RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Metanephric adenoma (MA) is a rare benign renal neoplasm. On occasion, MA can be difficult to differentiate from renal malignancies such as papillary renal cell carcinoma in adults and WilmsÌ tumor in children. Despite recent advancements in tumor genomics, there is limited data available regarding the genetic alterations characteristic of MA. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of metanephric adenoma cases exhibiting cytogenetic aberration t (9;15)(p24;q24), and to investigate the association between t (9,15) and BRAF mutation in metanephric adenoma. METHODS: This study was conducted on 28 archival formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens from patients with pathologically confirmed MA. Tissue blocks were selected for BRAF sequencing and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis for chromosomal rearrangement between KANK1 on chromosome 9 (9p24.3) and NTRK3 on chromosome 15 (15q25.3), which was previously characterized and described in two MA cases. RESULTS: BRAFV600E mutation was identified in 62% of our cases, 9 (38%) cases were BRAFWT, and 4 cases were uninformative. Of the 20 tumors with FISH results, two (10%) were positive for KANK1-NTRK3 fusion. Both cases were BRAFWT suggesting mutual exclusivity of BRAFV600E and KANK1-NTRK3 fusion, the first such observation in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Our data shows that BRAF mutation in MA may not be as frequent as suggested in the literature and KANK-NTRK3 fusions may account for a subset of BRAFWT cases in younger patients. FISH analysis for KANK1-NTRK3 fusion or conventional cytogenetic analysis may be warranted to establish the diagnosis of MA in morphologically and immunohistochemically ambiguous MA cases lacking BRAF mutations.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Adenoma/genética , Proteínas del Citoesqueleto/genética , Neoplasias Renales/genética , Mutación , Proteínas de Fusión Oncogénica/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/genética , Receptor trkC/genética , Adenoma/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Cromosomas Humanos Par 15/genética , Cromosomas Humanos Par 9/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Neoplasias Renales/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Translocación Genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are rare in young patients. Knowledge of their pathologic and molecular spectrum remains limited, and no prospective studies have been performed to date in this population. This study analyzes patients diagnosed with RCC who were prospectively enrolled in the AREN03B2 Children's Oncology Group (COG). The objective was to classify these tumors with the aid of focused genetic testing and to characterize their features. METHODS: All tumors registered as RCC by central review were retrospectively re-reviewed and underwent additional ancillary studies. Tumors were classified according to the 2016 World Health Organization classification system when possible. RESULTS: In total, 212 tumors were identified, and these were classified as microphthalmia transcription factor (MiT) translocation RCC (MiT-RCC) (41.5%), papillary RCC (16.5%), renal medullary carcinoma (12.3%), chromophobe RCC (6.6%), clear cell RCC (3.3%), fumarate hydratase-deficient RCC (1.4%), and succinate dehydrogenase-deficient RCC (0.5%). Other subtypes included tuberous sclerosis-associated RCC (4.2%), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-rearranged RCC (3.8%), thyroid-like RCC (1.4%), myoepithelial carcinoma (0.9%), and unclassified (7.5%). MiT-RCCs were classified as either transcription factor E3 (TFE3) (93.2%) or EB (TFEB) (6.8%) translocations, and characterization of fusion partners was possible in most tumors. CONCLUSIONS: The current study delineates the frequency of distinct RCC subtypes in a large prospective series of young patients and contributes knowledge to the diagnostic, clinical, and genetic features of MiT-RCC, the most common subtype among this age group. The identification of rare subtypes expands the spectrum of RCC in young patients, supporting the need for a thorough diagnostic workup. These studies may aid in the introduction of specific therapies for different RCC subtypes in the future. Cancer 2018. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células Renales/genética , Pruebas Genéticas , Oncología Médica/tendencias , Pediatría/tendencias , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Transcripción Básicos con Cremalleras de Leucinas y Motivos Hélice-Asa-Hélice/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renales/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Renales/patología , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Lactante , Masculino , Translocación Genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: European guidelines state left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic wall thickness (EDWT) ≥15mm suggests hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), but distinguishing from hypertensive heart disease (HHD) is challenging. We identify cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) predictors of HHD over HCM when EDWT ≥15mm. METHODS: 2481 consecutive clinical CMRs between 2014 and 2015 were reviewed. 