Equity and the Cuban National Health System's response to COVID-19.

Cuba's National Health System has managed to guarantee an effective and equitable response to COVID-19. Universal and free health coverage, based on primary care, follows the principle of equity and the greatest resources are allocated to areas of the lowest socioeconomic stratum (where higher risk is concentrated), followed by those of medium and high strata, in that order. This allowed for similar mortality rates in the three strata, and Cuban national mortality rate was one of the lowest in the Region of the Americas. Before the first case was identified in Cuba, a Plan for Coronavirus Prevention and Control was elaborated with multisectoral participation, and when the first case was confirmed the Temporary National Working Group to Fight COVID-19 was created as an advisory body of the government. The actions to face the pandemic began with preventive measures in the community, continued in the isolation centers and ended again in the community with actions of surveillance and follow up of recovered patients. Following the principle of territoriality, molecular diagnosis laboratories were created in the provinces that did not have one. Free medical care and treatment; the preparation of a single national intersectoral government plan; the use of particular strategies for research, diagnosis and case tracing; and the implementation of a universal protocol for disease prevention and treatment of confirmed cases made it possible to control the disease with a health equity perspective.

El Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba ha logrado garantizar una respuesta eficaz y con equidad en el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19. La cobertura de salud universal y gratuita, basada en la atención primaria, sigue el principio de equidad, por lo que los mayores recursos se asignan a los territorios del estrato socioeconómico más bajo, que concentra mayores riesgos de salud, seguidos de los de estratos medio y alto, en ese orden. Esto permitió tener tasas de letalidad similares en los tres estratos, y a nivel nacional la de Cuba es una de las tasas más bajas de la Región de las Américas. Antes de identificar el primer caso en Cuba, se elaboró el Plan para la Prevención y Control del Coronavirus, con participación multisectorial, y al confirmarse el primer caso se creó el Grupo Temporal de Trabajo para Enfrentar la COVID-19 como órgano asesor del Gobierno. Las acciones de enfrentamiento a la pandemia comienzan en la comunidad con medidas preventivas, continúan en los centros de aislamiento y terminan nuevamente en la comunidad, con acciones de vigilancia y acompañamiento a los enfermos recuperados. Siguiendo el principio de territorialidad, se crearon laboratorios de diagnóstico molecular en las provincias que no lo tenían. La atención médica y los tratamientos gratuitos; la preparación de un plan de gobierno intersectorial nacional único; la utilización de estrategias particulares para la pesquisa, diagnóstico y rastreo de casos; y la implementación de un protocolo universal para la prevención de la enfermedad y el tratamiento de los casos confirmados permitieron el control de la enfermedad con una perspectiva de equidad en salud.

O Sistema Nacional de Saúde de Cuba tem assegurado uma resposta eficaz e com equidade ao enfrentar a pandemia de COVID-19. A cobertura de saúde universal e gratuita baseada na atenção primária se pauta no princípio da equidade. Mais recursos são destinados às áreas de nível socioeconômico mais baixo que concentram risco de saúde maior e a seguir, nesta ordem, às áreas de nível socioeconômico médio e alto. Assim, a taxas de letalidade tem sido semelhante nos três níveis e a taxa nacional é uma das mais baixas da Região. Antes de o primeiro caso de COVID-19 ter sido detectado em Cuba, preparou-se o Plano para prevenção e controle do coronavírus com participação multissetorial. Quando o primeiro caso da doença foi confirmado, instituiu-se o Grupo de trabalho temporário para combater a COVID-19 como um órgão assessor do governo. As ações de combate à pandemia começam na comunidade com medidas preventivas, prosseguem nos centros de isolamento e retornam à comunidade com medidas de vigilância sanitária e o acompanhamento dos pacientes recuperados. E, seguindo o princípio de territorialidade, laboratórios de diagnóstico molecular foram instituídos nas províncias onde eles inexistiam. A atenção médica, o tratamento gratuito, a preparação de um plano de governo único intersetorial nacional, o emprego de estratégias próprias para pesquisa, diagnóstico e rastreio de casos e a implementação de um protocolo universal para prevenção da doença e tratamento dos casos confirmados possibilitaram controlar a doença de uma perspectiva de equidade em saúde.

[Equity and the Cuban National Health System's response to COVID-19Equidade e resposta do Sistema Nacional de Saúde de Cuba à pandemia de COVID-19]. / Equidad y respuesta del Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba ante la COVID-19.

Cuba's National Health System has managed to guarantee an effective and equitable response to COVID-19. Universal and free health coverage, based on primary care, follows the principle of equity, and the greatest resources are allocated to areas of the lowest socioeconomic stratum (which concentrates the higher health risks), followed by those of medium and high strata, in that order. This allowed for similar mortality rates in the three strata, and Cuban national mortality rate was one of the lowest in the Region of the Americas. Before the first case was identified in Cuba, a Plan for Coronavirus Prevention and Control was elaborated with multisectoral participation, and when the first case was confirmed the Temporary Working Group to Fight COVID-19 was created as an advisory body of the government. The actions to face the pandemic began with preventive measures in the community, continued in the isolation centers and ended again in the community with actions of surveillance and follow up of recovered patients. Following the principle of territoriality, laboratories of molecular diagnosis were created in the provinces that did not have it. Free medical care and treatment; the preparation of a single national intersectoral government plan; the use of particular strategies for research, diagnosis and case tracing; and the implementation of a universal protocol for disease prevention and treatment of confirmed cases allowed to control the disease with a perspective of equity in health.

