Adherence to the EAT-Lancet index is associated with lower diet costs in the Mexican population.

BACKGROUND: Poor diet quality contributes to morbidity and mortality and affects environmental sustainability. The EAT-Lancet reference diet offers a healthy and sustainable solution. This study aimed to estimate the association between diet cost and dietary quality, measured with an EAT-Lancet Index. METHODS: An EAT-Lancet index was adapted to assess adherence to this dietary pattern from 24-h recalls data from the 2012 and 2016 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Surveys (n = 14,242). Prices were obtained from the Consumer Price Index. We dichotomized cost at the median (into low- and high-cost) and compared the EAT-Lancet index scores. We also used multivariate linear regression models to explore the association between diet cost and diet quality. RESULTS: Individuals consuming a low-cost diet had a higher EAT-Lancet score than those consuming a high-cost diet (20.3 vs. 19.4 from a possible scale of 0 to 42; p < 0.001) due to a lower intake of beef and lamb, pork, poultry, dairy, and added sugars. We found that for each one-point increase in the EAT-Lancet score, there was an average decrease of MXN$0.4 in the diet cost (p < 0.001). This association was only significant among low- and middle-SES individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to evidence from high-income countries, this study shows that in Mexico, adhering to the EAT-Lancet reference diet is associated with lower dietar costs, particularly in lower SES groups. These findings suggest the potential for broader implementation of healthier diets without increasing the financial burden.

Impact of Lymphedema on Foot-Health-Related Quality of Life: A Case-Control Investigation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the foot-health-related quality of life in individuals with versus without lower-limb lymphedema. METHODS: A case-control study was carried out in an academic clinic in Lisbon, Portugal. Eighty participants (40 controls and 40 with lymphedema) were included in the study. The researchers examined sociodemographic and clinical data and foot-health-related quality of life in both groups. In the group with lymphedema, lower-limb lymphedema was also characterized. RESULTS: Individuals with lower-limb lymphedema had significantly lower scores on all dimensions of the Foot Health Status Questionnaire in comparison with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with lower-limb lymphedema appear to have a poorer foot-health-related quality of life than the general population.

Influence of quality of life related to perceived foot health between in a rural an urban population: A case-control research.

Foot problems are very common in the community. Studies indicate that between 18% and 63% of people have foot pain or stiffness and that foot problems have a large impact on people's functional decline and a significant detrimental impact on measures of quality of life related to health. The general objective of this research was to compare foot health in people from the rural population compared to people from the urban population and its relationship with quality of life. A case-control descriptive study was developed with a sample of 304 patients, 152 patients from the rural population and 152 patients from the urban population. Quality of life was measured through the SF-36 Health Questionnaire in its Spanish version. The rural population group had a mean age of 46.67 ± 13.69 and the urban population group 49.02 ± 18.29. Regarding the score of the lowest levels of quality of life related to foot problems, the rural population group compared to the urban population group showed: for body pain (52.21 ± 30.71 vs. 67.80 ± 25.28, p < 0.001); and for mental health (69.58 ± 18.98 vs. 64.60 ± 14.88, p < 0.006). Differences between groups were analysed using Student's t-test for independent samples, which showed statistical significance (p < 0.05). This research offers evidence that the rural population presents better levels of mental health and lower levels of bodily pain in the domains of the SF-36 Health Questionnaire comparing with the urban population.

The carbon footprint of healthcare settings: A systematic review.

