2016 WSES guidelines on acute calculous cholecystitis.

Acute calculus cholecystitis is a very common disease with several area of uncertainty. The World Society of Emergency Surgery developed extensive guidelines in order to cover grey areas. The diagnostic criteria, the antimicrobial therapy, the evaluation of associated common bile duct stones, the identification of "high risk" patients, the surgical timing, the type of surgery, and the alternatives to surgery are discussed. Moreover the algorithm is proposed: as soon as diagnosis is made and after the evaluation of choledocholitiasis risk, laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be offered to all patients exception of those with high risk of morbidity or mortality. These Guidelines must be considered as an adjunctive tool for decision but they are not substitute of the clinical judgement for the individual patient.

Erratum to: 2016 WSES guidelines on acute calculous cholecystitis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13017-016-0082-5.].

Acne tetrad in a family.

The authors report, for the first time in Bulgarian literature, a case of acne tetrad syndrome in a family. The patients were sisters who were found to have three of the four components of the syndrome: hidradenitis suppurativa, acne conglobata, and cysta pillaris. There was no evidence or anamnestic data for perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens. In one of the sisters the syndrome showed a more precipitate clinical picture and was combined with other skin disorders (lichen ruber planus, neurodermitis circumscripta, hirsutismus). The patients had a familial predisposition to acne and pilar cycts. The complete blood analysis, all biochemical parameters, the cytogenetic analysis and hormonal status (testosterone and estrogens) showed no deviation from normal values. The patients did not report any disturbances during their menstrual cycles. The cellular immunity in one of the sisters was depressed. The patients and their children will be closely monitored.

[Surgical treatment of hepatic echinococcosis--10-year experience].

INTRODUCTION: Especially debatable remains the problem concerning the volume of the surgical treatment of hepatic echinococcosis. At present it varies from radical typical and atypical liver resections, through closed conservative approaches, to minimally invasive methods like PAIR or laparoscopic echinococcectomy. AIM: The aim of the present investigation is to elucidate the problems, occurring during surgical treatment of hepatic echinococcosis and to offer adequate treatment-diagnostic algorithm. This retrospective study summarizes our 10-year experience in a number of debatable topics, concerning the surgical treatment of this socially significant disease. RESULTS: To fulfill the aim, we performed a retrospective clinical study for a period of 10 years. One-hundred-forty-seven patients had been admitted to hospital and underwent surgical treatment for hepatic echinococcosis during that period. One-hundred were males (58%) and 47 (32%)--females. The age of the patients included in the retrospective study varies between 6 and 80 years--(mean age 39.1 +/- 8.9). In 19 patients we found multiple echinococcosis of the liver (2 to 7 cysts). Two cysts--in 7 patients, 3 cysts--in 6 patients, 4 cysts in 1 patient, 5 cysts in 2 patients, 6 cysts in 1 patient and 7 cysts in 2 patients. The right hepatic lobe is three times more frequently engaged than the left one--106 patients with right-sided localization (72.1%) compared to 41 with left-sided (27.9%). Combined echinococcosis is found in 14 patients. Concomitant engagement of liver and spleen is present in 2 patients, peritoneal dissemination--in 7 patients and accompanying lung cyst--in 6 patients. Echinococcectomy with capitonage of the residual cavity is performed in 126 patients, echinococcectomy with external drainage in 4 patients, atypical liver resection in 8 patients, echinococcectomy via thoracofrenectomy approach in 6 patients and combined surgical interventions with spleen removal in 3 patients. In their majority the complications are not serious and life-threatening or with permanent consequences to the patient. Severe complications demanding active surgical intervention occur in approximately 4% of the treated patients. Our results are comparable with the ones of leading national and foreign centers and confirm the correctness of our treatment. The average hospital stay is 12 days. We have no lethal cases for the study period. CONCLUSION: Based on our experience, we consider that echinococcectomy with capitonage of the residual cavity and invagination of the fibrous rims is the method of choice for hepatic localization of the parasite. The above-mentioned surgical technique is characterized with low percentage of post-surgical complications, is well-tolerated from patients and relatively atraumatic and shows excellent long-term results. We consider more radical surgical methods, like atypical liver resections, appropriate in selected patients, ones with multiple echinococcosis and vast fibrous-altered areas of liver parenchyma. We find reasonable the obligatory adjuvant post-surgical treatment with Albendazole under parasitologist control, especially in cases of multiple and/or recurrent echinococcosis.

[Intra-arterial therapy as a treatment method in acute pancreatitis]. / Intraarterialnata terapiia kato metod za lechenie pri ostriia pankreatit.

Intra-arterial therapy has a definite place in the complex management of pancreatitis. Drug infusion into the celiac trunk and a. mesenterica superior is a procedure bringing about the highest concentration (16-18 times) in the pathological focus (Briskinikol), inactivation of vasoactive and toxic products, interference with autolysis of the gland, allowing in turn the administration of smaller drug amounts. Intraarterial therapy (IT) is carried out in 18 patients presenting destructive pancreatitis: total necrosis--2, focal necrosis--8 and hemorrhagic pancreatitis--8, with ages ranging from 25 to 65 years, in a poor general condition. IT is conducted after catheterization of truncus celiacus and celiacography, with infusion effected through single time introduction of 0.5 per cent novocain solution, heparin, kontrikal, Petphtoruracil, antibiotic and atropine.

[The surgical treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts following acute pancreatitis]. / Otnosno operativnoto lechenie na pankreatichnite psevdokisti sled ostur pankreatit.

The tactics and results of the operative treatment of pancreatic cysts, complicating severe destructive pancreatitis in a series of thirteen patients, are discussed. The following operative methods are made use of: marsupialization (1), Yurash (10), cystojejunoanastomosis with Braunova (2). The character and scope of surgical intervention are determined intraoperatively, depending on the anatomical situation faced. In pancreatic cysts operated according to Yurash (cystogastroanastomosis), an original drainage method with two probes introduced nasally is used--one wider into the anastomosis, and a narrower one into the duodenum for feeding. The probes are retained for periods ranging from 9 to 35 days. No relapse of the cysts operated by different methods are registered, with the exception of a female patient undergoing marsupialization. In one case operated according to Yurash where no preoperative preparation is done the outcome is fatal, with the patient dying of hemorrhage on the third postoperative day. All patients are operated within 3 months after the formation of cysts. The preoperative preparation includes Kontrikal, Petphtoruracil, atropine, heparin and antibiotic; in some patients the listed drugs are introduced intraarterially into truncus celiacus. A number of inferences are reached and recommendations made: 1. Waiting for the generally accepted 3-month term is unnecessary. 2. In cysts involving the head of the pancreas, tightly adherent to the posterior wall of the stomach, the method of Yurash with the modification suggested for probing should be given preference. 3. In cysts of the body region and tail cystojejunoanastomosis with Braunova is practicable. 4. Proceeding with the preoperative medication in the postoperative period is advisable.