The mRNA of human cytoplasmic arginyl-tRNA synthetase recruits prokaryotic ribosomes independently.

There are two isoforms of cytoplasmic arginyl-tRNA synthetase (hcArgRS) in human cells. The long form is a component of the multiple aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex, and the other is an N-terminal truncated form (NhcArgRS), free in the cytoplasm. It has been shown that the two forms of ArgRS arise from alternative translational initiation in a single mRNA. The short form is produced from the initiation at a downstream, in-frame AUG start codon. Interestingly, our data suggest that the alternative translational initiation of hcArgRS mRNA also takes place in Escherichia coli transformants. When the gene encoding full-length hcArgRS was overexpressed in E. coli, two forms of hcArgRS were observed. The N-terminal sequencing experiment identified that the short form was identical to the NhcArgRS in human cytoplasm. By constructing a bicistronic system, our data support that the mRNA encoding the N-terminal extension of hcArgRS has the capacity of independently recruiting E. coli ribosomes. Furthermore, two critical elements for recruiting prokaryotic ribosomes were identified, the "AGGA" core of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the "A-rich" sequence located just proximal to the alternative in-frame initiation site. Although the mechanisms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic translational initiation are distinct, they share some common features. The ability of the hcArgRS mRNA to recruit the prokaryotic ribosome may provide clues for shedding light on the mechanism of alternative translational initiation of hcArgRS mRNA in eukaryotic cells.

Human cytoplasmic ProX edits mischarged tRNAPro with amino acid but not tRNA specificity.

aaRSs (aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases) are responsible for ensuring the fidelity of the genetic code translation by accurately linking a particular amino acid to its cognate tRNA isoacceptor. To ensure accuracy of protein biosynthesis, some aaRSs have evolved an editing process to remove mischarged tRNA. The hydrolysis of the mischarged tRNA usually occurs in an editing domain, which is inserted into or appended to the main body of the aaRS. In addition, autonomous, editing domain-homologous proteins can also trans-edit mischarged tRNA in concert or in compensating for the editing function of its corresponding aaRS. The freestanding ProX is a homologue of the editing domain of bacterial ProRS (prolyl-tRNA synthetase). In the present study, we cloned for the first time a gene encoding HsProX (human cytoplasmic ProX) and purified the expressed recombinant protein. The catalytic specificity of HsProX for non-cognate amino acids and identity elements on tRNAPro for editing were also investigated. We found that HsProX could deacylate mischarged Ala-tRNAPro, but not Cys-HstRNA(UGGPro), and specifically targeted the alanine moiety of Ala-tRNAPro. The importance of the CCA76 end of the tRNA for deacylation activity and key amino acid residues in HsProX for its editing function were also identified.

Role of tRNA amino acid-accepting end in aminoacylation and its quality control.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are remarkable enzymes that are in charge of the accurate recognition and ligation of amino acids and tRNA molecules. The greatest difficulty in accurate aminoacylation appears to be in discriminating between highly similar amino acids. To reduce mischarging of tRNAs by non-cognate amino acids, aaRSs have evolved an editing activity in a second active site to cleave the incorrect aminoacyl-tRNAs. Editing occurs after translocation of the aminoacyl-CCA76 end to the editing site, switching between a hairpin and a helical conformation for aminoacylation and editing. Here, we studied the consequence of nucleotide changes in the CCA76 accepting end of tRNA(Leu) during the aminoacylation and editing reactions. The analysis showed that the terminal A76 is essential for both reactions, suggesting that critical interactions occur in the two catalytic sites. Substitutions of C74 and C75 selectively decreased aminoacylation keeping nearly unaffected editing. These mutations might favor the regular helical conformation required to reach the editing site. Mutating the editing domain residues that contribute to CCA76 binding reduced the aminoacylation fidelity leading to cell-toxicity in the presence of non-cognate amino acids. Collectively, the data show how protein synthesis quality is controlled by the CCA76 homogeneity of tRNAs.

A unique insertion in the CP1 domain of Giardia lamblia leucyl-tRNA synthetase.

Leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS) catalyzes the esterification of the tRNA(Leu) isoacceptor with leucine. It contains a large insertion domain, connective peptide 1 (CP1), for amino acid editing. Here, we cloned the gene encoding LeuRS from Giardia lamblia (GlLeuRS), one of the most ancient eukaryotes. GlLeuRS was purified from an Escherichia coli overproduction strain, and its properties were investigated. The isolated CP1 domain of GlLeuRS (GlLeuRS-CP1) was an active protein for editing mischarged G. lamblia tRNA(Leu)(AAG) (GltRNA(Leu)). Insertion of 49 amino acid residues within the CP1 domain (the so-called 49-amino acid motif) was important for the optimal aminoacylation activity of GlLeuRS and was crucial for the editing capacity of GlLeuRS-CP1. Additionally, the motif can confer editing activity on the editing-defective isolated CP1 domain from E. coli LeuRS (EcLeuRS-CP1). We also found that GlLeuRS could not rescue a Saccharomyces cerevisiae leuS null strain, suggesting different recognition modes for these two LeuRSs with respect to tRNA(Leu).

Three Methods to Purify Leukocytes and RNA Quality Assessment.

Leukocytes function as central effectors in innate immunity (such as phagocytosis) as well as adaptive immunity (e.g., antigen-dependent T cell activation), and serve as an important resource in the fields of translational medicine, precision medicine, and cell therapy. Isolation of leukocytes from whole blood is necessary for high-quality RNA and downstream research. This process is susceptible to the variability of many factors, such as blood collection, isolation reagents, and extraction methods. In this study, three methods were applied for leukocytes separation, followed by RNA extraction and quality testing to evaluate the methods. Results showed that leukocytes were purified using lymphocyte separation medium (LSM), optimized LSM method, or red blood cell lysis buffer (RBC lysis), and RNA quality met the basic requirements for downstream studies. Although considering the simplicity of the procedure and RNA quality from donated samples, the RBC lysis method should be recommended to biobanks for further research.

The Shanghai biobanking DNA quality control program.

Method validation is one of the crucial processes for a professional biobank. However, there are no routine guidelines specially designed for such studies. Therefore, in line with the need for competence in testing and calibration, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) concept has been introduced to biobanking as a model for Quality Management Systems in this field. Accurate interpretation of the experimental data about the human genome depends on the quality of the genomic DNA. In this study, we focused on the validation of DNA quantitation by spectrophotometry, a basic bio-analytical method in molecular biology. The key factors of precision, accuracy testing, and linearity assessment are presented in assessing the method quality. Internal and external quality controls have been included as required. Our data show that the method of spectrophotometry is qualified for DNA quantitation.