O Sistema Nacional de Saúde de Cuba tem assegurado uma resposta eficaz e com equidade ao enfrentar a pandemia de COVID-19. A cobertura de saúde universal e gratuita baseada na atenção primária se pauta no princípio da equidade. Mais recursos são destinados às áreas de nível socioeconômico mais baixo que concentram risco de saúde maior e a seguir, nesta ordem, às áreas de nível socioeconômico médio e alto. Assim, a taxas de letalidade tem sido semelhante nos três níveis e a taxa nacional é uma das mais baixas da Região. Antes de o primeiro caso de COVID-19 ter sido detectado em Cuba, preparou-se o Plano para prevenção e controle do coronavírus com participação multissetorial. Quando o primeiro caso da doença foi confirmado, instituiu-se o Grupo de trabalho temporário para combater a COVID-19 como um órgão assessor do governo. As ações de combate à pandemia começam na comunidade com medidas preventivas, prosseguem nos centros de isolamento e retornam à comunidade com medidas de vigilância sanitária e o acompanhamento dos pacientes recuperados. E, seguindo o princípio de territorialidade, laboratórios de diagnóstico molecular foram instituídos nas províncias onde eles inexistiam. A atenção médica, o tratamento gratuito, a preparação de um plano de governo único intersetorial nacional, o emprego de estratégias próprias para pesquisa, diagnóstico e rastreio de casos e a implementação de um protocolo universal para prevenção da doença e tratamento dos casos confirmados possibilitaram controlar a doença de uma perspectiva de equidade em saúde.

Correction to "Cuban Abdala vaccine: Effectiveness in preventing severe disease and death from COVID-19 in Havana, Cuba; A cohort study" [The Lancet Regional Health - Americas 2022; 16: 100366] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2022.100366.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100366.].

Cuban Abdala vaccine: Effectiveness in preventing severe disease and death from COVID-19 in Havana, Cuba; A cohort study.

Background: COVID-19 vaccines have proven safe and efficacious in reducing severe illness and death. Cuban protein subunit vaccine Abdala has shown safety, tolerability and efficacy (92·3% [95% CI: 85·7‒95·8]) against SARS-CoV-2 in clinical trials. This study aimed to estimate Abdala's real-world vaccine effectiveness (VE). Methods: This retrospective cohort study in Havana analyzed Cuban Ministry of Public Health databases (May 12-August 31, 2021) to assess VE in preventing severe illness and death from COVID-19 (primary outcomes). Cox models accounting for time-varying vaccination status and adjusting by demographics were used to estimate hazard ratios. A subgroup analysis by age group and a sensitivity analysis including a subgroup of tested persons (qRT-PCR) were conducted. Daily cases and deaths were modelled accounting for different VE. Findings: The study included 1 355 638 persons (Mean age: 49·5 years [SD: 18·2]; 704 932 female [52·0%]; ethnicity data unavailable): 1 324 vaccinated (partially/fully) and 31 433 unvaccinated. Estimated VE against severe illness was 93·3% (95% CI: 92·1-94·3) in partially- vaccinated and 98·2% (95% CI: 97·9-98·5) in fully-vaccinated and against death was 94·1% (95% CI: 92·5-95·4) in partially-vaccinated and 98·7% (95% CI: 98·3-99·0) in fully-vaccinated. VE exceeded 92·0% in all age groups. Daily cases and deaths during the study period corresponded to a VE above 90%, as predicted by models. Interpretation: The Cuban Abdala protein subunit vaccine was highly effective in preventing severe illness and death from COVID-19 under real-life conditions. Funding: Cuban Ministry of Public Health. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Centre.

Nimotuzumab in the Treatment of Inoperable Esophageal Tumors of Epithelial Origin.

Background: Nimotuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the epidermal growth factor receptor. It was approved in Cuba for the indication of inoperable malignant tumors of the esophagus of epithelial origin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety, overall and progression-free survival, clinical response, and quality of life, in adult patients with inoperable esophageal tumors of epithelial origin treated with nimotuzumab in a practical context. Material and Methods. The number of patients who developed adverse events was determined, and the frequency, seriousness, causality, and severity of these adverse events were determined. It also determined the median of survival and progression-free survival and rates at 12 and 24 months and the quality of life. Results: A total of 111 patients were included. The proportion of serious and related AE with the use of nimotuzumab was 1.3%. Most of the related AEs were mild and moderate, and the most frequent AEs were diarrhea, chills, and tremors. New diagnosed patients who received nimotuzumab concurrent with chemotherapy and radiotherapy reached a median OS of 12.2 months (95% CI, 6.9-17.5) and 12- and 24-month survival rates of 51.0% and 17.0%, respectively. Median PFS was 7.8 months (95% CI, 6.2-9.5), and 12- and 24-month PFS rates were 39.3% and 11.2%, respectively. A favorable evolution of the general state of health (p=0.03) was obtained from the beginning of treatment until month 12, with a significant reduction in the appearance of nausea (p=0.009), insomnia (p=0.04), constipation (p=0.04), eating difficulties (p=0.0006), and choking when swallowing (p=0.0001), but increased in dysphagia (p=0.02). Conclusions: The administration of nimotuzumab was safe in the real-world setting. New diagnosed patients that received nimotuzumab concurrent with chemotherapy and radiotherapy reached a higher overall and progression-free survival and better quality of life than the rest of the patients. Trial registration is RPCEC00000215 (Cuban Registry of Clinical Trials; https://registroclinico.sld.cu/en/home). It is registered prospectively on June 30, 2016.

[Tuberculosis incidence strata in Cuban municipalities: 1999-2002 and 2003-2006]. / Estratos de incidencia de tuberculosis en los municipios de Cuba: 1999-2002 y 2003-2006.

