Association between school environment with sedentary behavior and physical activity intensity in children.

We examined the association between indicators of the school environment with sedentary behavior and different intensities of physical activity in children. The study that included 515 children (265 boys) aged 9-11 years old from public and private schools in the city of São Caetano do Sul. Sedentary behavior and different intensities of physical activity were evaluated with an accelerometer. Inside school environment (policies, supervision committee, extracurricular activities, breaks, and access to school facilities) was evaluated using a questionnaire. Policies and practice (ß: 8.49; 95% CI: 3.62-13.36), supervision committee (5.42; 0.64-10.19), inter-school competitions (2.40, 2.25-2.55), breaks of 15-29 min/day (6.87; 2.20-10.75), and outdoor sports field (5.40; 0.37-10.44), were positively associated with moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity. Furthermore, crossing guards (7.65; 3.00-12.30) were positively associated with moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity. We concluded that an association was found between school environment indicators with higher levels of physical activity and greater odds of meeting physical activity guidelines.

Perception of the Neighborhood Environment, Physical Activity by Domain and Sitting Time in Brazilian Adults.

This study aimed to examine the association between the neighborhood environment and domain-specific physical activity and sitting time in Brazilian adults. This cross-sectional study included 1803 adults (53.7% women) from Brazil's five regions (North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast and South). The perception of the environment was evaluated via a questionnaire. We considered seven indicators of the neighborhood environment: land use mix-diversity, land use mix-access, street connectivity, walking/cycling facilities, aesthetics, safety from traffic and safety from crime. Using the IPAQ, we evaluated physical activity (transport and leisure) and sitting time. Overall, land use mix-diversity (ß = 3.22; 95% CI = 0.26, 6.19), land use mix-access (ß = 2.27; 95% CI = 0.76, 3.79), and walking/cycling facilities (ß = 2.42; 95% CI = 0.35, 4.49) were positively associated with leisure-time physical activity (min/week). On the other hand, only land use mix-diversity (ß = 3.65; 95% CI = 0.63, 5.49) was positively associated with transport physical activity (min/week). No neighborhood environment indicator was associated with sitting time (min/day). Perception of the neighborhood environment was associated with physical activity (transport and leisure), while no significant associations occurred with sitting time among the five regions of Brazil. The neighborhood environment can be a viable component in the promotion of physical activity, but geographic diversity must be considered.

Healing of donor sites of connective tissue grafts harvested by the single incision technique: A randomized clinical trial evaluating the use of collagen hemostatic sponge with or without sutures.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of suturing on the early wound healing of donor sites of subepithelial connective tissue grafts (SCTG), harvested by the single incision technique (SIT), following the application of a collagen sponge. METHODS: Thirty-six patients were randomized to receive a collagen sponge with or without sutures in the palatal donor sites following connective tissue grafting via the SIT. Outcome variables were early healing index (EHI) at 7, 14, and 30 days, self-reported pain using a visual analogue scale (VAS) recorded on the 0 to 100 scale at 7 and 14 days, and immediate and delayed bleeding. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between groups at baseline. EHI index showed no differences between groups in all-time intervals. Eight subjects from suture group (SG) and 10 from no suture group (nSG) showed complete wound closure at day 14 (P >0.05) and at 30 days, complete closure was observed in 35 out of 36 patients. Four subjects from the SG and three from the nSG had immediate bleeding (P >0.05), while delayed bleeding was observed in two subjects from the SG and three from the nSG during the first week of healing (P >0.05). No differences were found in VAS scale between groups (SG, 36.2 ± 24.8; nSG, 21.5 ± 24.2, P >0.05). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that when a collagen sponge is placed in palatal donor areas of SCTG harvest by means of the SIT (incision length of ≈15 mm), sutured and non-sutured sites display similar early wound healing outcomes and patient-reported outcomes.

Lindane toxicity on early life stages of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) with a note on its histopathological manifestations.

