Evaluation of TLR9 expression on PBMCs and CpG ODN-TLR9 ligation on IFN-α production in SLE patients.

CONTEXT: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by autoreactive antibodies. Recent findings revealed the importance of innate immune responses, especially Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the pathogenesis of SLE. OBJECTIVE: In this study, the level of TLR9 expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was analyzed. The levels of produced IFN-α were also measured in supernatant of PBMCs from SLE patients and healthy controls after stimulation with CpG ODN2216 which is a plasmocytoid dendritic cell (pDC)-specific TLR9 ligand. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TLR9 expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and flow cytometry in 35 SLE patients and 38 healthy controls and IFN-α concentration was measured in supernatants using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The results showed that the TLR9 expression in the mRNA and the protein level was significantly higher in PBMCs from SLE patients. However, IFN-α concentration in patients and controls significantly increased in response to CpG stimulation but this increase was significantly higher in healthy controls compared with SLE patients. Our results do not show any association between taking hydroxychloroquine and reduction in IFN-α production in SLE patients. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Regarding the findings of the study, there is the possibility that TLR9 has played a role in SLE pathogenesis, and consequently it implies that TLRs can be considered to be the therapeutic targets for systemic autoimmunity. We may conclude that PBMCs in patients are functionally impaired in response to TLR ligation via innate response stimulating pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

Identification, Isolation, and Functional Assay of Regulatory T Cells.

Two categories of regulatory T cells (Tregs), nTreg and iTreg, play vital roles in orchestrating the integrity of a host in the course of an immune response. Tregs commonly belong to CD4+ CD25+ T cells and they are characterized by a transcription factor - forkhead box P3 (FoxP3). Within the space of the last few years, interests have been drawn to Tregs as a therapeutic tool in several settings like autoimmune disease, transplantation, and tumor disorders. As a consequence, to assess the functional properties of Tregs, namely through their ability to suppress other cells, cytokine expression, and proliferation in a variety of conditions, it is mandatory to gain better approaches to this end. This would be beneficial in designing better-than-ever therapeutic methods with regard to Tregs properties. Gaining better insights into the underlying mechanisms of immune regulation, by means of straightforward and less time-consuming techniques, will hopefully permit the therapeutic application of these cells in the control of human disorders. This review aims at going through the basic methods for Treg isolation as well the efficiency of the commonly exerted in vitro assays of Tregs-mediated immune suppression.

Comparison of TGF-ß1 and NO production by mesenchymal stem cells isolated from murine lung and adipose tissues.

CONTEXT: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are cell sources for tissues regeneration. By secretion of soluble factors including transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß1) and nitric oxide (NO), MSCs are also able to regulate the immune system. MSCs have been disclosed in lung and adipose tissues with insufficient comparison between the tissues. OBJECTIVES: In this study, specific differentiation and the expression of surface antigens as well as TGF-ß1 and NO productive levels were compared in murine lung-derived MSCs (LMSCs) and adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ADMSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: MSCs were isolated from murine lung and adipose tissues and cultured. Both cell populations were characterized using multilineage potential and the expression of surface antigenic proteins, CD73, CD105, CD34, CD45, and CD11b. Finally, levels of TGF-ß1 and NO were evaluated and compared in ADMSCs and LMSCs. RESULTS: Expression of CD73 and CD105; lack of the expression of CD34, CD45, and CD11b markers; as well as adipocyte and osteocyte differentiations were detected in both adult stem cells. No significant difference was found in TGF-ß1 and NO production between two stem cell populations. CONCLUSION: Our data showed that LMSCs and ADMSCs have comparable phenotype and TGF-ß1 and NO production.

Hind limb perconditioning renoprotection by modulation of inflammatory cytokines after renal ischemia/reperfusion.