OBJECTIVE: identify Cuban municipalities with high, medium, and low incidence of tuberculosis (TB), compare incidence rates for the periods 1999-2002 and 2003-2006, and analyze distribution of the disease by population density and economic activity. METHODS: TB incidence was calculated by municipality, confidence interval (95%), and the percentage of variation for the defined strata according to population density and the predominant economic activity. The municipalities were divided into three categories based on incidence (> 10 per 100 000; > 5 per 100 000 to < 10 per 100 000, and < 5 per 100 000), and maps were plotted. RESULTS: the proportion of municipalities with an incidence of < 5 per 100 000 rose from 35.5% to 57.4% between the two periods, while the proportion of municipalities with an incidence of > 10 per 100 000 fell from 22.5% to 5.9%. National incidence fell by 28.7%-from 8.7 per 100 000 in 1999-2002 to 6.2 in 2003-2006. Municipalities that were not very densely populated and where agricultural activities predominated showed significant reductions in incidence. The rates in densely populated municipalities devoted primarily to industrial and service activities are still high. CONCLUSIONS: TB incidence is gradually and sustainably declining in the majority of municipalities. Differentiated strategies are needed to reduce TB incidence rates in municipalities where they continue to be relatively high.

La edad como variable asociada a la gravedad en pacientes con la COVID-19

RESUMEN Introducción: La COVID-19, estremeció al mundo en diciembre de 2019. Desde sus inicios se ha observado que los pacientes de mayor edad son propensos a desarrollar formas graves de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Determinar el papel de la edad como variable asociada a la gravedad en pacientes con la COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico retrospectivo de cohorte en 150 pacientes diagnosticados con la COVID-19, desde marzo hasta junio de 2020. Se analizó la gravedad según grupos de edades, mediante un modelo de regresión logística binaria simple. Fueron resumidas variables clínicas y de laboratorio al ingreso hospitalario, para la comparación de 2 grupos de edad a partir del punto de corte óptimo para la edad mediante la curva ROC. Se utilizó el software libre R versión 4.0.2 (22-06-2020) para el procesamiento. Resultados : La edad de los pacientes tuvo un amplio rango; predominó la gravedad de la enfermedad en los grupos de edad avanzada. El punto de corte óptimo calculado fue 71,5; se observó que a partir de los 70 años los pacientes tenían mayor comorbilidad y pruebas de laboratorio alteradas. Igualmente, tuvieron mayor cantidad de síntomas, estadía hospitalaria y número de fallecidos. Conclusiones: La edad constituye un factor de riesgo asociado a la gravedad en pacientes con la COVID-19; aumenta significativamente a partir de los 70 años, cuando coexisten una serie de factores que, unidos a la edad avanzada, juegan un importante papel en el pronóstico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19, rocked the world in December 2019. Since its inception, it has been observed that older patients are prone to develop severe forms of the disease. Objective: To determine the role of age as a variable associated with severity in COVID-19 patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort analytical study was conducted in 150 patients diagnosed with COVID-19, during March to June 2020. The severity was analyzed according to age groups, and a simple binary logistic regression model was used. Clinical and laboratory variables at hospital admission were summarized for the comparison of two age groups from the optimal cut-off point for age using the ROC curve. The free software R version 4.0.2 (22-06-2020) was used for processing. Results: The age of the patients had a wide range, with disease severity predominating in the older age groups. The optimal cut-off point calculated was 71.5. Was observed that from 70 years of age onwards patients had greater comorbidity and altered laboratory tests. Likewise, a greater number of symptoms, hospital stay, and number of deaths. Conclusions: Age is a risk factor associated with severity in patients with COVID-19, which increases significantly after 70 years of age, where a series of factors coexist which, together with advanced age, play an important role in the prognosis.

Caracterización clínica y tratamiento de pacientes ingresados por la COVID-19 en terapias intensivascubanas

RESUMEN Introducción: La pandemia por la COVID-19 fue declarada emergencia de salud pública internacional. El conocimiento de los síntomas, comorbilidades y el riesgo según el tratamiento recibido puede contribuir a una mejor clasificación y atención de los pacientes. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínicamente a los pacientes de COVID-19 atendidos en las unidades de terapia intensiva cubanas. Métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de todos los pacientes atendidos en las unidades de terapia intensiva de Cuba en el periodo comprendido entre el 11 de marzo y el 30 de julio de 2020. Se recolectaron datos demográficos, clínicos y de resultados. Se compararon los pacientes fallecidos y recuperados de acuerdo a la prevalencia de las covariables a través de una prueba estándar de chi-cuadrado. Se realizó regresión logística para evaluar las variables predictoras de la mortalidad hospitalaria. Resultados: Se atendieron 175 pacientes, de ellos 106 graves y 69 críticos. Predominó el sexo masculino (52,0 %), mayores de 60 años (67,2 %) con hipertensión arterial (57,0 %). La edad (mayores de 80 años, OR= 9,62, IC95%: 3,16-29,2), el estado al ingreso (OR= 8,32, IC95%: 2.30-30,10) y la inestabilidad hemodinámica (OR=6,9, IC95%:2,96-16,37), se asociaron a un mayor riesgo de fallecimiento. Los pacientes tratados con kaletra, cloroquina, itolizumab o jusvinza incrementaron la supervivencia. El riesgo de fallecimiento en los críticos disminuyó de 80 a 25% con el uso de jusvinza. Conclusiones: La caracterización clínica realizada demuestra la efectividad de los protocolos clínicos empleados en las unidades de terapia intensiva del país.

ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic was declared an international public health emergency. The knowledge of the symptoms, comorbidities, and the risk associated with the treatment received could contribute to better classification and care of patients. Objective: To clinically characterize COVID-19 patients admitted to the Cuban intensive care units Methods: A retrospective observational study of all patients treated in the Cuban intensive care units from March 11 to July 30, 2020. Demographic, clinical and outcome data were collected. The prevalence of fatal and recovery cases was compared by covariables using the standard chi-square test. A logistic regression was performed to evaluate the predictor variables for in-hospital mortality. Results: A total of 175 patients were treated, including 106 acutely ill and 69 critically ill. Patients were predominantly male (52.0%), over 60 years old (67.2%) and had hypertension (57.0%). Age (over 80 years old, OR= 9.62, 95% CI: 3.16-29.2), health status at admission (OR= 8.32, 95% CI: 2.30-30.10), and hemodynamic instability (OR=6.9, 95% CI: 2.96-16.37) were associated with an increased risk of death. Patients treated with Kaletra, chloroquine, Itolizumab, or Jusvinza increased survival. Mortality risk in critically ill patients decreased from 80% to 25% with the use of Jusvinza. Conclusions: The clinical characterization performed demonstrates the effectiveness of the clinical protocols used in the country's intensive care units.

Variables asociadas a la severidad en pacientes con Covid-19 / Variables associated with severity in COVID-19 patients

En la COVID-19 un porcentaje de los enfermos desarrolla cuadros severos, con una elevada mortalidad, siendo necesario el estudio de sus características con el objetivo de frenar la progresión de la enfermedad. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en una cohorte de 150 pacientes adultos atendidos en el hospital Manuel Fajardo de Villa Clara, Cuba, en el período de marzo a junio de 2020. Se analizaron variables demográficas, clínicas, de laboratorio, gasométricas y radiológicas medidas al ingreso hospitalario; definiéndose dos grupos de pacientes según la evolución clínica: severos y no severos. Para la comparación de los grupos se realizó un análisis bivariado con el objetivo de determinar aquellas variables con asociación significativa a la severidad. Del total de pacientes, 26 (17,3%) evolucionaron a la severidad y 124 (83.7%), evolucionó satisfactoriamente. Los pacientes severos se caracterizaron por tener edad avanzada (media: 83 años) y presentar comorbilidades; siendo las más significativas: hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, cardiopatía, enfermedad renal crónica y cáncer (p<0.0001). La polipnea y diarrea fueron las manifestaciones clínicas con mayor asociación a la severidad (p<0.0001), seguido por la fiebre (p=0.0157). La escala pronóstica quick SOFA mostró ser un instrumento útil para evaluar a los pacientes al ingreso. Las variables de laboratorio: neutrófilos, linfocitos, índice neutrófilos/linfocitos, hemoglobina. y lactato deshidrogenasa fueron las que mayor asociación tuvieron con la severidad (p<0.0001). Los leucocitos, lactato, dímero D, proteína C reactiva, glicemia y calcio también mostraron resultados significativos (p< 0.05). De las variables gasométricas, la presión y saturación arterial de oxígeno fueron las más significativamente asociadas a la severidad; así como la presencia de infiltrados o consolidación pulmonar en la radiografía de tórax (p <0.0001). El estudio permitió identificar variables al ingreso hospitalario, asociadas a progresión hacia formas severas de la enfermedad

In COVID-19, a percentage of patients develop severe disease, with high mortality, since has been necessary to study its characteristics to stop the progression of the disease. A retrospective study was carried out in a cohort of 150 adult patients attended at Manuel Fajardo Hospital in Villa Clara, Cuba, from March to June 2020. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, gasometric and radiological variables measured at hospital admission were analyzed, defining two groups of patients according to clinical evolution: severe and non-severe. For the comparison of the groups a bivariate analysis was performed, with the objective of determining those variables with a significant association to severity. Of the total number of patients, 26 (17.3%) evolved to severity and 124 (83.7%) evolved satisfactorily. Severe patients were characterized by advanced age (mean: 83 years) and comorbidities; the most significant being hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, chronic kidney disease and cancer (p< 0.0001). Polypnea and diarrhea were the clinical manifestations with the highest association with severity (p<0.0001), followed by fever (p=0.0157). The quick SOFA prognostic scale proved to be a useful instrument to evaluate patients at admission. Laboratory variables: neutrophils, lymphocytes, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, hemoglobin and lactate dehydrogenase were the most associated with severity (p<0.0001). Leukocytes, lactate, D-dimer, C-reactive protein, glycemia and calcium also showed significant results (p<0.05). Of the gasometric variables, arterial oxygen pressure and saturation were the most significantly associated with severity; as well as the presence of pulmonary infiltrates or consolidation in the chest X-ray (p<0.0001). The study allowed us to identify variables at hospital admission associated with progression to severe forms of the disease.

Equity and the Cuban National Health System's response to COVID-19 / Equidad y respuesta del Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba ante la COVID-19 / Equidade e resposta do Sistema Nacional de Saúde de Cuba à pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT Cuba's National Health System has managed to guarantee an effective and equitable response to COVID-19. Universal and free health coverage, based on primary care, follows the principle of equity and the greatest resources are allocated to areas of the lowest socioeconomic stratum (where higher risk is concentrated), followed by those of medium and high strata, in that order. This allowed for similar mortality rates in the three strata, and Cuban national mortality rate was one of the lowest in the Region of the Americas. Before the first case was identified in Cuba, a Plan for Coronavirus Prevention and Control was elaborated with multisectoral participation, and when the first case was confirmed the Temporary National Working Group to Fight COVID-19 was created as an advisory body of the government. The actions to face the pandemic began with preventive measures in the community, continued in the isolation centers and ended again in the community with actions of surveillance and follow up of recovered patients. Following the principle of territoriality, molecular diagnosis laboratories were created in the provinces that did not have one. Free medical care and treatment; the preparation of a single national intersectoral government plan; the use of particular strategies for research, diagnosis and case tracing; and the implementation of a universal protocol for disease prevention and treatment of confirmed cases made it possible to control the disease with a health equity perspective.