Eggs/embryos and larvae were exposed to nominal concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10mg/L lindane. High percentage of mortality was observed in larvae exposed to 1mg/L (76.38%) and in embryos exposed to 10mg/L (81.98%) of lindane at 24h exposure. The acute toxicity expressed as LC(50) 48-h was 0.122mg/L for embryos and 0.318mg/L for larvae. Larvae alterations included weak swimming, incapacity to respond to external stimuli, uncoordinated movements, trembling, myoskeletal defects, opaque skin and exophthalmia. Mucous epithelium of the digestive tissue showed a severe alteration with hypertrophy and desquamation of mucous cells. A high cellular disorganization in the renal and hepatic tissue is observed. Results obtained showed the sensitivity of Sparus aurata early life stages to lindane and the presence of sublethal effects like histopathological alterations; therefore, the relevance of pesticides substances control in the aquatic environment.

Short-term fluoride and cations release from polyacid-modified composites in a distilled water, and an acidic lactate buffer.

Fluoride and various cations release from three commercial compomers (Dyract, Dyract AP and Compoglass-F) and a resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji-II LC) as a control were measured up to 7 days in distilled water and 0.01M lactate buffer solution with pH 4.1. The surface morphological change before and after the release experiment was observed with a scanning electron microscopy. Fluoride, aluminum and strontium ions were released from Dyract, Dyract AP and Fuji-II LC much more in the lactate buffer than in the distilled water. With compoglass-F containing barium instead of strontium, barium was released in the same way. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that fluoride release from Dyract and Dyract AP was derived mainly from SrF(2) contained in Dyract and Dyract AP. However, fluoride release from Compoglass-F was derived from glassy phase though it contained much fluoride as YbF(3). Cumulative release amount of each species versus square root of time plot showed good linearity, indicating that the dissolution was controlled by the diffusion mechanism. The surface characteristics of disks for each material, which were immersed in the lactate buffer, were quite different from the surface before and after immersion in deionized water, especially with Dyract. After immersion in the lactate buffer, many voids which were left after dissolution of the filler particle, were seen obviously on the surface of Dyract.

Enhancement of aerobic microbial degradation of polychlorinated biphenyl in soil microcosms.

This article reports the results of various biodegradation experiments on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated sandy soil employing a mixed culture of acclimatized bacteria. Following the optimization of different variables without chemical pretreatment, the elimination rate achieved of Aroclor 1242 in slurry-phase reactors was 61% after four months of treatment, with the presence of biphenyl as cosubstrate being the most important factor affecting PCB biodegradation. The biodegradation occurred as a first-order process, and it proved most effective in respect to dichlorinated biphenyls (100% removal), followed by trichlorinated (92%) and tetrachlorinated biphenyls (24%). The results also showed that the degradability of PCBs in soil may be enhanced by an advanced oxidation pretreatment (Fenton reaction), producing almost 100% elimination of PCBs at the end of the integrated chemical-biological process and 72% mineralization of the intermediates generated during the chemical pretreatment.

Sources, transport and fate of PAHs in sediments and superficial water of a chronically polluted semi-enclosed body of seawater: linking of compartments.

This paper describes a study of the occurrence, levels and temporal evolution of PAHs in a bay characterized by persistent chronic impacts. A total of 40 samples, 20 of sediment and 20 of water, were taken at each of five different stations, in four sampling campaigns. Analyses of pollutants have been made using GC-MS. Results indicate that in a coastal environment subjected to chronic pollution by pyrolytic PAHs, episodes of petrogenic pollution, like oil-spills, can be identified by the combination of different source ratios. Results also indicate that, in the study area, PAHs are transported from superficial water to sediment. This conclusion is based on the degree of coincidence found in the presence/absence of individual PAHs in both compartments and in their petrogenic/pyrolytic nature, the positive sedimentation rate in the study area, together with the performance of the analyses of unfiltered water and the distribution of sources of PAHs found.

The use of a kinetic biomarker approach for in situ monitoring of littoral sediments using the crab Carcinus maenas.