464 segments from 29 HCM subjects with EDWT ≥15mm but without other cardiac abnormality, hypertension or renal impairment were analyzed. 432 segments from 27 HHD subjects with EDWT ≥15mm but without concomitant cardiac pathology were analyzed. Magnitude and location of maximal EDWT, presence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), LV asymmetry (>1.5-fold opposing segment) and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (SAM) were measured. Multivariate logistic regression was performed. Significance was defined as p<0.05. RESULTS: HHD and HCM cohorts were age-/gender-matched. HHD had significantly increased indexed LV mass (110±27g/m2 vs. 91±31g/m2, p=0.016) but no difference in site or magnitude of maximal EDWT. Mid-wall LGE was significantly more prevalent in HCM. Elevated indexed LVM, mid-wall LGE and absence of SAM were significant multivariate predictors of HHD, but LV asymmetry was not. CONCLUSIONS: Increased indexed LV mass, absence of mid-wall LGE and absence of SAM are better CMR discriminators of HHD from HCM than EDWT ≥15mm. KEY POINTS: ⢠Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is often diagnosed with end-diastolic wall thickness ≥15mm. ⢠Hypertensive heart disease (HHD) can be difficult to distinguish from HCM. ⢠Retrospective case-control study showed that location and magnitude of EDWT are poor discriminators. ⢠Increased left ventricular mass and midwall fibrosis are independent predictors of HHD. ⢠Cardiovascular magnetic resonance parameters facilitate a better discrimination between HHD and HCM.
Asunto(s)
Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica/diagnóstico por imagen , Ventrículos Cardíacos/diagnóstico por imagen , Hipertensión/diagnóstico por imagen , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto , Anciano , Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica/complicaciones , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Medios de Contraste , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Fibrosis , Gadolinio , Cardiopatías/diagnóstico por imagen , Cardiopatías/etiología , Ventrículos Cardíacos/patología , Humanos , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda/etiología , Modelos Logísticos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Miocardio/patología , Tamaño de los Órganos , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Knowledge of the clinicopathological and molecular spectrum of pediatric renal cell carcinomas (RCC) remains limited, and approximately 16%-24% of these neoplasms cannot be classified into specific subtypes. In this review of 168 pediatric RCC prospectively registered on Children's Oncology Group AREN03B2 protocol, six RCC (3.5%) that demonstrated a unique epithelioid morphology and a peculiar immunophenotypic profile that includes expression of ALK, TFE3, and retention of INI1 was identified. Further investigation revealed ALK rearrangements in all cases, manifested molecularly by fusion transcripts of either VCL-ALK (3 patients all with sickle cell trait which had been previously reported) or TPM3-ALK (3 patients, none with sickle cell trait). Based on the shared unique morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic features, it was proposed that these neoplasms belonged to a distinct subgroup of RCC frequently occurring in pediatric patients, which they have termed as ALK-rearranged RCC. Importantly, additional therapeutic options may be available for these patients.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células Renales/genética , Orden Génico , Neoplasias Renales/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/genética , Quinasa de Linfoma Anaplásico , Niño , Humanos , Hibridación Fluorescente in SituRESUMEN
Over the past few years several investigators have independently described unique low-grade renal epithelial neoplasms with clear cytoplasm, focal to diffuse papillary architecture, and occasional leiomyomatous stromal metaplasia that are not currently recognized in the World Health Organization classification of renal tumors. These tumors have been referred to by a variety of names including clear-cell papillary renal cell carcinoma and recently "clear-cell tubulopapillary renal cell carcinoma". On the basis of the available data, such tumors are positive for cytokeratin 7 (CK7) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9), while being negative for CD10, α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), and TFE3. These tumors reportedly lack trisomies of chromosomes 7 and 17, deletions of 3p25, von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene mutations, and VHL promoter hypermethylation. Herein, we report on nine cases of this tumor emphasizing detailed studies of the VHL gene and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. Molecular studies performed included VHL mutational analysis, copy number changes assessed using single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and qRT-PCR for VHL mRNA expression. Immunohistochemical stains for markers of HIF pathway activation (HIF-1α, CA9, and glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1)) as well as other relevant markers (CK7, CD10, AMACR, and TFE3) were performed. None of our tumors harbored VHL gene mutations, losses of chromosomal region 3p25, or trisomies of chromosomes 7 or 17. VHL mRNA was overexpressed in our tumors relative to normal renal tissue and clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. All cases showed strong co-expression of CK7, HIF-1α, GLUT-1, and CA9. No expression of TFE3, CD10, or AMACR was seen. The morphological, immunophenotypic, and molecular features of these unique low-grade tumors are sufficiently distinct to allow separation from other renal cell carcinoma subtypes. The co-expression of CA9, HIF-1α, and GLUT-1 in the absence of VHL gene alterations in clear-cell papillary renal cell carcinoma suggests activation of the HIF pathway by non-VHL-dependent mechanisms.