Healthcare systems are responsible for 4%-5% of the emissions of greenhouse gases worldwide. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol divides carbon emissions into three scopes: scope 1 or direct emissions secondary to energy use; scope 2 or indirect emissions secondary to purchased electricity; and scope 3 for the rest of indirect emissions. AIM: To describe the environmental impact of health services. DESIGN: A systematic review was conducted in the Medline, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases. Studies that focused their analysis on a functional healthcare unit and which included. This review was conducted from August to October 2022. RESULTS: The initial electronic search yielded a total of 4368 records. After the screening process according to the inclusion criteria, 13 studies were included in this review. The reviewed studies found that between 15% and 50% of the total emissions corresponded to scopes 1 and 2 emissions, whereas scope 3 emissions ranged between 50% and 75% of the total emissions. Disposables, equipment (medical and non-medical) and pharmaceuticals represented the higher percentage of emissions in scope 3. CONCLUSION: Most of the emissions corresponded to scope 3, which includes the indirect emission occurring as a consequence of the healthcare activity, as this scope includes a wider range of emission sources than the other scopes. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE: Interventions should be carried out by the healthcare organizations responsible of Greenhouse Gas emissions, and also every single individual that integrates them should make changes. The use of evidence-based approaches to identify carbon hotspots and implement the most effective interventions in the healthcare setting could lead to a significant reduction of carbon emissions. IMPACT: This literature review highlights the impact that healthcare systems have on climate change and the importance of adopting and carrying out interventions to prevent its fast development. REPORTING METHOD: This review adhered to PRISMA guideline. PRISMA 2020 is a guideline designed for systematic reviews of studies that analyse the effects of heath interventions, and aim is to help authors improve the reporting of systematic review and meta-analyses. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No Patient or Public Contribution.

Commitment, perception and evidence-based practice training in Spanish nursing students: A multicentre cross-sectional study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the commitment and level of self-perceived training in evidence-based practice among students of the Nursing degree of five Spanish universities. BACKGROUND: In university Health Sciences degrees, evidence-based clinical practice can directly or indirectly impact the quality of care, the cost of the service provided and the safety of clinical practice. DESIGN: Multicentre cross-sectional observational study according to STROBE guidelines. METHODS: The evidence-based skills in Practice questionnaire (CACH-PBE, for its acronym in Spanish) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Student Scale (UWES-9S) were used. The study was performed in five Spanish universities (Alicante, Castilla La Mancha, Jaen, Huelva and Seville) from October to December 2020, with 755 participants (Nursing students). RESULTS: A total mean score of 91.9 points (SD = 11.81) was observed for the CACH-PBE questionnaire and of 36.8 points (SD = 8.48 points) for the UWES-9S. In addition, the multivariate analysis predicted that variables such as sex, academia, university, intention to do a Master or Doctorate degree, the level of work engagement, and the previous training in evidence-based clinical practice were associated with a greater perception of evidence-based practice. CONCLUSION: The sample of Nursing degree students has intermediate-high levels of knowledge, skills and attitudes regarding evidence-based practice and work commitment, with differences observed between each of the universities. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nursing students should develop from intermediate to high levels of knowledge, skills and attitudes regarding evidence-based practice and work commitment. There are various actions to promote EBP, such as the incorporation of a specific course covering the subject into the nursing curriculum, and the selection, for clinical practices, of care units that implemented evidence-based care.

Effect of foot health-related quality of life in rural population: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Foot health problems can affect quality of life and general health producing a source of discomfort and pain. Low levels of foot health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are present in patients with foot disabilities, such as hallux valgus, plantar fasciitis, or minor toe deformities. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to analyze the foot health status in patients with and without foot problems in a rural population and its relationship with quality of life. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective case-control study was developed with a sample of 152 patients, 76 subjects with podiatric pathologies and 76 without, in a rural population. HRQoL was measured through the SF-36 Health Questionnaire in the Spanish version. RESULTS: The case group had a mean age of 49.18 ± 14.96 and the control group 44.16 ± 11.79. Regarding the score of the lowest levels of quality of life related to foot problems, the case group compared to the controls showed: for physical function (79.86 ± 26.38 vs. 92.63 ± 11 0.17, p < 0.001); for the physical role (73.68 ± 41.00 vs. 88.48 ± 27.51, p < 0.0022); for body pain (45.81 ± 27.18 vs. 73.68 ± 41.00, p < 0.035); and for general health (60.36 ± 30.58 vs. 68.71 ± 18.52, p < 0.047). The differences between groups were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, which showed statistical significance (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the rural population, people with foot pathologies present a worse quality of life compared to those who do not present foot pathology, especially for the health domains: physical function, physical role, body pain and health general.

"Translated and adaptation into Persian of the podiatric health questionnaire (PHQ)".