Purpose Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common clinical problem associated with significant mortality and morbidity. One newly described strategy to reduce this damage is remote perconditioning (RPEC), in which short-time ischemia of a limb during renal ischemia reduces the I/R-induced kidney injury. This study aimed to assess whether RPEC confer protection through changes in pro-inflammatory mediators. Methods Rats were subjected to right nephrectomy and randomized into: sham (no intervention), I/R (subjected to 45-min left renal ischemia) and RPEC group (subjected to four cycles of 5-min I/R of the femoral artery administered during renal ischemia). After 24-h, blood, urine, and kidney samples were collected. Biochemical indicators of renal dysfunction were measured in the cases of Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and N-acetyl-B-diglucosaminidase (NAG) activity. Inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α] expression in the renal tissues as well as Periodic acid-Schiff stained histological sections were evaluated. Results I/R resulted in renal dysfunction, as evidenced by higher renal NGAL expression and urinary NAG activities. This was accompanied by increased TNF-α and IL-6 expressions as well as histological changes in this group. However, RPEC improved renal histology and function compared with the I/R group. Furthermore, the RPEC group showed decreases in TNF-α and IL-6 expression. Conclusions These results suggest that RPEC reduces the dysfunction and injury associated with I/R of the kidney. This technique reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokine in the kidney. RPEC could be a promising strategy against I/R-induced acute kidney injury partly by down-regulation of inflammatory mediators.

Whether vitamin A supplementation is effective in T-bet and IFN-É£ gene expression reduction?

BACKGROUND: The aim of present study is evaluation of vitamin A supplementation efficacy on IFN-ɣ and T-bet gene expression in atherosclerotic patients. METHODS: Thirty-one patients and 15 healthy controls participated in this study. Healthy control and patients in Vitamin A group received 25 000 IU retinyl palmitate daily for 4 months. Control patients also received 1 pearl of placebo per day up to 4 months. Gene expression levels were assessed by real-time PCR using SYBR green detection method. RESULTS: IFN-γ gene expression in fresh cells of patients taking vitamin A declined slightly (0.85-fold, p = 0.068), whereas the expression of this gene was increased in patients taking placebo, and in healthy control subjects 1.2-fold (p = 0.267) and 1.7-fold (p = 0.580), respectively. There were no significant difference (p = 0.159) between 3 groups in terms of IFN-γ gene expression in cells stimulated with PHA. In order to determine whether PHA stimulation of PBMCs in vitro had an effect on T-bet expression, we measured the difference between the 3 groups of studied. The results showed significant differences between the groups (p = 0.046). IFN-γ gene expression in cells activated with ox-LDL in healthy control subjects and patients taking vitamin A, was reduced 0.43 (p = 0.0001) and 0.41 (p = 0.001) respectively, but in placebo patients was increased 2.2-fold (p = 0.959). CONCLUSION: Considering role of vitamin A on suppression of Th1 cells in atherosclerotic patients, it can be concluded that vitamin A supplementation may be advantageous for these patients.

Effects of probiotic yogurt on fat distribution and gene expression of proinflammatory factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in overweight and obese people with or without weight-loss diet.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether probiotics had an effect on proinflammatory markers and cytokines in overweight and obese individuals and whether they could have synergistic effects with weight-loss diets. METHODS: A total of 75 healthy overweight and obese individuals completed this randomized doubled-blind controlled clinical trial. Participants were randomly assigned to groups consuming regular yogurt with a low-calorie diet (LCD, RLCD; n = 25) or receiving probiotic yogurt with LCD (PLCD; n = 25) or consuming probiotic yogurt without LCD (PWLCD; n = 25) for 8 weeks. The pribiotic regimen contained 200 g/day yogurt, enriched by Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium BB12, and Lactobacillus casei DN001 10(8) colony-forming units/g. Body fat percentage, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), leptin, and mRNA levels of inflammation-related genes (TNF-α and RAR-related orphan receptor gamma [ROR-γt]) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured. RESULTS: A reduction in body mass index (BMI), fat percentage, and leptin level was observed that was more obvious in groups who received the weight-loss diet with probiotic yogurt. Reduction in the gene expression of ROR-γt was significant in the PLCD group (p < 0.001). The expression of TNF-α did not change among all groups after intervention. The mean concentration of leptin was significantly decreased in all groups after the dietary intervention, but the mean changes in leptin level in the PLCD group was more prominent compared to the other two groups (-2.38, p < 0.001 [PLCD] vs -1.75, p = 0.002 [RLCD] and -0.55 ng/mL, p = 0.12 [PWLCD]). The reduction in serum levels of hs-CRP was more evident in the PWLCD group compared to the PLCD and RLCD groups after the 8-week intervention (-3.4, p = 0.03 vs -1.76, p < 0.001 and -2.98 pg/mL, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that the weight-loss diet and probiotic yogurt had synergistic effects on T-cells subset specific gene expression in PBMCs, fat percentage, and body weight among overweight and obese individuals.

Remote preconditioning reduces oxidative stress, downregulates cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression and attenuates ischaemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury.