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células Renales/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renales/metabolismo , Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Neoplasias Renales/genética , Neoplasias Renales/metabolismo , Proteína Supresora de Tumores del Síndrome de Von Hippel-Lindau/genética , Anciano , Carcinoma Papilar/genética , Carcinoma Papilar/metabolismo , Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Carcinoma de Células Renales/patología , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Femenino , Dosificación de Gen , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Inmunofenotipificación , Neoplasias Renales/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Análisis de Matrices Tisulares , Proteína Supresora de Tumores del Síndrome de Von Hippel-Lindau/metabolismoRESUMEN
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) has a limited role in predicting outlook in heart diseases including heart failure. We quantified the independent geometric factors that determine LVEF using cardiac MRI and sought to provide an improved measure of ventricular function by adjusting for such independent variables. A mathematical model was used to analyse the independent effects of structural variables and myocardial shortening on LVEF. These results informed analysis of cardiac MRI data from 183 patients (53 idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), 36 amyloidosis, 55 hypertensives and 39 healthy controls). Left ventricular volumes, LVEF, wall thickness, internal dimensions and longitudinal and midwall fractional shortening were measured. The modelling demonstrated LVEF increased in a curvilinear manner with increasing mFS and longitudinal shortening and wall thickness but decreased with increasing internal diameter. Controls in the clinical cohort had a mean LVEF 64 ± 7%, hypertensives 66 ± 8%, amyloid 49 ± 16% and DCM 30 ± 11%. The mean end-diastolic wall thickness in controls was 8 ± 1 mm, DCM 8 ± 1 mm, hypertensives 11 ± 3 mm and amyloid 14 ± 3 mm, P < 0.0001). LVEF correlated with absolute wall thickening relative to ventricular size (R2 = 0.766). A regression equation was derived from raw MRI data (R2 = 0.856) and used to 'correct' LVEF (EFc) by adjusting the wall thickness and ventricular size to the mean of the control group. Improved quantification of the effects of geometric changes and strain significantly enhances understanding the myocardial mechanics. The EFc resulted in reclassification of a 'ventricular function' in some individuals and may provide an improved measure of myocardial performance especially in thick-walled, low-volume ventricles.
Asunto(s)
Cardiomiopatía Dilatada , Función Ventricular Izquierda , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/diagnóstico por imagen , Ventrículos Cardíacos/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Volumen SistólicoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to evaluate the morphology, immunoprofile, and management of renal oncocytoma (RO), hybrid oncocytic tumor (HOT), and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC). METHODS: Forty-seven cases of RO, 7 cases of HOT, and 25 cases of ChRCC were included in the study. Tissue microarrays were prepared for immunohistochemical evaluation. RESULTS: Large sheets of cells with transverse vessels, and higher nuclear grade were seen more often in ChRCC than in RO or HOT. Tumor cells of RO were more uniform in size and shape relative to HOT and ChRCC. The cytoplasmic features of RO were more uniformly granular relative to HOT and ChRCC, which exhibited variable cytoplasmic features. CK7 and MUC1 were expressed more frequently and diffusely in ChRCC (54% and 94%, respectively) than RO (4% and 52%, respectively) and HOT (0% and 71%, respectively). AMACR and PAX8 were more frequently expressed diffusely in RO (67% and 42%, respectively) than in HOT (0% and 0%, respectively) or ChRCC (14% and 11%, respectively). Most HOT (57%) and CHRCC (60%) patients underwent nephrectomy. Cryoablation was the treatment of choice for 24% of patients with ChRCC, 2% of patients with RO, and 0% of patients with HOT. The majority of patients with RO (88%) opted for active surveillance-a much higher rate than that for patients with HOT (29%) or ChRCC (12%). CONCLUSION: Some cytologic features and immunomarkers are useful in differentiating RO, HOT, and ChRCC. Because no immunomarker or morphologic finding is specific by itself, a combination of morphologic features with immunohistochemistry appears to be the most reliable way to distinguish ChRCC, HOT, and RO on biopsy samples. Subclassification of renal oncocytic tumors into specific categories impacts clinical management and downstream treatment selection.
