Mammals show distinct functional gut microbiome dynamics to identical series of environmental stressors.

IMPORTANCE: In our manuscript, we report the first interspecific comparative study about the plasticity of the gut microbiota. We conducted a captivity experiment that exposed wild-captured mammals to a series of environmental challenges over 45 days. We characterized their gut microbial communities using genome-resolved metagenomics and modeled how the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional microbial dynamics varied across a series of disturbances in both species. Our results indicate that the intrinsic properties (e.g., diversity and functional redundancy) of microbial communities coupled with physiological attributes (e.g., thermal plasticity) of hosts shape the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional response of gut microbiomes to environmental stressors, which might influence their contribution to the acclimation and adaptation capacity of animal hosts.

"Omepralith": A novel simulation model for training in sialoendoscopy.

INTRODUCTION: There are no previously described training models for learning or teaching how to remove lithiasis from the salivary ducts. Therefore, we present a new simulation model to enable us to faithfully represent the process of endoscopic lithiasis extraction by sialoendoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A simulation model was developed using a pig's head, omeprazole spheres were used to simulate lithiasis in the various ducts of each salivary gland and a Dormia basket was used to train in extraction of the lithiasis model. RESULTS: Twenty-seven residents in training and/or young specialists were successfully trained in this technique using this model. Twenty-six (96.3%) considered the model useful for training in the use of baskets; all of them were able to capture the omeprazole sphere in the salivary duct. A satisfaction rate of 92.25 out of 100 points was obtained through an anonymous survey. CONCLUSION: We describe a novel simulation model using omeprazole spheres, which allows the surgeon to practice how to diagnose and treat obstructive pathology of the salivary glands in a risk-free environment guaranteeing the reproducibility of the technique in conditions similar to those of normal practice.

Enriching captivity conditions with natural elements does not prevent the loss of wild-like gut microbiota but shapes its compositional variation in two small mammals.

As continued growth in gut microbiota studies in captive and model animals elucidates the importance of their role in host biology, further pursuit of how to retain a wild-like microbial community is becoming increasingly important to obtain representative results from captive animals. In this study, we assessed how the gut microbiota of two wild-caught small mammals, namely Crocidura russula (Eulipotyphla, insectivore) and Apodemus sylvaticus (Rodentia, omnivore), changed when bringing them into captivity. We analyzed fecal samples of 15 A. sylvaticus and 21 C. russula, immediately after bringing them into captivity and 5 weeks later, spread over two housing treatments: a "natural" setup enriched with elements freshly collected from nature and a "laboratory" setup with sterile artificial elements. Through sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S recombinant RNA gene, we found that the initial microbial diversity dropped during captivity in both species, regardless of treatment. Community composition underwent a change of similar magnitude in both species and under both treatments. However, we did observe that the temporal development of the gut microbiome took different trajectories (i.e., changed in different directions) under different treatments, particularly in C. russula, suggesting that C. russula may be more susceptible to environmental change. The results of this experiment do not support the use of microbially enriched environments to retain wild-like microbial diversities and compositions, yet show that specific housing conditions can significantly affect the drift of microbial communities under captivity.

"Omepralith": A novel simulation model for training in sialoendoscopy. / «Omepralith¼: un modelo de simulación novedoso para el entrenamiento en sialoendoscopia.

INTRODUCTION: There are no previously described training models for learning or teaching how to remove lithiasis from the salivary ducts. Therefore, we present a new simulation model to enable us to faithfully represent the process of endoscopic lithiasis extraction by sialoendoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A simulation model was developed using a pig's head, omeprazole spheres were used to simulate lithiasis in the various ducts of each salivary gland and a Dormia basket was used to train in extraction of the lithiasis model. RESULTS: Twenty-seven residents in training and/or young specialists were successfully trained in this technique using this model. Twenty-six (96.3%) considered the model useful for training in the use of baskets; all of them were able to capture the omeprazole sphere in the salivary duct. A satisfaction rate of 92.25 out of 100 points was obtained through an anonymous survey. CONCLUSION: We describe a novel simulation model using omeprazole spheres, which allows the surgeon to practice how to diagnose and treat obstructive pathology of the salivary glands in a risk-free environment guaranteeing the reproducibility of the technique in conditions similar to those of normal practice.

«Omepralith»: un modelo de simulación novedoso para el entrenamiento en sialoendoscopia / “Omepralith”: A novel simulation model for training in sialoendoscopy

Introducción: No existen modelos de entrenamiento previamente descritos para aprender o enseñar cómo extraer litiasis de los conductos salivales. Es por ello que presentamos un novedoso modelo de simulación que nos permite representar fielmente el proceso de extracción endoscópica de litiasis mediante sialoendoscopia. Materiales y métodos: Se desarrolló un modelo de simulación utilizando la cabeza de un cerdo, se utilizaron esferas de omeprazol para simular la existencia de litiasis en los diversos conductos de cada glándula salival y se utilizó una cesta Dormia para entrenar la extracción del modelo de litiasis. Resultados: Veintisiete residentes en formación y/o jóvenes especialistas han entrenado con éxito esta técnica utilizando este modelo. Veintiséis (96,3%) consideraron útil el modelo para entrenar el uso de cestas, siendo todos ellos capaces de capturar la esfera de omeprazol en el conducto salival. Se obtuvo un porcentaje de satisfacción mediante una encuesta anónima de 92,25 sobre 100 puntos. Conclusión: Describimos un novedoso modelo de simulación mediante esferas de omeprazol, que permite al cirujano practicar cómo realizar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad obstructiva de glándulas salivales en un entorno libre de riesgos, garantizando la reproducibilidad de la técnica en condiciones similares a las de la práctica habitual.(AU)

Introduction: There are no previously described training models for learning or teaching how to remove lithiasis from the salivary ducts. Therefore, we present a new simulation model to enable us to faithfully represent the process of endoscopic lithiasis extraction by sialoendoscopy. Materials and methods: A simulation model was developed using a pig's head, omeprazole spheres were used to simulate lithiasis in the various ducts of each salivary gland and a Dormia basket was used to train in extraction of the lithiasis model. Results: Twenty-seven residents in training and/or young specialists were successfully trained in this technique using this model. Twenty-six (96.3%) considered the model useful for training in the use of baskets; all of them were able to capture the omeprazole sphere in the salivary duct. A satisfaction rate of 92.25 out of 100 points was obtained through an anonymous survey. Conclusion: We describe a novel simulation model using omeprazole spheres, which allows the surgeon to practice how to diagnose and treat obstructive pathology of the salivary glands in a risk-free environment guaranteeing the reproducibility of the technique in conditions similar to those of normal practice.(AU)

Identification and Characterization of the Dermal Panniculus Carnosus Muscle Stem Cells.

The dermal Panniculus carnosus (PC) muscle is important for wound contraction in lower mammals and represents an interesting model of muscle regeneration due to its high cell turnover. The resident satellite cells (the bona fide muscle stem cells) remain poorly characterized. Here we analyzed PC satellite cells with regard to developmental origin and purported function. Lineage tracing shows that they originate in Myf5(+), Pax3/Pax7(+) cell populations. Skin and muscle wounding increased PC myofiber turnover, with the satellite cell progeny being involved in muscle regeneration but with no detectable contribution to the wound-bed myofibroblasts. Since hematopoietic stem cells fuse to PC myofibers in the absence of injury, we also studied the contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to the PC satellite cell compartment, demonstrating that cells of donor origin are capable of repopulating the PC muscle stem cell niche after irradiation and bone marrow transplantation but may not fully acquire the relevant myogenic commitment.