Remote preconditioning (rPeC) is a phenomenon by which short-time intermittent ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) of a remote organ during ischaemia protects other organs from I/R injury (IRI). The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of rPeC on renal IRI in rats. Rats were subjected to right nephrectomy and randomized as into a sham group (no additional intervention), an I/R group (subjected to 45 min left renal pedicle occlusion) and an rPeC group (subjected to four cycles of 5 min I/R of the left femoral artery administered at the beginning of renal ischaemia). After 24 h, blood, urine and tissue samples were collected. Compared with the sham group, I/R resulted in renal dysfunction, as evidenced by significantly lower creatinine clearance (CCr; 0.52 ± 0.06 vs 0.11 ± 0.02 mL/min, respectively) and higher fractional excretion of sodium (FE(Na) ; 0.80 ± 0.07% vs 2.46 ± 0.20%, respectively). This was accompanied by decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD; 6.9 ± 1.7 vs 26.7 ± 2.7 U/g tissue) and catalase (CAT; 20.2 ± 8.8 vs 32.2 ± 8.7 K/g tissue) activity in the I/R group, as well as decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH; 21.7 ± 8.1 vs 81.2 ± 20.2 µmol/g tissue) and increased malondialdehyde levels (MDA; 1.2 to 0.1 vs 0.5 ± 0.2 µmol/100 mg), cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 expression and histological damage. In the rPeC group, renal histology and function were significantly improved (CCr 0.32 ± 0.02 mL/min; FE(Na) 1.33 ± 0.12%) compared with the I/R group. Furthermore, compared with the I/R group, the rPeC group exhibited increases in SOD and CAT activity (22.8 ± 3.8 U/g tissue and 21.7 ± 8.6 K/g tissue, respectively), increased GSH levels (74.0 ± 4.9) and decreased MDA levels (1.1 ± 0.3 µmol/100 mg) and COX-2 expression. In conclusion, rPeC appears to exert protective effects against renal IRI. This protection may be a consequence of reductions in lipid peroxidation, intensification of anti-oxidant systems and downregulation of COX-2 expression. A simple approach, rPeC may be a promising strategy for protection against IRI in clinical practice.

Prognostic Value of Promoter Hypermethylation of Retinoic Acid Receptor Beta (RARB) and CDKN2 (p16/MTS1) in Prostate Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The molecular mechanism of prostate cancer is poorly understood. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and prognostic value of promoter hypermethylation of retinoic acid receptor beta (RARB) and p16 among benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer patients. METHODS: In this case-control study, 63 patients were included in three groups; 21 with BPH as the control group, 21 with prostate cancer and good prognostic factors (based on prostate-specific antigen, Gleason score and stage) as good prognosis group, and 21 with prostate cancer and poor prognostic features as poor prognosis group. The prostate biopsy specimen of each individual was examined for hypermethylation of RARB and p16 promoters by methylation specific PCR (MSPCR). RESULTS: Seven (33.3%) patients with good prognosis and 15 (71.4%) patients with poor prognosis were positive for RARB methylation, which were significantly higher than controls (P<0.0001). p16 promoter methylation was shown in 19.0% and 47.6% patients with good and poor prognosis, respectively. The RARB and p16 promoter methylation in the poor prognosis group was significantly higher than that in the good prognosis group (P =0.02 for RARB and P<0.0001 for p16). CONCLUSION: Hypermethylation of RARB and p16 promoters may predict prognosis in prostate cancer.

Induction of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-like Syndrome in BALB/c Mice Leads to Disturbance in Splenic T Cell Subpopulations.

Mechanisms underlying the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the balance of T cell subsets in BALB/c mice model of SLE induced; using Con A and polyamines as DNA immunogenicity modifiers. BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with 50 µg extracted DNA from cells cultured in different conditions: splenocytes+ polyamines (group P), splenocytes+ Con A (group A), splenocytes+ polyamines+ Con A (group PA) and splenocytes only (control). Anti-double-stranded DNA -(ds-DNA) antibodies, proteinuria, and antinuclear autoantibodies were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Bradford method, and immunofluorescence respectively. Transcription factors of different T helper subsets were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The serum level of the anti-dsDNA antibody in group PA was higher than that in the other groups (p>0.05). Antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer increased in groups A and PA. Proteinuria level in group PA was significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.001). Expression of Foxp3 was decreased in group A (p=0.001). Additionally, the ratios of T-bet/GATA3 and T-bet/Foxp3 were also increased in group A. (p>0.05). Our results revealed an increased ratio of Th1 to Th2 and decreased expression of Foxp3 in group A, but group PA manifested more obvious signs of the disease. These results suggest that other mechanisms rather than disturbance in T cells' balance may involve the development of disease symptoms.