The Podiatric Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a foot health psicometric tool consisting of six items for measuring foot health status. Currently, PHQ has been adapted into Spanish. Thus, this research focused on develop the Persian translation and adaptation of the PHQ. The translation into Persian and test-retest reliability methods were applied from english version questionnarie. As regards to the total mark for each sub-scale, internal consistency and reliability were determined by the Cronbach α and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. High internal consistency was shown for the six sub-scales: a) walk with a Cronbach α of 0.775; b) hygiene and c) nail care with 0.789 and 0.796 respectively; d) foot on pain with 0.779; e) concern domain with 0.788; and f) quality of life with 0.798; and g) visual analogic scale with 0.803. Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.912 [95% CI = 0.845-0.950]) was shown for the total score. Conclusions: The persian version of the PHQ was shown to be a valid and reliable tool for an acceptable use in the Iran population.

Data sources for drug utilization research in Latin American countries-A cross-national study: DASDUR-LATAM study.

PURPOSE: Drug utilization research (DUR) contributes to inform policymaking and to strengthen health systems. The availability of data sources is the first step for conducting DUR. However, documents that systematize these data sources in Latin American (LatAm) countries are not known. We compiled the potential data sources for DUR in the LatAm region. METHODS: A network of DUR experts from nine LatAm countries was assembled and experts conducted: (i) a website search of the government, academic, and private health institutions; (ii) screening of eligible data sources, and (iii) liaising with national experts in pharmacoepidemiology (via an online survey). The data sources were characterized by accessibility, geographic granularity, setting, sector of the data, sources and type of the data. Descriptive analyses were performed. RESULTS: We identified 125 data sources for DUR in nine LatAm countries. Thirty-eight (30%) of them were publicly and conveniently available; 89 (71%) were accessible with limitations, and 18 (14%) were not accessible or lacked clear rules for data access. From the 125 data sources, 76 (61%) were from the public sector only; 46 (37%) were from pharmacy records; 43 (34%) came from ambulatory settings and; 85 (68%) gave access to individual patient-level data. CONCLUSIONS: Although multiple sources for DUR are available in LatAm countries, the accessibility is a major challenge. The procedures for accessing DUR data should be transparent, feasible, affordable, and protocol-driven. This inventory could permit a comparison of drug utilization between countries identifying potential medication-related problems that need further exploration.

Measuring anxiety and fear of Covid-19 among older people: psychometric properties of anxiety and fear of Covid-19 scale (AMICO) in Spain.

BACKGROUND: The elderly population has proven to be a particularly vulnerable group with regard to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to study the psychometric properties of the Ansiedad y MIedo a Covid-19 scale (AMICO) on a population-based sample of elderly people. METHODS: A descriptive and psychometric cross-sectional study, based on questionnaires, was carried out. An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed, as well as a bivariate analysis between the different sociodemographic variables with respect to the total scale score. RESULTS: A sample of 720 adults over 65 years of age was obtained, 52.2% of whom were women. The structure of the factor of the scale showed two factors (fear and anxiety) and was confirmed with good fit parameters. The overall reliability of the scale in terms of internal consistency was α = 0.94. CONCLUSIONS: The AMICO scale is a valid and reliable instrument to measure anxiety and fear of COVID-19 in the Spanish population over 65 years of age. Women and subjects with a partner showed the highest values of fear and anxiety.

Evaluation of primary care responsiveness by people with mental illness in Spain.

