RESUMEN
A comparative phytochemical study on the phenylethanoid glycoside (PhEG) composition of the underground organs of three Plantago species (P. lanceolata, P. major, and P. media) and that of the fruit wall and seed parts of Forsythia suspensa and F. europaea fruits was performed. The leaves of these Forsythia species and six cultivars of the hybrid F. × intermedia were also analyzed, demonstrating the tissue-specific accumulation and decomposition of PhEGs. Our analyses confirmed the significance of selected tissues as new and abundant sources of these valuable natural compounds. The optimized heat treatment of tissues containing high amounts of the PhEG plantamajoside (PM) or forsythoside A (FA), which was performed in distilled water, resulted in their characteristic isomerizations. In addition to PM and FA, high amounts of the isomerization products could also be isolated after heat treatment. The isomerization mechanisms were elucidated by molecular modeling, and the structures of PhEGs were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) techniques, also confirming the possibility of discriminating regioisomeric PhEGs by tandem MS. The PhEGs showed no cytostatic activity in non-human primate Vero E6 cells, supporting their safe use as natural medicines and allowing their antiviral potency to be tested.
Asunto(s)
Forsythia/química , Glicósidos/química , Fitoquímicos/química , Plantago/química , Animales , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Forsythia/metabolismo , Glicósidos/metabolismo , Glicósidos/farmacología , Isomerismo , Conformación Molecular , Estructura Molecular , Especificidad de Órganos , Fitoquímicos/metabolismo , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Plantago/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Células VeroRESUMEN
Biostimulants and other plant growth promoters can provide an effective solution to the challenge of urbanisation and climate change. Viburnum opulus 'Roseum' is a globally popular deciduous shrub species that can be made more resistant to urban influences by using natural growth-promoting substances. In our study, we investigated the effects of growth promoters Kelpak®, Bistep and Yeald Plus on the species, both histologically and physiologically (proline stress hormone measurement). Our measurements were complemented using the analysis of rhizosphere alkaline phosphatase, ß-glucosidase and ß-glucosaminidase enzymes, to obtain a more complete picture of the combined effect of biostimulants and species. We found that the Bistep biostimulant had an outstanding effect on the leaf tissue culture results of the variety. The transpiration and evapotranspiration findings also confirmed the efficacy of biostimulants. In the case of POD activity and rhizosphere enzyme measurements, Bistep and Yeald Plus obtained statistically higher values than the control group. Kelpak produced better results than the control group in several measurements (alkaline phosphatase levels; evapotranspiration results), but in other cases it resulted in lower values than the control treatment. The use of Bistep and Yeald Plus can greatly assist growers in the cultivation of V. opulus 'Roseum' in an urban environment.