Natural killer cells in allergic rhinitis patients and nonatopic controls.

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is currently considered to be a worldwide problem. The role of type 2 cytokines in this disease has been established, and natural killer (NK) cells are possibly the source of cytokine secretions. This study was performed to confirm the existence of type 2 cytokine-secreting NK cells in AR patients and to determine their characteristics. METHODS: Twenty AR patients and 20 healthy nonatopic controls were included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were separated from heparinized blood by density gradient centrifugation. NK cells were enriched and cultured for 72 h. Cytokine secretion was measured by ELISA, and cytotoxicity assay was carried out using the PKH2-labeled K562 cell line. Intracytoplasmic cytokine staining and an analysis of surface markers of NK cells were performed on freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells using flow cytometry. RESULTS: Patients with AR had a higher percentage of NK cells compared to nonatopic subjects. The mean percentage of IL-4+ NK cells was significantly higher and that of IFN-γ+ NK cells was nonsignificantly lower in AR patients compared to healthy nonatopic controls. IL-13 secretion was also significantly higher in AR patients compared to nonatopic controls. While there was no difference between the case and the control groups with regard to the surface expression of CD40, CD45RO, and CD95, the expression of CD178 was significantly higher in the cases when compared to the controls. NK cell cytotoxicity was also significantly higher in AR patients compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the existence of type 2 cytokine-secreting NK cells in AR and shows their increased number and enhanced cytotoxicity compared to normal individuals.

SP-A and TLR4 localization in lung tissue of SM-exposed patients.

INTRODUCTION: Long-term pulmonary complications are one of the major long-term consequences of sulfur mustard (SM) exposure. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) involves in the pathogenesis of several pulmonary disorders. Surfactant protein-A (SP-A) regulates LPS-induced TLR4 localization and activation responses. However, the intensity and significance of TLR4 and SP-A expression by lung cells in SM-exposed patients is not clear. METHODS: The gene expression of TLR4 (through real-time PCR) and TLR4 and SP-A positive cells and alveolar type II cells, as SP-A producers, (using IHC) were assessed in formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) specimens from SM-exposed (n = 17), and non-SM exposed individuals (n = 12). RESULTS: TLR4 gene expression did not change between study groups. However, its cell surface presentation was significantly reduced in SM-exposed patients and particularly in which with constrictive bronchiolitis compared with the control group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). Frequency of alveolar type II cells was lower in the case group rather than the control group while the number of SP-A positive cells did not alter. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that reduced TLR4 cell surface presentation may have anti-inflammatory function and SP-A may have a critical role in regulation of inflammatory responses in SM-exposed patients. Further investigation on other possible mechanisms involved in TLR4 internalization maybe help to illustrate the modulatory or inflammatory activity of TLR4 in these patients.

Inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthase distribution and expression with hind limb per-conditioning of the rat kidney.

INTRODUCTION: We recently reported that a series of brief hind limb ischemia and reperfusion (IR) at the beginning of renal ischemia (remote per-conditioning - RPEC) significantly attenuated the ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. In the present study, we investigated whether the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway is involved in the RPEC protection of the rat ischemic kidneys. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Male rats were subjected to right nephrectomy and randomized as: (1) sham, no additional intervention; (2) IR, 45 min of renal ischemia followed by 24 h reperfusion; (3) RPEC, four 5 min cycles of lower limb IR administered at the beginning of renal ischemia; (4) RPEC+L-NAME (a non-specific NOS inhibitor, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) (5) RPEC + 1400W (a specific iNOS inhibitor, 1 mg/kg, i.p.). After 24 h, blood, urine and tissue samples were collected. RESULTS: The protective effect of RPEC on renal function, oxidative stress indices, pro-inflammatory marker expression and histopathological changes of kidneys subjected to 45 min ischemia were completely inhibited by pretreatment with L-NAME or 1400W. It was accompanied by increased iNOS and eNOS expression in the RPEC group compared with the IR group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the protective effects of RPEC on renal IR injury are closely dependent on the nitric oxide production after the reperfusion and both eNOS and iNOS are involved in this protection.