RESUMEN El Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba ha logrado garantizar una respuesta eficaz y con equidad en el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19. La cobertura de salud universal y gratuita, basada en la atención primaria, sigue el principio de equidad, por lo que los mayores recursos se asignan a los territorios del estrato socioeconómico más bajo, que concentra mayores riesgos de salud, seguidos de los de estratos medio y alto, en ese orden. Esto permitió tener tasas de letalidad similares en los tres estratos, y a nivel nacional la de Cuba es una de las tasas más bajas de la Región de las Américas. Antes de identificar el primer caso en Cuba, se elaboró el Plan para la Prevención y Control del Coronavirus, con participación multisectorial, y al confirmarse el primer caso se creó el Grupo Temporal de Trabajo para Enfrentar la COVID-19 como órgano asesor del Gobierno. Las acciones de enfrentamiento a la pandemia comienzan en la comunidad con medidas preventivas, continúan en los centros de aislamiento y terminan nuevamente en la comunidad, con acciones de vigilancia y acompañamiento a los enfermos recuperados. Siguiendo el principio de territorialidad, se crearon laboratorios de diagnóstico molecular en las provincias que no lo tenían. La atención médica y los tratamientos gratuitos; la preparación de un plan de gobierno intersectorial nacional único; la utilización de estrategias particulares para la pesquisa, diagnóstico y rastreo de casos; y la implementación de un protocolo universal para la prevención de la enfermedad y el tratamiento de los casos confirmados permitieron el control de la enfermedad con una perspectiva de equidad en salud.

RESUMO O Sistema Nacional de Saúde de Cuba tem assegurado uma resposta eficaz e com equidade ao enfrentar a pandemia de COVID-19. A cobertura de saúde universal e gratuita baseada na atenção primária se pauta no princípio da equidade. Mais recursos são destinados às áreas de nível socioeconômico mais baixo que concentram risco de saúde maior e a seguir, nesta ordem, às áreas de nível socioeconômico médio e alto. Assim, a taxas de letalidade tem sido semelhante nos três níveis e a taxa nacional é uma das mais baixas da Região. Antes de o primeiro caso de COVID-19 ter sido detectado em Cuba, preparou-se o Plano para prevenção e controle do coronavírus com participação multissetorial. Quando o primeiro caso da doença foi confirmado, instituiu-se o Grupo de trabalho temporário para combater a COVID-19 como um órgão assessor do governo. As ações de combate à pandemia começam na comunidade com medidas preventivas, prosseguem nos centros de isolamento e retornam à comunidade com medidas de vigilância sanitária e o acompanhamento dos pacientes recuperados. E, seguindo o princípio de territorialidade, laboratórios de diagnóstico molecular foram instituídos nas províncias onde eles inexistiam. A atenção médica, o tratamento gratuito, a preparação de um plano de governo único intersetorial nacional, o emprego de estratégias próprias para pesquisa, diagnóstico e rastreio de casos e a implementação de um protocolo universal para prevenção da doença e tratamento dos casos confirmados possibilitaram controlar a doença de uma perspectiva de equidade em saúde.

Sostenibilidad de una estrategia cubana de empoderamiento comunitario para la prevención del dengue desde la perspectiva de sus actores claves / Sustainability of a Cuban community empowerment strategy for dengue fever prevention from the perspective of its key actors

Introducción: Las revisiones sistemáticas sobre intervenciones para la prevención del dengue señalan que existe poca evidencia sobre la sostenibilidad de estrategias participativas. Una estrategia cubana basada en el empoderamiento de la comunidad se implementó entre los años 2004-2007 y constó de cuatro componentes: organización, capacitación, trabajo comunitario, y la vigilancia de riesgos y comportamientos. Objetivo: Evaluar la percepción de sostenibilidad de la estrategia de empoderamiento comunitario para la prevención del dengue desde la perspectiva de los actores claves de su implementación. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte cualitativo anidado en el estudio experimental, de abril a septiembre de 2011. La sostenibilidad fue entendida como el uso continuado de los componentes de la estrategia y la ejecución de actividades a más de 3 años de concluida la etapa de implementación y evaluación, y el financiamiento externo de la investigación. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a actores claves con un rol significativo durante las etapas de diseño e implementación. La información verbal se clasificó en categorías de análisis inductivas que emergieron de la lectura reiterada de los datos, y posteriormente se reclasificó y contrastó con indicadores operacionales de sostenibilidad de intervenciones de salud. Resultados: Los entrevistados identificaron transformaciones generadas por la estrategia (ejemplo: incremento de capacidades locales, crecimiento personal/profesional, nuevos estilos y organización del trabajo) a nivel de municipio, consejo popular y circunscripción. Desde la percepción la estrategia fue sostenible (91 referencias) y se aportaron nuevos elementos que enriquecen los indicadores operacionales de sostenibilidad utilizados, los cuales reconocen los beneficios de salud, y otros efectos directos a partir de la concepción de empoderamiento asumida por la propuesta. La construcción de capacidades fue valorada por los actores salud como el fortalecimiento de las competencias de los médicos y enfermeras de la familia, para guiar procesos participativos en las comunidades. Conclusiones: La perspectiva de los actores enriqueció el análisis de la sostenibilidad de la estrategia y reconoce la importancia del proceso de construcción de capacidades para empoderamiento desde la educación popular promovida durante la implementación para el mantenimiento de los resultados y su relación con los efectos informados por los actores(AU)