Asunto(s)
Adenoma Oxifílico/patología , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Carcinoma de Células Renales/patología , Citodiagnóstico/métodos , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Neoplasias Renales/patología , Adenoma Oxifílico/inmunología , Adenoma Oxifílico/cirugía , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biopsia con Aguja Fina , Carcinoma de Células Renales/inmunología , Carcinoma de Células Renales/cirugía , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Manejo de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Neoplasias Renales/inmunología , Neoplasias Renales/cirugía , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nefrectomía , Pronóstico , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To compare gene expression profiles of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and benign oncocytoma, aiming at identifying differentially expressed genes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Nine cases each of chromophobe RCC and oncocytoma were analyzed by oligonucleotide microarray. Candidate genes that showed consistent differential expression were validated by reverse transcription-PCR using 25 fresh-frozen and 15 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples. Immunohistochemical analysis was also done for two selected gene products, claudin 8 and MAL2. RESULTS: Unsupervised hierarchical clustering separated the chromophobe RCC and oncocytoma into two distinct groups. By a combination of data analysis approaches, we identified 11 candidate genes showing consistent differential expression between chromophobe RCC and oncocytoma. Five of these genes, AP1M2, MAL2, PROM2, PRSS8, and FLJ20171, were shown to effectively separate these two tumor groups by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR using fresh tissue samples, with similar trends seen on formalin-fixed tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed selective expression of MAL2 and claudin 8 in distal renal tubules, with MAL2 antibody showing differential expression between chromophobe RCC and oncocytoma. Functional analyses suggest that genes encoding tight junction proteins and vesicular membrane trafficking proteins, normally expressed in distal nephrons, are retained in chromophobe RCC and lost or consistently down-regulated in oncocytoma, indicating that these two tumor types, believed to be both derived from distal tubules, are likely distinctive in their histogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that chromophobe RCC and oncocytoma are distinguishable by mRNA expression profiles and a panel of gene products potentially useful as diagnostic markers were identified.
Asunto(s)
Adenoma Oxifílico/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renales/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Neoplasias Renales/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/genética , Proteínas de Transporte Vesicular/genética , Complejo 1 de Proteína Adaptadora/genética , Subunidades mu de Complejo de Proteína Adaptadora/genética , Adenoma Oxifílico/patología , Carcinoma de Células Renales/patología , Análisis por Conglomerados , Humanos , Uniones Intercelulares/genética , Neoplasias Renales/patología , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas Proteolipídicas Asociadas a Mielina y Linfocito , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos/métodos , Proteolípidos/genética , ARN Mensajero/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/métodos , Serina Endopeptidasas/genética , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/patología , Vesículas Transportadoras/genética , Proteínas de Transporte Vesicular/biosíntesisRESUMEN
We report the first 2 examples of primary renal myoepithelial carcinoma (MEC), both occurring in children. Both tumors had the unique morphologic features, immunophenotype, and EWSR1 gene rearrangements supporting the diagnosis. In keeping with the previous observations of an aggressive behavior in pediatric MEC, both cases presented with advanced local stage and distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. The EWSR1 translocation partner was identified as the Kruppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) gene in both tumors, and the novel EWSR1-KLF15 gene fusion transcripts were verified using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Sanger dideoxy sequencing. So far, a role for KLF15 in carcinogenesis has not been established, in contrast to other members of the Kruppel-like family of transcription factors, and no rearrangements involving this gene have been documented to our knowledge. These findings expand the spectrum of pediatric renal tumors to include MEC. The characterization of novel EWSR1-KLF15 fusion transcripts carries important diagnostic implications, as well as clues to understand the pathogenesis of these neoplasms.