Effects of Probiotic Yogurt on Serum Omentin-1, Adropin, and Nesfatin-1 Concentrations in Overweight and Obese Participants Under Low-Calorie Diet.

Data on the effects of probiotics on adipokines such as omentin-1, nesfatin-1, and adropin are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotic yogurt along with a low-calorie diet (LCD) on serum omentin-1, adropin, and nesfatin-1 concentrations in obese and overweight individuals. Sixty obese or overweight individuals aged 20-50 years old were involved in this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups to consume either probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium BB12, and Lactobacillus casei DN001 (108 CFU/g each) (n = 30) or regular yogurt (n = 30) along with a LCD in both groups for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after the 8-week intervention to determine related variables. A significant decrease in body fat percentage was observed in the probiotic group compared with the regular group after 8 weeks (- 1.51 ± 069 vs - 0.88 ± 0.68%, P = 0.002). After the 8-week intervention, a significant difference in serum adropin concentration (6.04 ± 24.46 vs - 8.16 ± 24.66 pg/ml, P = 0.03 and serum omentin-1 concentration (0.09 ± 1.51 vs - 1.5 ± 1.8 ng/ml, P = 0.003) was observed between two groups. We did not observe any significant changes in nesfatin-1 and other anthropometric measures. Overall, probiotic yogurt for 8 weeks among overweight or obese individuals along with LCD had beneficial effects on body fat percentage, serum omentin-1, and adropin concentration, but it did not have any effect on nesfatin-1 level.

Circulating mesenchymal stem cells in sulfur mustard-exposed patients with long-term pulmonary complications.

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a toxic agent that causes acute and long-term pulmonary complications. Recent evidence has shown the impact of SM on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These cells have a critical role in repairing the damaged tissues. In this study, we evaluated the mobilization of MSCs in SM-exposed patients with long-term pulmonary complications. Fifty-nine SM-injured patients with prolonged pulmonary complications and 20 healthy individuals were included. Patients were classified based on taking drugs, having comorbidities, and severity of respiratory consequence. MSCs with phenotype of CD45-CD44+CD29+CD105+ were evaluated in peripheral blood using flow cytometry. Circulating MSCs were lower in SM-exposed patients compared to the control group (0.93 vs. 2.72 respectively, P = 0.005). No significant difference was observed in the MSC count between patients taking corticosteroids or antibiotics and those patients not taking them. Comorbidities like liver and kidney diseases had changed the count of MSCs in SM-exposed subjects. In addition, the frequency of MSCs did not show any association with the severity of long-term pulmonary complications. In conclusion, SM-exposure causes a decline in the frequency of circulating MSCs in survivors. The lower number of the peripheral MSC population in SM-exposed patients was not affected by taking corticosteroids or antibiotics, but comorbidities are probably involved in MSC frequency. The decreases observed in the number of circulating MSCs was not associated with the severity of the pulmonary complications; however, further studies in mustard lung models are required to demonstrate the therapeutic or pathologic role of MSCs in SM injuries.

Effect of MicroRNA-21 Transfection on In-vitro Differentiation of Human Naive CD4+ T Cells to Regulatory T Cells.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important components of the immune system that modulate responses of other cells. These cells are involved in peripheral tolerance mechanisms, so defect in development and function of these cells can result in autoimmune disease. Increasing evidence supports the role of microRNAs-21 (miR-21) in the regulation of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) expression in Tregs. We aimed to determine whether miR-21 transfection to naive CD4+ T cells can be useful in generation of iTregs in-vitro. We investigated in-vitro differentiation of miR-21-transfected naive CD4+ T cells to iTregs and compared these iTregs to cytokine-differentiated iTregs and control group. We showed that expression of Foxp3, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) are increased in iTregs generated after miR-21 transfection in comparison with cytokine-differentiated iTregs and control group. Our findings demonstrate that miR-21 has positive role in in-vitro generation of induced regulatory T-cells (iTregs).