Introduction: Systematic reviews about dengue fever prevention interventions show that there is little evidence of the sustainability of participatory strategies. A Cuban community empowerment strategy was implemented between the years 2004 and 2007. It consisted of four components: organization, training, community work, and surveillance of risks and behavior. Objective: Evaluate the perception about sustainability of the community empowerment strategy for dengue fever prevention from the perspective of the key actors of its implementation. Methods: A nested descriptive qualitative experimental study was conducted from April to September 2011. Sustainability was understood as the continued use of the components of the strategy, the conduct of activities more than 3 years after completion of the implementation and evaluation stage, and external funding for the research. In-depth interviews were held with key actors playing a significant role during the stages of design and implementation. The information obtained was classified into inductive analysis categories emerging from the reiterated reading of the data, and was then reclassified and contrasted with operational sustainability indicators for health interventions. Results: Interviewees identified a number of changes brought about by the strategy, e.g. an increase in local capacities, personal / professional growth, new work styles and organization at the municipal, people's council and constituency levels. The strategy was perceived as sustainable (91 references), and new data were provided which enrich the operational sustainability indicators used and recognize the benefits to health care and other direct effects of the concept of empowerment underlying the proposal. The building of capacities was evaluated by health actors as the strengthening of family doctors' and nurses' competencies to lead participatory processes in the community. Conclusions: The views contributed by actors enriched the analysis about the sustainability of the strategy and recognized the importance of capacity building for empowerment based on community education, as fostered during the implementation stage, for the maintenance of results and their relationship to the effects reported by actors(AU)

[Trends and predictions of tuberculosis, and challenges towards tuberculosis eradication in Havana City]. / Tendencias y pronósticos de la tuberculosis, desafíos en etapa de eliminación en la Habana.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the variation and the trend of new tuberculosis case reports in Havana from 1995 to 2010, as well as their projection and occurrence for 2011-2013. METHODS: A time series study was conducted, and the annual total and mean variation percentages of rates by clinical and bacteriological categories, age, municipal distribution and TB/HIV co-infection were analyzed. Estimation of projections by using two-parameter exponential smoothing techniques was made. RESULTS: The rate of new reported TB cases decreased from 16.8 in 1995 to 9.5 per 100 000 inhabitants in 2010 (43.5% and 2.9% of annual total variation and mean variation respectively). The rate declined by 80% in the municipalities and in 15-64 and > or = 65 years age groups. Habana Vieja and Centro Habana municipalities kept the highest rates throughout the whole period. TB/HIV coinfection notification increased from 3 out of 369 (0.8%) cases in 1995 to 37 out of 202 (18.3%) cases in 2010. A slight increase was estimated for the 2011-2013 period (9.5; 10.0; 10.5 per 100 000 population respectively) in addition to continuous rise of the number of cases with TB/HIV co-infection. CONCLUSIONS: The TB trend showed a steady decline in Havana from 1995 to 2010, with substantial reduction in the study period, except for TB/HIV co-infection in which the number of cases increases. The TB case report rates are within the expected values, although slightly above the predictions.

[Effect of pyriproxyfen for the Aedes (S) aegypti control (Diptera: Culicidae) in strains with various degrees of temephos resistance]. / Eficacia del pyriproxyfeno para el control de Aedes (S) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) en cepas con diferentes niveles de resistencia a temefos.

INTRODUCTION: the continuous use of the organophosphate temephos for Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) has prompted the emergence of resistance to this product in several countries. Pyriproxyfen is an analogue of the juvenile hormone recommended by the World Health Organization as one of the alternative regulators of the dengue vector in drinking waters. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the efficacy of pyriproxyfen in those strains with various degrees of temephos resistance, in order to be used as a possible regulator of Ae. aegypti. METHODS: for this study, two reference Ae. aegypti strains were used, one susceptible and the other resistant to temephos, and three field strains collected in Boyeros, Cotorro and 10 de Octubre municipalities, all of them from the City of Havana province, Cuba. For the temephos and pyriproxyfen evaluation, the WHO recommended bioassays were used. RESULTS: at high concentrations, pyriproxyfen showed larvicidal properties. At 0,01 and 1 ppb concentrations, inhibition of emergence due to increase of pupal mortality and to lesser extent in adults in the process of breaking the pupal exubia was demonstrated. This growth regulator was effective at the same doses in all the strains, regardless of the degree of temephos resistance, being IE50 values within the range for Aedes genus. CONCLUSIONS: according to the results, the effectiveness of pyriproxyfen was not affected by the degree of temephos resistance in the studied strains, and this is a useful tool in the Ae. aegypti control.

[Season and weather-dependent behavior of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Sancti Spiritus in the period 1999-2007]. / Comportamiento estacional y temporal de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) en Sancti Spíritus, 1999-2007.

INTRODUCTION: Aedes aegypti is the main dengue and hemorrhagic dengue vector and its widespread behavior responds to a number of factors, among them, the climatic ones. OBJECTIVES: to determine the behavior of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes depending on season and weather conditions and how it relates with climatic factors such as temperature and rain. METHODS: a descriptive seasonal and weather study was made on the basis of data given by the provincial weather center and the surveillance anti-vector fight unit located in Sancti Spiritus province, which covered the 1999-2007 period. RESULTS: of the total number of samples, 86.7% comprised immature phases of the mosquito whereas 13.2% corresponded to mosquitoes at the adult phase; 19.2% of foci were found inside houses and premises but 80.7% outdoors. The highest focal incidence occurred in 2001 (278 foci) and in 2005 (219 foci) whereas the lowest incidence was found in 1999 (14 foci) and in 2003 (32 foci). The municipalities with the highest numbers of foci were Trinidad (302), Sancti Spiritus (242), Cabaiguán (241) and Jatibonico (154) and the lowest figures went to Yaguajay (13) and La Sierpe (6). The number of foci in the rainy season was significant with respect to the dry season (t = 4.09; p = 0.04). There was not high correlation between the number of foci and the recorded temperatures in the course of the study. CONCLUSION: it was shown that keeping permanent surveillance on Aedes aegypti is extremely important to prevent introduction and spread of this species into the province, mainly in the rainy periods.