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Proteínas de Unión a Calmodulina/genética , Fusión Génica , Neoplasias Renales/genética , Factores de Transcripción de Tipo Kruppel/genética , Mioepitelioma/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Biopsia , Quimioterapia Adyuvante , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Neoplasias Renales/química , Neoplasias Renales/patología , Neoplasias Renales/cirugía , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mioepitelioma/química , Mioepitelioma/patología , Mioepitelioma/cirugía , Nefrectomía , Fenotipo , Proteína EWS de Unión a ARN , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Hypertensive heart disease is often associated with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction despite impaired myocardial shortening. The authors investigated this paradox in 55 hypertensive patients (52±13 years, 58% male) and 32 age- and sex-matched normotensive control patients (49±11 years, 56% male) who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5T. Long-axis shortening (R=0.62), midwall fractional shortening (R=0.68), and radial strain (R=0.48) all decreased (P<.001) as end-diastolic wall thickness increased. However, absolute wall thickening (defined as end-systolic minus end-diastolic wall thickness) was maintained, despite the reduced myocardial shortening. Absolute wall thickening correlated with ejection fraction (R=0.70, P<.0001). In multiple linear regression analysis, increasing wall thickness by 1 mm independently increased ejection fraction by 3.43 percentage points (adjusted ß-coefficient: 3.43 [2.60-4.26], P<.0001). Increasing end-diastolic wall thickness augments ejection fraction through preservation of absolute wall thickening. Left ventricular ejection fraction should not be used in patients with hypertensive heart disease without correction for degree of hypertrophy.
Asunto(s)
Cardiopatías/fisiopatología , Ventrículos Cardíacos/fisiopatología , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Volumen Sistólico , Función Ventricular IzquierdaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for napsin A has been widely used to support a diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma with high sensitivity. In this study, we evaluated immunoreactivity for napsin A in a broad spectrum of renal neoplasms by using tissue microarrays (TMA). METHODS: Duplicate TMA of 159 surgically excised renal neoplasms of various types were constructed. IHC for napsin A was performed on TMAs with appropriate positive and negative controls. RESULTS: Napsin A was expressed in Acquired cystic disease associated renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (2/2, 100.0%), chromophobe RCC (5/45, 11.1%), clear cell RCC (10/23, 43.5%), clear cell papillary RCC (9/19, 47.4%), metanephric adenoma (3/3, 100.0%), oncocytoma (13/23, 56.5%), and papillary RCC (31/37, 83.8%). Expression of napsin A was not seen in mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma (0/1, 0.0%), TFE/MITF RCC 0/1, 0.0%), and urothelial carcinoma (0/6, 0.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Napsin A is expressed in both common and rare sub-types of renal neoplasms with variable sensitivity. Based on our results, napsin A is not specific for lung adenocarcinoma. When a metastatic carcinoma of unknown primary is positive for napsin A, the differential diagnosis should include tumors of both renal and lung origin. VIRTUAL SLIDES: The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/9558727831304717 .
Asunto(s)
Adenoma Oxifílico/enzimología , Adenoma/enzimología , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidasas/análisis , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Carcinoma de Células Renales/enzimología , Inmunohistoquímica , Neoplasias Renales/enzimología , Adenoma/patología , Adenoma/cirugía , Adenoma Oxifílico/patología , Adenoma Oxifílico/cirugía , Carcinoma de Células Renales/patología , Carcinoma de Células Renales/cirugía , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Neoplasias Renales/patología , Neoplasias Renales/cirugía , Nefrectomía , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Análisis de Matrices TisularesRESUMEN
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor models have emerged as a new approach to evaluate the effects of cancer drugs on patients' personalized tumor grafts enabling to select the best treatment for the cancer patient and providing a new tool for oncology drug developers. Here, we report that human tumors engrafted in immunodeficient mice are susceptible to formation of B-and T-cell PDX tumors. We xenografted human primary and metastatic tumor samples into immunodeficient mice and found that a fraction of PDX tumors generated from patients' samples of breast, colon, pancreatic, bladder and renal cancer were histologically similar to lymphocytic neoplasms. Moreover, we found that the first passage of breast and pancreatic cancer PDX tumors after initial transplantation of the tumor pieces from the same human tumor graft could grow as a lymphocytic tumor in one mouse and as an adenocarcinoma in another mouse. Whereas subcutaneous PDX tumors resembling human adenocarcinoma histology were slow growing and non-metastatic, we found that subcutaneous PDX lymphocytic tumors were fast growing and formed large metastatic lesions in mouse lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and spleen. PDX lymphocytic tumors were comprised of B-cells which were Epstein-Barr virus positive and expressed CD45 and CD20. Because B-cells are typically present in malignant solid tumors, formation of B-cell tumor may evolve in a wide range of PDX tumor models. Although PDX tumor models show great promise in the development of personalized therapy for cancer patients, our results suggest that confidence in any given PDX tumor model requires careful screening of lymphocytic markers.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos B/patología , Linfoma/patología , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto/métodos , Animales , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Humanos , Linfoma/etiología , Linfoma/inmunología , Ratones , Trasplante Heterólogo/métodosRESUMEN