Caged, transplanted, intermoult, female shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) were exposed to sediments from the Port of Cadiz (SW, Spain); the Port of Huelva (SW, Spain), the Port of Pasajes (NE, Spain) and the Port of Bilbao (NW, Spain) for a period of 28 days. Organisms were sampled on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 allowing examination of different biomarkers to exposure to metals and organic compounds; metallothioneins (MTs), ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Sediment samples were also analyzed to determine chemical concentration of metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn), PAHs and PCBs. Metals such as As, Cu and Zn associated with mining activities (Port of Huelva), and contaminants such as Ni, Pb, Hg and PCBs, associated with oil spills and industrial activities (Ports of Cadiz, Pasajes and Bilbao), were found to interfere in detoxification and/or anti-stress oxidative defenses in C. maenas. Positive, significant (p<0.05) induction of MTs concentration was associated with increasing sediment As, Cu, Zn and Hg concentrations. EROD activity was associated with PCBs, GST activity with Hg and GPX activity with As, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. The use of the parameter AR, which involves the kinetic patterns of the battery of biomarkers tested, was found to be a powerful and sensitive tool for evaluating the bioavailability and adverse effects of contaminants bound to sediments, enabling polluted and nonpolluted sites to be easily distinguished.

Toxicokinetic approach for the assessment of endocrine disruption effects of contaminated dredged material using female Carcinus maenas.

Ecotoxicological effects associated with contaminants present in dredged material from three Spanish ports, Ría of Huelva (SW, Spain), La Coruña (NW, Spain) and Bay of Cádiz (SW, Spain) were determined using a marine biotest based on endocrine disruption effects (vitellogenesis process alteration). Intermoult female Carcinus maenas were exposed in the laboratory to sediments from the Spanish ports per replicate during 21 days. Crab haemolymph samples were taken for vitellogenin/vitellin (VTG) analysis on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. Furthermore, chemical analysis was performed in the stations to determine the degree and nature of sediment contamination (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, As, PAHs and PCBs). A significant induction (P < 0.05) in vitellogenin/vitellin concentration was observed over time in individuals exposed to sediment samples containing significant concentrations of PAHs, PCBs, Hg, Pb and Zn. The toxicokinetic approach, proposed in this study related to the use of this biomarker in C. maenas, proved to be a powerful and sensitive tool to evaluate toxicity effects associated with contaminants present in dredged material. Moreover the integration of the results obtained through multivariate analysis approach (MAA) allowed the identification contaminants bound to sediments associated with adverse effects, validating the use of this marine biotest in a regulatory framework.

Molecular structure and biodegradation kinetics of linear alkylbenzene sulphonates in sea water.

The present paper describes the results of the application of the biodegradation test proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) "Biodegradability in sea water" Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) 835.3160, to Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS), the synthetic surfactant with the highest consumption volume on a world-wide basis. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been employed for the separation and quantification of the different homologues and isomers of the surfactant. Water from the Bay of Cádiz (South-West of the Iberian peninsula) has been used as test medium. The results indicate how both lag and t (50) time shows a significant linear relationship with the length of the alkyl chain of the homologue; the effect of this is that the homologues of longer chain length not only begin to degrade first but also degrade at a faster rate. Regarding the isomeric composition, it is observed that as the percentage of biodegradation increases, there is an increase in the proportion of internal isomers, in comparison with the isomeric relationships of the original test substance.

Biodegradation kinetics of linear alkylbenzene sulphonates in sea water.

This article reports the primary biodegradation kinetics of linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS) in sea water from the Bay of Cadiz (South West of the Iberian Peninsula). The authors used the biodegradation test guideline proposed by the Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances of the United States Environmental Protection Agency; 835.3160 "Biodegradability in sea water" in its shake flask variant. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been employed for the analysis of the surfactant material. The surfactant shows a primary biodegradation kinetic in accordance with a logistic model, the kinetic parameters t (50) and lag time were calculated by means of a easy quantitative procedure introduced. Mean values of 6.15 +/- 0.45 and 6.67 +/- 0.6 days were obtained for t (50) and lag time, respectively. These results indicate that although LAS has a high primary biodegradation rate in sea water, it biodegrades slower than in similar tests conducted in river water.

Bioaccumulation and toxicity of dissolved heavy metals from the Guadalquivir Estuary after the Aznalcóllar mining spill using Ruditapes philippinarum.