BACKGROUND: The health system responsiveness is a concept developed by the World Health Organization that measures patients' expectations for the non-medical care they receive. The aim of this study is to assess primary care responsiveness as seen by people with mental illness and to analyse the factors associated with poor responsiveness. METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study on 426 people with mental illness who had attended primary care consultations at least once in the previous 12 months. The responsiveness of the health system was determined through the short questionnaire "Multi-country Survey Study on Health and Health Systems Responsiveness". Differences in responsiveness by sociodemographic characteristics were compared through the Chi-squared test. Logistic regression identified the factors associated with poor responsiveness. RESULTS: Overall responsiveness was measured as good by 77.4% of patients, being this probability higher in the domains: dignity, confidentiality, and communication. The most valued domains by people with mental illness were prompt attention (42.4%), dignity (30.1%), and communication (17%). Only prompt attention scored high importance and poor responsiveness. In patients with an income lower than 900 euros per month and low level of studies, the probability of poor confidentiality responsiveness was multiplied by 3 and 2.7 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: People with mental illness perceive good responsiveness from primary care in terms of dignity, confidentiality, and communication. Prompt attention, as the domain of greatest importance and worst valuation, should be prioritised through the implementation of organisational measures in health centres to reduce waiting times, especially in urban areas.

Citroflavonoids as Promising Agents for Drug Discovery in Diabetes and Hypertension: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies.

Flavonoids are naturally occurring compounds widely distributed in the Citrus genus. These natural compounds have many health benefits, mainly for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. In fact, some these compounds are components of drug products with approved indications for peripheral vascular insufficiency and hemorrhoids. However, information on pharmacological effects of these compounds remains disperse and there is scarce comprehensive analysis of whole data and evidence. These kinds of evidence analyses could be necessary in drug design and the development of novel and innovate drug products in diabetes and hypertension. We aimed to systematically search for evidence on the efficacy of citroflavonoids in diabetes and hypertension in in vivo models. We searched four literature databases based on a PICO strategy. After database curation, twenty-nine articles were retrieved to analyze experimental data. There was high heterogeneity in both outcomes and methodology. Naringenin and hesperetin derivates were the most studied citroflavonoids in both experimental models. More investigation is still needed to determine its potential for drug design and development.

A Pharmacokinetic Study of Mix-160 by LC-MS/MS: Oral Bioavailability of a Dosage Form of Citroflavonoids Mixture.

This study was performed to evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetic parameters between two dosage formulations of hesperidin and naringenin: mixture and tablet. Our objective was to determine that the flavonoid tablet does not significantly modify the pharmacokinetic parameters compared with the mixture. For this study, we administered 161 mg/kg of either mixture (Mix-160) or tablet composed of hesperidin and by intragastric administration. Blood microsamples were collected from tail vein up to 24 h. Serum flavonoid extraction was performed by solid phase extraction and analyzed by LC-MS/MS of triple quadrupole (QqQ). Serum concentration vs. time plot showed that data fitted for a first-order model. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by a noncompartmental model. The results showed that the absorption constant is higher than the elimination constant. The first concentration was found at five minutes, and minimal concentration at 24 h after administration, suggesting a enterohepatic recirculation phenomena and regulation of liver cytochromes' activity. We did not find meaningful differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters of both samples. We concluded that tablet form did not interfere with the bioavailability of hesperidin and naringenin, and it could be a suitable candidate for developing a drug product.

The implications of diabetic foot health-related with quality of life: A retrospective case control investigation.

BACKGROUND: The diabetes people show a significant presence of foot health problems are usually all over the world, causing in big economic effects for these persons, their families and world population OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research is to evaluate and relate the impact of foot health associated with the quality of life (QoL) in a group of people with and without diabetes MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 150 persons of a mean age of 71.45 ± 11.93 years came to a foot and ankle specialist outpatient center. Self-reported data were medical records where persons'with and without diabetes was evaluated. All findings obtained was compared with scores quality of life using the tool Foot Health Status Questionnaire, spanish version RESULTS: The diabetes group revealed a reduction of QoL linked to overall health and to foot health in particular. Differences among both groups were analyzed by means of a independent Student's t-test samples, displaying a p-value lower than 0.05 statistically significant for the domains of foot pain, foot function footwear and social capacity CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes people recorded a negative influence on the QoL related with foot health, that seems to be linked with the presence of chronic disease in diabetes people.

Body Image Dissatisfaction as a Risk Factor for Postpartum Depression.