Evaluation of PBMC Distribution and TLR9 Expression in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease which results in damage to various organs. Some animal studies have revealed that activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is important in the pathogenesis of SLE. In the present study, the percentage of different immune cell subsets in 35 SLE patients and 38 control subjects was analyzed by flow cytometry. We also assessed the expression of TLR9 in the population of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) including T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+), B lymphocytes (CD19+), NK cells (CD56+) and monocytes (CD14+) in SLE patients and healthy controls. The results showed that the percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes and CD14+ monocytes were significantly higher (p˂0.001) in the SLE patients than the healthy control subjects. Moreover, the percentage of CD56+ NK cells were significantly lower in the SLE patients than the healthy control subjects (p=0.001). The findings indicated that the expression of TLR9 was significantly higher in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and CD19+ B lymphocytes of SLE patients than in control subjects (all p˂0.05). The difference in TLR9 expression are involved in pathogenesis of the SLE, hence it can be used as an indicator for SLE diagnosis.

Retinyl Palmitate Supplementation Modulates T-bet and Interferon Gamma Gene Expression in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.

Vitamin A derivatives such as retinoic acid may improve the impaired balance of CD4+ T cells in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This study is a double-blind randomized trial to evaluate the effect of vitamin A (as form of retinyl palmitate) supplementation on multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Thirty-nine patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups. Both groups were followed for 6 months. The experimental group received 25,000 IU of retinyl palmitate daily, while the control group received a placebo. Before and after the study, the expression of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and T-bet genes was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients by RT-PCR. The results showed that after 6 months of supplementation, expression of IFN-γ and T-bet was significantly decreased. These data suggest that retinyl palmitate supplementation can modulate the impaired balance of Th1 and Th2 cells and vitamin A products that may be involved in the therapeutic mechanism of vitamin A in MS patients. This study provides information regarding the decreased gene expression of IFN-γ and T-bet in MS by retinyl palmitate supplementation.

MicroRNAs in rheumatoid arthritis.

The role of genetic and epigenetic factors in the development of rheumatic diseases has been an interesting field of research over the past decades all around the world. Research on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been active and ongoing, and investigations have attempted to use miRNAs as biomarkers in disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. This review focuses on experimental researches in the field of miRNAs and RA to present the data available up to this date and includes researches searched by keywords "microRNA" and "rheumatoid arthritis" in PubMed from 2008 to January 2015. All references were also searched for related papers. miRNAs are shown to act as proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory agents in diverse cell types, and their role seems to be regulatory in most instances. Researchers have evaluated miRNAs in patients compared to controls or have investigated their role by overexpressing or silencing them. Multiple targets have been identified in vivo, in vitro, or in silico, and the researches still continue to show their efficacy in clinical settings.

Different Doses of Transforming growth factor-ß on In vitro Differentiation of Human Naïve CD4+ T Cells to T Helper 17.

An appropriate differentiation of distinct human CD4+ T cell subset is critical for manipulating these cells for using in immunity related diseases. Despite various attempts to clarify the role of different factors involved in Th17 differentiation, many crucial contradictions yet remained to be optimized. Although it has been shown that the differentiation of in-vitro Th17 cells culture conditions requires the presence of IL-1beta, IL-23, IL-2, IL-21, IL-6 and TGF-ß, the optimum amount of TGF-ß regulating in vitro human Th17 cell differentiation is still unclear. In the current study, a flow cytometric assay was used to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of TGF-ß and a combination of IL-1beta, IL-23, IL-2 without using IL-6 on development of Interleukin (IL)-17-producing T helper (Th17) cells. According to our findings, 0.1 ng/ml of TGF-ß significantly increases the expression of IL-17 in comparison to other concentrations of this cytokine. Results indicated the vital role of TGF-ß cytokine in the polarization of human Th17 cells in vitro.

The Effect of Vitamin A Supplementation on FoxP3 and TGF-ß Gene Expression in Avonex-Treated Multiple Sclerosis Patients.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoinflammatory condition of the central nervous system with impaired T helper (Th)17 and regulatory T cell (Treg) balance that is involved in disease immunopathogenesis. The vitamin A active metabolite, retinoic acid, can re-establish this imbalance through the modulation of gene expression of specific nuclear receptors including Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3). At present, few data exist on the impact of vitamin A supplementation on T cell balance. This study reports the results of a clinical trial, over a 6-month period, of 36 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients that received vitamin A (25,000 IU retinyl palmitate) or placebo (one capsule of placebo per day). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from patients, and the expression of FoxP3 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß gene expression was measured using real-time PCR at the beginning and end of the study. The results of this study showed that vitamin A upregulated TGF-ß and FoxP3 gene expression. Therefore, vitamin A supplementation can be considered as a new approach in MS prevention and treatment.