[Knowledge, perceptions and practice of dermatologists with respect to Giardia lamblia infection]. / Conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas de los dermatólogos en relación con la infección por Giardia lamblia.

OBJECTIVE: to ascertain the level of knowledge, the perceptions and practice of dermatologists in the City of Havana with respect to Giardia lamblia infection. METHODS: with prior informed consent given by the dermatologists from the City of Havana, 50 dermatologists- a number very close to the universe of these experts in the province- were administered a survey of their knowledge, perceptions and practice about this parasitosis. The survey was prepared in 4 phases; that is, interviews to physicians on diagnosis, treatment and control of giardiasis; drafting of a preliminary questionnaire based on the interview results; submission of this instruments to the experts, and finally its validation through its application to a small group of physicians. RESULTS: it was evinced that the dermatologists in the City of Havana had poor knowledge about giardiasis, particularly its cutaneous manifestations (out of 19 questions on cognitive aspects, the correct answer mean was 10,18), inadequate perceptions on this disease and practice was not good. CONCLUSIONS: with the aim of mitigating these difficulties, some academic intervention is needed to make emphasis on the formative aspects related to parasitic diseases in general and giardiasis in particular

[Community-based survey on knowledge and perceptions about dengue and preventive practice in Lisa municipality, City of Havana province]. / Encuesta poblacional sobre conocimientos y percepciones acerca de dengue contra prácticas preventivas en el municipio Lisa.

INTRODUCTION: the population's knowledge is important to develop participatory processes that support the reduction of Aedes aegypti. OBJECTIVES: to identify sociodemographic factors, knowledge, perceptions and practice in the population of three people's councils in Lisa municipality about Aedes aegypti control and dengue prevention; to determine the association of these sociodemographic factors with the adequate level of knowledge about dengue, and relate the implementation of suitable practice to risk knowledge and perceptions. METHODS: cross-sectional study was conducted in which surveys and an observational guide were applied to a randomized sample of individuals living in the selected areas. Percentages from the people's councils were compared whereas two logistic regression models to set relations among the studied variables were adjusted for. RESULTS: the most cited breeding site for Aedes aegypti was garbage (67.3%), the most referred preventive measure was container covering (90.2%); perception of risk of getting sick was low or non-existent (55%); regarding the visited houses, the most used practices were cleaning of backyards and water tank protection. In the multi-variate analysis, the young people showed better knowledge than people aged over 59 years whereas those people having better knowledge of breeding sites and preventive measures were the ones who followed adequate practice. CONCLUSIONS: it was demonstrated that adequate knowledge on dengue and its vector are related to better implementation of suitable preventive measures in the house; however, specific aspects on breeding sites should be taken into consideration within the educational programs carried out in each locality.

Acelularidad del líquido cefalorraquídeo como factor pronóstico adverso en meningitis criptocóccica / Acellularity of cerebrospinal fluid as adverse prognostic factor in cryptococcal meningitis

Introducción: las enfermedades oportunistas, y dentro de ellas la meningitis criptocóccica en pacientes inmunodeprimidos, constituyen causa mayor de letalidad en países en vías de desarrollo. Objetivo: identificar factores de mal pronóstico como la acelularidad del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) para individualizar medidas terapéuticas encaminadas al logro de una mayor supervivencia y calidad de vida de estos pacientes. Métodos: se estudió la celularidad de todos los LCR de los 170 casos de Bojanala, North West, ingresados en el Hospital Provincial de Rustenburg, South África por meningitis criptocóccica desde mayo de 2001 hasta abril de 2004. Se interrelacionó el número de células blancas del LCR con la letalidad intrahospitalaria, seropositividad al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y nivel de linfocitos T4. Resultados: se detectó una asociación altamente significativa entre acelularidad basal del LCR y riesgo a morir, y significativa con progresión lineal de mayor mortalidad en los casos con descenso evolutivo del número de células blancas en sucesivos LCR. Se constató un alto índice de letalidad (36,5 por ciento)por meningitis criptocóccica. No hubo diferencias significativas entre acelularidad y letalidad en pruebas de comparación de grupos acorde al nivel de linfocitos T4 y a la confirmación o no de la seropositividad al VIH. Conclusiones: tanto la acelularidad basal como la progresión descendente evolutiva del número de células blancas del LCR constituyen herramientas útiles para la predicción del riesgo a morir por meningitis criptocóccica

Introduction: opportunistic diseases, and among them, cryptococcal meningitis in immune-compromised patients, are a major cause of lethality in developing countries Objective: to identify mal prognostic factors such as acellularity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to identify therapeutic measures aimed to achieve improved survival and quality of life of these patients. Methods: cellularity was studied in all CSF of the 170 cases in Bojanala, North West, who were admitted to the Rustenburg Provincial Hospital, South Africa for cryptococcal meningitis from May 2001 to April 2004. The number of CSF white cell with hospital mortality, seropositive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and level of T4 lymphocytes were interrelated. Results: a highly significant association was found between baseline CSF acellularity and risk of death, and significant linear progression of increased mortality in patients with developmental decline in the number of white cells in successive CSF. A high fatality rate (36.5 percent) for cryptococcal meningitis was also found. No significant differences was found between acellularity and lethality tests comparing groups according to the level of T4 lymphocytes and the confirmation or otherwise of HIV seropositivity. Conclusions: both basal acellularity and evolutionary downward progression of the number of CSF white cells are useful tools for predicting the risk of death for cryptococcal meningitis