Background and Objectives: Pregnancy and postpartum are periods that imply numerous physical and psychological changes that could lead to mental health consequences. The aim of the present study is to identify whether women who had body image dissatisfaction had a higher incidence of postpartum depression 6 months after birth than women who did not have body image dissatisfaction. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was designed with a sample of 450 women from two hospitals in Andalusia. Quantitative variables were age and scores on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) for body image dissatisfaction. The qualitative variables used were marital status, self-perceived health status, diet or physical exercise, type of delivery, and others. Results: Body dissatisfaction was positively correlated with the symptomatology of postpartum depression. Thus, for each point increased in body dissatisfaction, the occurrence of depression also increased. There was a relationship between the study variables, so women who were more dissatisfied with their body image were more frequently depressed. Conclusions: In conclusion, it can be established that postpartum depression seems to be related to the presence of poor body image.

Lung transplantation outcomes after crossing low-level donor specific antibodies without planned augmented immunosuppression.

It is unknown whether some donor specific antibodies (DSA) can be crossed at the time of lung transplant without desensitization or augmented induction immunosuppression. This study assessed whether crossing low-level pre-transplant DSA (defined as mean fluorescence intensity [MFI] 1000-6000) without augmented immunosuppression is associated with worse retransplant-free or chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD)-free survival. Of the 458 included recipients, low-level pre-transplant DSA was crossed in 39 (8.6%) patients. The median follow-up time was 2.2 years. There were 15 (38.5%) patients with Class I DSA and 24 (61.5%) with Class II DSA. There was no difference in adjusted overall retransplant-free survival between recipients where pre-transplant DSA was and was not crossed (HR: .98 [95% CI = .49-1.99], P = .96). There was also no difference in CLAD-free survival (HR: .71 [95% CI = .38-1.33], P = .28). There was no difference in Grade 3 PGD at 72 h (OR: 1.13 [95% CI = .52-2.48], P = .75) or definite or probable AMR (HR: 2.22 [95% CI = .64-7.61], P = .21). Lung transplantation in the presence of low-level DSA without planned augmented immunosuppression is not associated with worse overall or CLAD-free survival among recipients with intermediate-term follow-up.

Prevalence of Low Back Pain and Associated Risks in School-Age Children.

BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is highly prevalent in children and adolescents, while psychosocial, anthropometric, developmental, and lifestyle factors have been associated. However, the evidence is inconsistent from a biological point of view, so identifying predictors of LBP in the 6-12 years children through physical examination should be appropriate. AIMS: To estimate the prevalence of LBP and associated factors in schoolchildren in a Brazilian population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Three schools in Botucatu, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS/SUBJECTS: 377 students from 6-12 years. METHODS: Data collection consisted of questions regarding personal history, socioeconomic and anthropometric information, kinesiologic evaluation with anthropometry, lumbar biophotogrammetry, and backpack weight and use. Descriptive analyses were performed, and simple and multiple logistic regression models were used for risk factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of LBP was 27.32% (confidence interval [CI] 95% = 23.07-32.03). The mean age was 8.85 years (± 1.83) in the group with LBP and 8 years (± 1.76) in the group without LBP (p = .006). Variables such as backpack weight (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45, CI 95% = 1.018-2.064) and exceeding 3 hours per day in front of the television (OR = 7.97, CI 95% = 1.957-32.515) increased the chance of LBP in these students. CONCLUSION: LBP is prevalent in younger schoolchildren, and the factors associated with this outcome can be effectively addressed through the promotion of health measures. LBP in schoolchildren is a musculoskeletal discomfort that negatively affects the quality of life of these individuals and persists in adulthood.