The shore clam Ruditapes philippinarum was used as a biomonitoring organism to measure the potential impact that the mining spill in the Guadalquivir Estuary (SW, Spain) in 1998 may have exerted on local biota. Individuals were exposed to dissolved cadmium, copper, and zinc at concentrations found in local waters after the spill (3 microg x L(-1) Cd, 15 microg x L(-1) Cu, 700 microg x L(-1) Zn) at two salinity values: 10 and 35. Residues of metals were measured in gill and digestive gland, together with metallothioneins in the digestive gland and histopathological lesions in gill, digestive gland, and gonad tissues over time. Heavy metals Zn and Cd associated with the mining spill, were bioaccumulated in clam tissues, associated with the activation of metallothioneins, and related to the histopathological lesions measured at all the clam tissues. The heavy metal Cu not related to the spill was not directly associated with effects measured. The bioaccumulation and adverse effects associated with Cd and Zn were significantly higher at low salinity (10) than at high salinity (35) values.

Tratamiento de múltiples recesiones gingivales con diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas: descripción de un caso clínico / Treatment of multiple gingival recessions with different surgical techniques: description of a clinical case

Las recesiones gingivales constituyen una alteración del periodonto con alta prevalencia, siendo un motivo de consulta recurrente de los pacientes, tanto por su implicancia estética como por la hipersensibilidad dentinaria. Tan importante como su prevención, es el diagnóstico precoz y la evaluación de las posibilidades terapéuticas. El objetivo principal de la cirugía plástica periodontal es conseguir el recubrimiento radicular y conjuntamente lograr una óptima apariencia estética. En este reporte de un caso clínico, se describirá el tratamiento de recesiones múltiples mediante diferentes procedimientos quirúrgicos mucogingivales.

Gingival recessions are a high-prevalence periodontium condition; they are a common presenting complaint, both due to their aesthetic implications and the dentine hypersensitivity suffered by patients.Gingival recession early diagnosis and the assessment of the different therapeutic possibilities are as important as prevention.The main goal of periodontal plastic surgery is to achieve root coverage and an optimal aesthetic appearance.This report of a clinical case describes the treatment of multiple gingival recessions with different mucogingival surgical procedures.

Gingivitis ulceronecrotizante. Recuperación de las papilas después del tratamiento: informe de casos / Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. Papillae recovering after treatment: case reports

Objetivo: describir la cicatrización gingival en tres pacientes con gingivitis ulceronecrotizante y revisar el tratmiento propuesto en la literatura, para evaluar los factores que influyen en la respuesta gingival. Caso clínico: en los casos presentados, se priorizaron el diagnóstico y el tratamiento precoz de la lesión, a fin de ayudar a mantener y recuperar los tejidos interdentales. Conclusión: es importante preservar los tejidos gingivales interdentales, no solamente desde el punto de vista estético, sino también desde lo funcional. El diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano de las lesiones, seguidos de una intervención efectiva, ayudarán a reducir la destrucción del tejido interdentario. El mantenimiento a largo plazo es fundamental para garantizar la salud y evitar la recidiva

Erupción pasiva alterada, una situación frecuentemente no diagnosticada: descripción de un caso clínico / Altered passive eruption, a frequently undiagnosed clinical situation: a case report

Objetivo. Describir qué es la erupción pasiva alterada, su incidencia clínica, cómo llegar a un correcto diagnóstico de esta situación, cuándo se indica su tratamiento y qué parámetros clínicos sedeben tener en cuenta para decidir la técnica quirúrgica. Caso clínico. Por medio de un caso clínico se muestra la forma como se determinó la técnica quirúrgica a realizar, se describe su desarrollo, el resultado obtenido y su estabilidad en el tiempo. Conclusiones. El tratamiento de la erupción pasivaalterada está indicado por razones estéticas, puesto que ésta genera desarmonías en el margen gingival y apariencia de coronas clínicas cortas,pero se debe partir de un correcto diagnóstico clínico para obtener un adecuado contorno gingival estable en el tiempo.