Intervención para mejorar conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas en relación con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de la giardiasis / Intervention to improve knowledge, perceptions and practices in the diagnosis, treatment and control of giardiasis

Objetivo: evaluar los resultados de una intervención para mejorar conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas de los médicos relacionados con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de la giardiasis. Métodos: para indagar en los conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas de médicos de familia del municipio Playa, La Habana, en relación con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de la giardiasis, se diseñó, validó y aplicó a estos un cuestionario de 27 preguntas. Para atenuar las deficiencias evidenciadas con la aplicación de ese instrumento, se ejecutaron, a modo de intervención, un grupo de acciones de tipo académico. Esas medidas incluyeron la preparación, publicación y distribución gratuita a todos los médicos de un libro sobre giardiasis, así como la impartición de conferencias sobre el tema. Para evaluar los resultados de la intervención, a 6 meses de completada su puesta en práctica, se hizo una segunda aplicación del cuestionario antes mencionado. Resultados: la primera aplicación del cuestionario hizo evidente los conocimientos insuficientes, las percepciones inadecuadas y prácticas incorrectas. Por ejemplo, la media de respuestas correctas a las 19 interrogantes sobre aspectos cognoscitivos fue de 7,69. La segunda aplicación del instrumento permitió conocer de una significativa mejoría de los encuestados en la casi totalidad de los aspectos cognoscitivos, perceptuales y conductuales evaluados. Por ejemplo, la media de respuestas correctas a las preguntas sobre aspectos cognoscitivos resultó significativamente más alta (14,61; p< 0,0001). Conclusión: los resultados de la intervención realizada en el municipio Playa sugieren su extensión al resto del país y demuestran, una vez más, la necesidad de monitorear y actualizar con regularidad los programas de formación de médicos y especialistas en los aspectos relacionados con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de las enfermedades parasitarias

Objective: evaluate the results of an intervention aimed at improving physicians' knowledge, perceptions and practices in the diagnosis, treatment and control of giardiasis. Methods: a 27-question survey was designed, validated and given to family doctors from the municipality of Playa, Havana, aimed at inquiring about their knowledge, perceptions and practices in the diagnosis, treatment and control of giardiasis. To make up for deficiencies found in the application of this tool, a number of academic actions were implemented. For example, a book on giardiasis was prepared, published and distributed free-of-charge among all doctors, and lectures on the topic were delivered. Six months after implementation of the intervention, the questionnaire was applied again with the purpose of evaluating the results obtained. Results: the first application of the questionnaire revealed that knowledge was insufficient, perceptions inadequate and practices incorrect. For instance, the mean number of correct answers to the 19 questions on cognitive aspects was 7.69. The second application of the questionnaire showed a significant improvement in practically all the cognitive, perceptual and behavioral aspects evaluated. This time the mean number of correct answers to questions on cognitive aspects was significantly higher (14.61; p< 0.0001). Conclusion: the results obtained from the intervention implemented in the municipality of Playa point to the advisability of its expansion to the rest of the country. They also suggest, once again, the need to regularly monitor and update the contents of training programs for doctors and specialists in relation to the diagnosis, treatment and control of parasitic diseases

Evaluación de tres dietas alimentarias para el período larval de Aedes aegypti en condiciones de laboratorio / Assessment of three feeding diets for the Aedes aegypti larval stage under lab conditions

Introducción: la alimentación en el período larval del mosquito es sumamente importante, debido a que en esta etapa almacenan los nutrientes básicos para el desarrollo de la pupa y el adulto. Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de tres dietas como fuente nutritiva y su influencia en el desarrollo de las fases preadultas de Aedes aegypti. Métodos: se evaluaron tres dietas en el insectario del Instituto Pedro Kourí, concentrado CENPALAB, elaborado en el Centro para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB), levadura torula, subproducto de la caña de azúcar (ambas de producción nacional) y harina de pescado, producto de importación. Previamente, se determinó la calidad higiénica-microbiológica y química nutricional de las dietas. Se evaluaron variables biológicas como el número de pupas diarias por alimentos y la duración del ciclo larval; se determinó la cantidad de proteínas presentes en las larvas alimentadas con cada dieta, mediante el método de Lowry. Resultados: la calidad higiénica-microbiológica, así como la caracterización química nutricional de los 3 alimentos evaluados, aportaron resultados satisfactorios para el desarrollo de la investigación. Los valores mayores en la concentración de proteínas y en la actividad biológica en la fase larval del mosquito se obtuvieron con la harina de pescado. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la concentración de proteínas entre las dietas en los primeros días del período larval, A partir del quinto hasta el séptimo día de vida, la harina de pescado fue superior al concentrado CENPALAB. La emergencia de pupas comenzó al sexto día para todas las dietas, obteniéndose el pico más alto al séptimo día con diferencias entre estas. El ciclo larval duró de 7 a 8 días. Conclusiones: se sugiere la utilización de las dietas de producción nacional en situaciones que lo requieran por carencia de la dieta importada, para no detener el desarrollo de las investigaciones

Introduction: feeding mosquitoes during the larval stage is an important process, since it is the stage in which basic nutrients are stored for the subsequent development of pupas and adults. Objective: to evaluate both the quality of three diets as nutritional source and the influence these diets have on the development of the Aedes aegypti in its pre-adult stage. Methods: three different diets were evaluated at the Insectarium of the Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute in Havana, Cuba. The diets evaluated were: CENPALAB Food Concentrate, elaborated at the Center for Laboratory Animal Production (CENPALAB, Spanish acronym) and torula yeast, a sugar cane byproduct (both of them from domestic production) as well as fish flour, an imported product