Trace elements and carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in organisms from a tropical coastal lagoon.

Trace elements (Fe, Mn, Al, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As) and stable isotope ratios (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) were analyzed in sediments, invertebrates, and fishes from a tropical coastal lagoon influenced by iron ore mining and processing activities to assess the differences in trace element accumulation patterns among species and to investigate relations with trophic levels of the organisms involved. Overall significant negative relations between trophic level (given by (15)N) and trace element concentrations in gastropods and crustaceans showed differences in internal controls of trace element accumulation among the species of different trophic positions, leading to trace element dilution. Generally, no significant relation between delta(15)N and trace element concentrations was observed among fish species, probably due to omnivory in a number of species as well as fast growth. Trace element accumulation was observed in the fish tissues, with higher levels of most trace elements found in liver compared with muscle and gill. Levels of Fe, Mn, Al, and Hg in invertebrates, and Fe and Cu in fish livers, were comparable with levels in organisms and tissues from other contaminated areas. Trace element levels in fish muscle were below the international safety baseline standards for human consumption.

Monitoring anticoagulant therapy by activated partial thromboplastin time: hirudin assessment. An evaluation of native blood and plasma assays.

BACKGROUND: Recombinant hirudin (RH) is a new anticoagulant for prophylaxis and treatment of venous and arterial thrombosis. To which extent the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) is suitable for monitoring of RH has not been properly evaluated. Recently, a capillary whole blood device was developed for bed-side monitoring of the APTT and it was demonstrated that this device was suitable to monitor heparin therapy. However, monitoring of RH was not evaluated. STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate in vitro and ex vivo the responsiveness and reproducibility for hirudin monitoring of the whole blood monitor and of plasma APTT assays, which were performed with several reagents and two conventional coagulometers. RESULTS: Large interindividual differences in hirudin responsiveness were noted in both the in vitro and the ex vivo experiments. The relationship between the APTT, expressed as clotting time or ratio of initial and prolonged APTT, and the hirudin concentration was nonlinear. A 1.5-fold increase of the clotting times was obtained at 150-200 ng/ml plasma. However, only a 2-fold increase was obtained at hirudin levels varying from 300 ng to more than 750 ng RH/ml plasma regardless of the assays. The relationship linearized upon logarithmic conversion of the ratio and the hirudin concentration. Disregarding the interindividual differences, and presuming full linearity of the relationship, all combinations were equally responsive to hirudin. CONCLUSIONS: All assays were equally responsive to hirudin. Levels up to 300 ng/ml plasma can be reliably estimated with each assay. The manual device may be preferable in situations where rapid availability of test results is necessary.

Analytical and clinical evaluation of commercial protein C assays.

Protein C deficiency is an important risk factor for thrombosis. Recently several commercial assays for this protein have become available. We evaluated two antigen and three activity assays in 50 healthy volunteers, 52 patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) proven by positive impedance plethysmography (IPG) and flebography, and 48 control patients referred to us for objective diagnosis of DVT but with repeatedly negative IPG. All subjects were less than 50 yr of age. Based upon assay performance, correlation of the assays, influence of heparin, and practical ease, an ELISA antigen assay and a chromogenic activity assay are recommended. The prevalence of protein C deficiency cannot be accurately determined from this study, because 3 DVT negative and 13 DVT positive patients were receiving coumarin therapy. However, based upon protein C:factor II antigen ratios, at least 7 of the DVT positive patients are likely to be protein C-deficient. Protein C determination should, therefore, be considered in all DVT patients less than 50 yr of age.