AIMS: Frozen section (FS) consultation is generally an accurate diagnostic modality. At our institution, we are frequently asked to assess transurethral resection specimens (TURBT) at FS for muscularis propria (MP) invasion by carcinoma. This study documents our experience in evaluating cancer-containing TURBT specimens at FS for MP invasion. METHODS: 32 TURBT sent for FS from 2008-2010 were identified. The FS and permanent section (PS) diagnoses were reviewed. Cases excluded from the calculation of test performance included: (1) cases without cancer on FS or PS slides, (2) FS diagnosis deferred, (3) cases without MP on FS and subsequent PS slides. Sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPEC), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for identifying MP invasion at FS were calculated. RESULTS: In 6 cases, no cancer was present in FS or PS slides (18%). The FS diagnosis was deferred on 3 cases (9%). In one case (3%) MP was not present in the FS or the subsequent PS slides. Of the remaining 22 cases, 2 false positive and 6 false negative diagnoses of MP invasion were identified. The test performance for FS assessment of MP invasion in TURB were SEN=33%, SPEC=84%, PPV=60%, and NPV=64%. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying MP invasion on PS can be difficult, and our results suggest that this is more difficult at FS. Though this study is based on small numbers, our results point to the conclusion that examination of TURBT specimens for MP invasion is best done on PS.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma/patología , Secciones por Congelación , Músculo Liso/patología , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biopsia , Carcinoma/cirugía , Cistectomía , Reacciones Falso Negativas , Reacciones Falso Positivas , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Músculo Liso/cirugía , Clasificación del Tumor , Invasividad Neoplásica , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Vejiga Urinaria/cirugía , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/cirugíaRESUMEN
Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma (MPUC) is an uncommon variant of urothelial carcinoma (UC) with an aggressive clinical course. There have been limited studies on the UC markers GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3), p63, and p40 in MPUC. Our study investigated the immunoreactivity of these 3 markers in MPUC compared with conventional UC of different grades and stages. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 62 cases of high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC), 16 low-grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC), and 20 MPUC. p63 expression was strong and diffuse in all LGUC, significantly decreased in high stage and HGUC, and virtually absent in MPUC. p40 expression was decreased in HGUC and markedly decreased in MPUC relative to LGUC. These results suggest that loss of p63 expression in a UC appears to be associated with adverse features--including cases with micropapillary differentiation. Decreased GATA3 expression was seen frequently in high-grade and high-pathologic stage (≥pT2) tumors but was retained in MPUC cases. The findings of retained GATA3 expression in MPUC, which often shows a loss of expression of other urothelial markers such as p63, may be helpful for determining the origin of micropapillary carcinoma of unknown primary. Compared with the traditional markers p63 and p40, GATA3 is the most sensitive marker of conventional UC and MPUC.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Carcinoma Papilar/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/metabolismo , Neoplasias Urológicas/metabolismo , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/patología , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Factor de Transcripción GATA3/metabolismo , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Neoplasias Urológicas/patología , Urotelio/patologíaRESUMEN
