be an incidental association. With the new tools available we can diagnose the adrenal myelolipoma with a greater degree of certainty.

[Bilateral renal agenesis (Potter's syndrome) in a girl born to a hyperthyroid mother who received methimazole in early pregnancy]. / Agenesia renal bilateral (síndrome de Potter) en hija de madre hipertiroidea que recibió metimazol durante el embarazo temprano.

Bilateral kidney agenesias (Potter syndrome) in a newborn of a hyperthyroid woman receiving methimazole during early pregnancy. This is a clinical case of a hyperthyroid woman that received methimazole during early pregnancy who gave birth to a girl with bilateral kidney agenesis. The initial clinical data was the presence of oligohydramnios detected by an ultrasound (US) at 19 gestational weeks. Another US at the term of the gestation showed anhydramnios, absence of renal silhouettes and bladder, which was corroborated when the girl was born. She died two days after she was born. Sufficient evidence exists that the methimazole administered during the early pregnancy can cause diverse congenital malformations including Potter's syndrome.

[Prenatal diagnosis of fetal ovarian cyst, postnatal spontaneous remission]. / Diagnóstico prenatal de quiste de ovario fetal, resolución espontánea posnatal.

UNLABELLED: Prenatal diagnosis of fetal ovarian cyst, spontaneously resolved in the postnatal period. INTRODUCTION: Fetal ovarian cysts are an unusual entity, which is generally discovered during an ultrasonographic fetal examination. The objective of this report is to present a clinical case of a female fetus with an ovarian cysts which was diagnose by an ultrasound (US) at 36.5 week gestation which was spontaneously resolved in the postnatal period. CLINICAL CASE: A 22 year old woman to whom an US was performed to evaluate the gestational age due to the fact that she was to be programmed for a cesarean due to vulvovaginal condyloma. The US reported a 36.5 week gestation, the fetus was female and a cyst of 50 x 44 mm diameter was found in the fetal pelvis, lateral to the bladder. The child was born two weeks later by cesarean section and without complications. The control pelvic US at one month of age showed that the cysts was 54 x 45 mm in diameter. It was decided and wait to see what would happen. At five months of age the pelvic US showed the absence of the cyst. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of the fetal ovarian cysts was based on three ultrasonographic criteria: 1. presence of a cystic structure of regular size which is located in the lower and lateral side of the abdomen, 2. integrity of urinary and gastrointestinal tracts, and 3. female sex of the fetus. The treatment depends on the size of the cyst and the ultrasonographic images of torsion and hemorrhage.

[Prenatal diagnosis of type II osteogenesis imperfecta]. / Diagnóstico prenatal de osteogénesis imperfecta tipo II.

We present one case of a 23 week old fetus that was diagnosed with osteogenesis imperfecta type II via ultrasound, The principal ultrasonographic findings were; lack of mineralization in the calvaria, short, wide, and angulated femurs, with the presence of fractures, the length corresponds to a 17.5 week old gestation, more than two standard deviations below the mean for gestational age. The rest of the long bones show fractures and poor mineralization that was suggested by reduced acoustic shadowing. An elective cesarean was programmed at 39.4 weeks of gestation. The osseous lesions were confirmed postnatally by means of a conventional radiographs.

Tratamiento con carfilzomib. ¿Deberían estos pacientes ingresar en la unidad de cuidados intensivos? / Treatment with carfilzomib. Should these patients be admitted in the Intensive Care Unit?

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Resultados y evolución funcional de pacientes críticos con ictus isquémico sometidos a trombectomía mecánica / Results and functional outcomes of acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy admitted to intensive care unit

OBJETIVO: Estudiar los resultados y las complicaciones del tratamiento endovascular (TEV) en pacientes con ictus isquémico agudo ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Analizar los factores que podrían influir en la mortalidad y en el grado de discapacidad al alta y un año después del ictus. DISEÑO: Estudio prospectivo observacional. Ámbito: UCI polivalente. Hospital de tercer nivel. PACIENTES: Sesenta pacientes adultos. Muestra consecutiva. INTERVENCIONES: Ninguna. Variables de interés: Datos epidemiológicos, tiempo desde la clínica inicial hasta el TEV, resultado angiográfico, tiempo de estancia en UCI, días de ventilación mecánica, complicaciones neurológicas, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) al ingreso y al alta de UCI, escala de Rankin modificada (mRS) al año de evolución. RESULTADOS: Edad media 68,90±8,84años. Mediana de tiempo hasta el TEV: 180min. Mediana NIHSS al ingreso: 17,5; al alta: 3. Flujo distal en el 90% de los casos. Mediana estancia en UCI: 3días. Ventilación mecánica: 81,7%. Independencia funcional (mRS≤2) 50% al año del ictus. Fallecimientos: 22 (36,6%); 8 (13,3%) en la UCI y el resto durante el primer año. CONCLUSIONES: Las variables asociadas a un peor estado funcional fueron la transformación hemorrágica sintomática, la ausencia de recanalización y las complicaciones durante el procedimiento. La transformación hemorrágica y la hidrocefalia se asociaron a mayor mortalidad. Se consiguió flujo distal en la mayoría de los casos, con una baja tasa de complicaciones. La mitad de los pacientes alcanza independencia funcional al año del ictus

PURPOSE: To study the results and complications of endovascular treatment (EVT) in acute ischemic stroke patients admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU). To analyse the possible factors related to mortality and level of disability at ICU discharge and one year after stroke. DESIGN: Observational prospective study. SETTING: Mixed ICU. Third level hospital. PATIENTS: Sixty adult patients. Consecutive sample. INTERVENTIONS: None. Variables of interest: Epidemiological data, time from symptom onset to EVT, angiographic result, length of stay, days on mechanical ventilation, neurological complications, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at ICU admission and discharge, modified Rankin scale score (mRS) at one year. RESULTS: Mean age 68,90±8,84years. Median time from symptom onset to EVT: 180minutes. Median NIHSS at admission: 17,5; at discharge: 3. Distal flow was achieved in 90% of cases. Median ICU stay: 3 days. Mechanical ventilation: 81,7.%. Functional independence (mRS≤2) 50% at one year. Deaths: 22 (36,6%) of which 8 (13,3%) died during UCI stay and the rest during the first year. CONCLUSIONS: The factors relating to a worse functional outcome were symptomatic hemorrhage transformation, lack of recanalization and complications during EVT. The factors relating to mortality were symptomatic hemorrhage and hydrocephalus. Distal flow was achieve in most cases with a low complication rate. Half of the patients presented functional independence one year after the stroke

Es tiempo de cambiar la política de visitas en la UCI / It is time to change the visiting policy in intensive care units

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