Nursing students' experience and training in healthcare aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic health crisis, in some countries such as Spain, nursing students have offered to provide health assistance, but the role they have played, their degree of preparedness to face the situation, and what must be improved in their training to be ready for these situations is unknown. OBJECTIVE: Describe the experience and perceptions of students of the Nursing university degree during their participation as health support in the COVID-19 health crisis in Spain. DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional survey study. METHOD: 503 students enrolled in the 4th course of the Nursing degree in Spain during the months of March and April 2020. An online questionnaire was developed, based on a pilot study and distributed through the Nursing Association, students' unions and students' associations. Variables were used to describe their participation, degree of preparedness and training needs to determine how to improve training through descriptive statistics, as well as nonparametric tests to analyse the relationship between training and degree of preparedness nursing students. Results are reported according to the STROBE Statement. RESULTS: 73.2% (368) of students offered to participate in healthcare aid, of which 225 were actively involved. 27.8% carried out nursing tasks without supervision, and 47.7% assisted COVID-19 patients as any other nurse. Only 3.4% felt very prepared to work in the field of intensive care, finding that those students who perceived a higher degree of preparedness had received previous training in personal protective equipment and mechanical ventilation (p < 0.005). The highest scores for training activities that may improve their preparedness were simulations to improve levels of anxiety and stress when managing critical patients, simulation in ventilatory support and mandatory practices in services where ventilators are used. CONCLUSIONS: Although three out of four students were willing to provide health assistance, they recognise that they were not specially prepared in the field of intensive care and demand training with simulation to improve anxiety and stress levels in the management of critical patients and simulation in ventilatory support. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Students have been vital resources for our health system and society when they have been needed. It is now up to us, both teachers and health authorities, to share their efforts by implementing the necessary improvements in training and safety measures not only because these affects the health and safety of the patient, but because they will be essential parts in future pandemics.

Work engagement and psychological distress of health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic.

AIMS: To describe the level of work engagement of active health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic, and its relationship with psychological distress according to the professional category. BACKGROUND: Health care professionals working on the front line of the COVID-19 pandemic are at risk of psychological distress, and work engagement could be a positive attitude that could serve as a protective factor. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study of 1,459 health care professionals. Psychological distress was measured with the General Health Questionnaire and work engagement with the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Data were analysed with bivariate analyses and correlations. RESULTS: Psychological distress was reported by 80.6% of health care professionals. Work engagement as high with a total mean score of 5.04 (SD = 1.14). The results showed that distressed professionals showed significantly lower levels of work engagement. CONCLUSIONS: The present study identified psychological distress and work engagement experienced by health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the variables included in the study revealed a significant relationship with psychological distress and work engagement. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: The relationship between the working conditions with psychological distress and work engagement suggests that improvements in the workplace are needed to promote protective measure for the mental health of health care professionals.

Health care workers' protection and psychological safety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.

AIMS: To analyse the relationship between work engagement, sense of coherence and psychological distress levels in Spanish health professionals who were active during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. BACKGROUND: Work engagement and sense of coherence can help professionals to cope with work-related psychological distress due to the harsh conditions of the COVID-19 working environment. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study of 1,459 health care professionals. The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, the Sense of Coherence Scale and Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire were distributed and analysed with descriptive and multiple linear regression methods. RESULTS: High levels of work engagement, especially in the dedication dimension, of sense of coherence, in particular in the meaningfulness dimension, and psychological distress were obtained. Significant correlations (p < .001) were identified between all the variables. CONCLUSIONS: Work engagement and sense of coherence correlated positively with each other and both negatively with psychological distress. So, health care professionals, despite presenting psychological distress, perceive their work satisfactorily and positively despite the severity of the situation and the harsh conditions. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Sense of coherence and work engagement are protective factors against psychological distress. Preventive measures for professionals should go through the dimensionalization of the problem and the adaptation of practical measures for daily management.

A new conceptualization of the nurse-patient relationship construct as caring interaction.

The journey through the history of nursing, and its philosophical and political influences of the moment, contextualizes the interest that arose about the nurse-patient relationship after World War II. The concept has always been defined as a relationship but, from a phenomenological approach based on a historical, philosophical, psychological and sociological cosmology, it is possible to re-conceptualize it as 'caring interaction'. Under the vision of aesthetics and sociopoetics, the object of nursing care is the most delicate, vulnerable and unrepeatable raw material: the person, whose feelings and reciprocity, which must be considered. In addition, it involves the adoption of the socio-critical paradigm, as it considers the importance of actively involving the person, not just patient anymore, or their family in the nursing cares, optimizing the reciprocity inherent to this interactivity. In short, our philosophical and epistemological approach to the concept of nurse-patient relationship proposes a new conceptualization of it as a caring interaction.