Intraductal papillomas (IDPs) of the breast can be associated with a variety of clinical symptoms and radiologic findings. Surgical excision is often recommended based on the possibility of an associated high-grade lesion. Although the rate of upgrades has been extensively evaluated for IDPs, many studies are hindered by broad inclusion criteria, a lack of pathologic-radiologic concordance, and no standard definition of what constitutes an upgrade. In the current study, we evaluate the risk of upgrade for a specific subset of IDPs: non-mass-associated IDPs. We identified all breast needle core biopsies with a diagnosis of IDP between 2003 and 2010. Patients with associated masses, architectural distortion, or ipsilateral breast cancer were excluded. All needle core biopsy slides and relevant imaging studies were reviewed to ensure pathologic-radiologic concordance. Excision pathology was also reviewed; an upgrade was defined as the presence of ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma in the excision. Seventy-nine IDPs that met inclusion criteria were identified and were further divided into 3 histologic categories: micropapilloma, fragmented IDP, and atypical IDP. Micropapillomas and fragmented IDPs had no upgrades (0/37). In patients who did not undergo excision, none subsequently developed ipsilateral breast cancer (follow-up, 50-61 months). This is in contrast to atypical IDPs that had a 33% upgrade rate. One patient with an unexcised atypical IDP developed ipsilateral breast cancer within 2 years. Our data suggest that conservative follow-up is reasonable for non-mass-associated IDPs without atypia regardless of microscopic size, provided that careful pathologic-radiologic correlation is achieved.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/cirugía , Mama/cirugía , Papiloma Intraductal/cirugía , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biopsia , Mama/patología , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Papiloma Intraductal/patologíaRESUMEN
Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma (MPUC) is a rare subtype of urothelial carcinoma (UC) with an aggressive clinical course. The cytomorphologic features of MPUC in urine cytology have not been well described. In this study, 23 urine specimens (11 voided urines and 12 bladder washings) from 23 patients with MPUC on follow-up surgical material and 28 specimens (14voided urines and 14 bladder washings) from 28 patients with high-grade UCs (HGUC) were retrieved. Cytologic features (nuclear grade, cytoplasmic characteristics), architectural features (single cell pattern, true papillary structures, flat sheets/nests, three dimensional clusters, micropapillary (inside-out, acinar-like, or cauliflower with nuclei located peripherally)), and necrosis were evaluated. Clinical follow-up was obtained by chart review. Two findings, micropapillae and cytoplasmic vacuoles, were seen more frequently in MPUC compared to HGUC, 81.0% vs. 14.3%, and 57.1% vs. 14.3%, respectively. The combination of these two findings had a sensitivity of 78%, a specificity of 86%, a positive predictive value of 82%, and a negative predictive value of 83% for the diagnosis of MPUC on subsequent biopsy. MPUC and HGUC can both exhibit a single cell pattern, papillary structures, flat sheets/nests, three dimensional clusters, high-nuclear grade, and necrosis, thus these findings are not useful in distinguishing these entities. Chart review revealed that patients with MPUC had a higher rate of metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs than HGUC, 57% vs. 4%. Therefore, the findings of cytoplasmic vacuoles and micropapillary structures in UC from a urine cytology specimen are associated with MPUC on subsequent biopsy.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Orina/citología , Neoplasias Urológicas/patología , Urotelio/patología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vacuolas/patologíaRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Glandular lesions of the urinary bladder include a broad spectrum of entities ranging from completely benign glandular lesions to primary and secondary malignancies. Common benign bladder lesions that exhibit glandular differentiation include cystitis cystica, cystitis glandularis, von Brunn nests, nephrogenic adenoma, intestinal metaplasia, urachal remnant, endometriosis, and prostatic-type polyp. The World Health Organization defines primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder as an epithelial malignancy with pure glandular differentiation without evidence of typical urothelial carcinoma. Malignant lesions that should be included in the differential diagnosis of a primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder include noninvasive and invasive urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation and secondary malignancies involving the bladder by direct extension or metastasis. The recognition and distinction of these different entities may be a challenge for pathologists, but they are of great clinical importance. OBJECTIVE: To review features of primary bladder adenocarcinoma as well as those entities that need to be differentiated from primary bladder adenocarcinoma, with emphasis on clinical findings, pathologic characteristics, and immunoprofiles. DATA SOURCES: Selected original articles published in the PubMed service of the US National Library of Medicine. CONCLUSIONS: The accurate diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder is important and challenging. It has to prompt an extensive clinical workup to rule out other glandular lesions in the urinary bladder, especially the possibility of secondary involvement of the bladder by an adenocarcinoma from a different site.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Metástasis de la Neoplasia/diagnósticoRESUMEN
CONTEXT: The World Health Organization classification of renal tumors synthesizes morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings to define more than 40 tumor types. Of these, clear cell (conventional) renal cell carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor in adults and-with the exception of some rare tumors-the most deadly. The diagnosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma on morphologic grounds alone is generally straightforward, but challenging cases are not infrequent. A misdiagnosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma has clinical consequences, particularly in the current era of targeted therapies. OBJECTIVE: To highlight morphologic mimics of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and provide strategies to help differentiate clear cell renal cell carcinoma from other renal tumors and lesions. The role of the pathologist in guiding treatment for renal malignancies will be emphasized to stress the importance of proper tumor classification in patient management. DATA SOURCES: Published literature and personal experience. CONCLUSIONS: In challenging cases, submission of additional tissue is often an inexpensive and effective way to facilitate a correct diagnosis. If immunohistochemical stains are to be used, it is best to use a panel of markers, as no one marker is specific for a given renal tumor subtype. Selection of limited markers, based on a specific differential diagnosis, can be as useful as a large panel in reaching a definitive diagnosis. For renal tumors, both the presence and absence of immunoreactivity and the pattern of labeling (membranous, cytoplasmic, diffuse, focal) are important when interpreting the results of immunohistochemical stains.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma Papilar/diagnóstico , Adenoma Oxifílico/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Corteza Suprarrenal/diagnóstico , Angiomiolipoma/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Renales/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Renales/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Renales/clasificación , Carcinoma de Células Renales/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Renales/metabolismo , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Células Epitelioides/patología , Marcadores Genéticos , Humanos , Neoplasias Renales/clasificación , Neoplasias Renales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renales/metabolismo , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Medicina de Precisión , Translocación Genética , Organización Mundial de la SaludRESUMEN
Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinoma (Xp11.2 RCC) is a subtype of RCC characterized by translocations involving a breakpoint at the TFE3 gene (Xp11.2). Moderate to strong nuclear TFE3 immunoreactivity has been recognized as a specific diagnostic marker for this type of tumor. However, exclusive cytoplasmic localization of a TFE3 fusion protein was reported in UOK 145 cells, a cell line derived from an Xp11.2 RCC harboring the PSF-TFE3 translocation. If reproducible using immunohistochemistry (IHC), this finding would have important implications for pathologists in the diagnosis of Xp11.2 RCC, calling into question the specificity of nuclear immunoreactivity for TFE3 in these tumors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the above-noted cytoplasmic localization of the TFE3 fusion protein could be reproduced using IHC. UOK 145 cells and fresh frozen tissue from 2 clinical cases of Xp11.2 RCC found to harbor the PSF-TFE3 gene rearrangement (by cytogenetic testing) were collected. All samples were subjected to histopathologic evaluation by board-certified pathologists, TFE3 IHC, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Sanger sequencing analysis. A strong nuclear TFE3 immunoreactivity was demonstrated in all samples including the UOK 145 cell line. No cytoplasmic immunoreactivity was seen. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing confirmed the previously reported PSF-TFE3 gene fusion between exon 9 of PSF and exon 6 of TFE3 in the UOK 145 cell line and in one of 2 clinical cases of Xp11.2 RCC. A novel PSF-TFE3 gene fusion between exon 9 of PSF and exon 5 of TFE3 was detected in the second clinical case of Xp11.2 RCC.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células Renales/genética , Cromosomas Humanos X/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Reordenamiento Génico , Translocación Genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Transcripción Básicos con Cremalleras de Leucinas y Motivos Hélice-Asa-Hélice/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renales/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Renales/patología , Exones , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Proteínas de Fusión Oncogénica/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
The majority of chromophobe renal cell carcinomas (CHRCC) are not aggressive, however, a subset are. The potential for metastasis makes recognition of CHRCC cells in cytologic preparations important for patient surveillance, management, and treatment. We report the detection of an aggressive form of CHRCC in pleural fluid cytology with histopathologic confirmation on subsequent pleural biopsy. Sarcomatoid portions of the original CHRCC, and the pleural metastasis, demonstrated loss of diffuse membranous staining with C-KIT.