Asthma and obstructive sleep apnea: Unveiling correlations and treatable traits for comprehensive care.

Asthma and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are common respiratory disorders. They share characteristics such as airway obstruction, poor sleep quality, and low quality of life. They are often present as comorbidities, along with obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and allergic rhinitis (AR), which impacts the disease's control. In recent years, there has been discussion about the association between these conditions and their pathophysiological and clinical consequences, resulting in worse health outcomes, increased healthcare resource consumption, prolonged hospital stays, and increased morbidity and mortality. Some studies demonstrate that treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) can have a beneficial effect on both pathologies. This review summarizes the existing evidence of the association between asthma and OSA at their pathophysiological, epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic levels. It intends to raise awareness among healthcare professionals about these conditions and the need for further research.

Essential oils with insecticidal activity against larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Insecticidal activity of the essential oils (EOs) isolated from Tagetes lucida, Lippia alba, Lippia origanoides, Eucalyptus citriodora, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Citrus sinensis, Swinglea glutinosa, and Cananga odorata aromatic plants, grown in Colombia (Bucaramanga, Santander), and of a mixture of L. alba and L. origanoides EOs were evaluated on Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti Rockefeller larvae. The EOs were extracted by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main components of the EOs were identified using their linear retention indices and mass spectra. The lethal concentrations (LCs) of the EOs were determined between the third and fourth instar of A. aegypti. LC50 was determined by probit analysis using mortality rates of bioassays. All essential oils tested showed insecticidal activity. The following values were obtained for C. flexuosus (LC50 = 17.1 ppm); C. sinensis (LC50 = 20.6 ppm); the mixture of L. alba and L. origanoides (LC50 = 40.1 ppm); L. alba (LC50 = 42.2 ppm); C. odorata (LC50 = 52.9 ppm); L. origanoides (LC50 = 53.3 ppm); S. glutinosa (LC50 = 65.7 ppm); T. lucida (LC50 = 66.2 ppm); E. citriodora (LC50 = 71.2 ppm); and C. citratus (LC50 = 123.3 ppm). The EO from C. flexuosus, with citral (geranial + neral) as main component, showed the highest larvicidal activity.

Expression of cytokine genes in the aorta is altered by the deficiency in MCP-1: effect of a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet.

BACKGROUND: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) facilitates the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages into vascular intima, and it is probably involved in the regulation of other signaling pathways relevant to the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis and metabolic disturbances. However, chemokines are redundant. Consequently, the protective effect of MCP-1 deficiency may be mediated by changes in other cytokine signals. METHODS AND RESULTS: Changes in the pattern of gene expression in the aorta were evaluated in LDLr(-/-) and MCP-1(-/-) LDLr(-/-) mice fed either chow or Western-style diet. Functional analyses were used to characterize the pathways affected and to identify biological processes in which MCP-1 may play an additional role. Some data also suggest that MCP-5 may act as a surrogate for MCP-1 deletion. Arteriosclerosis lesion and plaque composition are associated with enrichment in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway. CONCLUSIONS: There is a complex network of interactions linking MCP-1 and other cytokines. The lack of MCP-1 limits the aortic response to atherogenic stimuli, but does not completely protect against neointima formation. Activation of alternative inflammatory pathways in the vascular wall in response to MCP-1 deficiency should be considered to fully understand the actual role of this chemokine.

Host-pathogen interactions in the development of metabolic disturbances and atherosclerosis in HIV infection: the role of CCL2 genetic variants.

BACKGROUND: Circulating CCL2 concentration has been implicated in promoting atherosclerosis in patients infected with HIV. We evaluated whether CCL2 gene variants are associated with metabolic disturbances and plasma CCL2 levels in HIV-infected patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: CCL2 genotypes and estimated haplotypes, plasma CCL2 levels and indicators of metabolic status in HIV-infected patients were compared with a representative group of the general population. We also performed a carotid/femoral artery ultrasonography to detect sub-clinical atherosclerosis in these patients. Six haplotypes were estimated in more than the 5% of individuals, and accounted for more than 98% of the population. In HIV-infected patients, carriers of H1, H2 and H5 haplotypes had higher CCL2 concentration than carriers of H3, H4 and H6 haplotypes. However, only carriers of H1 and H5 haplotypes presented higher insulin resistance as well as higher proportion of patients affected with sub-clinical. Conversely, carriers of H2 haplotype, which also showed high plasma CCL2 concentration, were associated with less deleterious metabolic disturbances. CONCLUSIONS: Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the genetic background of the host is involved in CCL2 production and that this chemokine is implicated in promoting metabolic disturbances and sub-clinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients.

Differential response of two models of genetically modified mice fed with high fat and cholesterol diets: relationship to the study of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Research on the molecular basis of the hepatic alterations associated to obesity is dependent on the availability of suitable animal models. Apolipoprotein E deficient mice (ApoE(-/-)) and LDL-receptor deficient mice (LDLr(-/-)) develop steatosis and steatohepatitis when given pro-atherogenic diets. However, previous data suggest that these two models are not completely interchangeable, and that their metabolic phenotype may partially differ in response to nutrient stimuli. The present study further investigates this question, by comparing changes in hepatic inflammation, lipoprotein metabolism, and their related gene expressions. LDLr(-/-) mice were more susceptible to the development of obesity and hepatic steatosis, while the ApoE(-/-) model increased the amount of macrophages and inflammatory nodules in the liver. These changes were accompanied by a differential expression of selected members of the MAPK family and PPARs in the liver.

Infection with HIV and HCV enhances the release of fatty acid synthase into circulation: evidence for a novel indicator of viral infection.

BACKGROUND: Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is an enzyme synthesized by the liver and plays an important role in lipogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate whether serum FASN concentration may provide a direct link between HIV and/or HCV viral infections and lipid metabolic disorders commonly observed in HIV/HCV-infected patients. METHODS: We evaluated serum FASN concentration in 191 consecutive HIV-infected patients in the absence or presence of HCV co-infection. For comparison, 102 uninfected controls were included. Metabolic and inflammatory phenotype was also compared with respect to the presence of HCV co-infection. RESULTS: Serum FASN concentration was significantly higher in HIV-infected patients than in healthy participants and HCV co-infected patients showed higher levels than those without co-infection. Levels were also affected by treatment regimen, but marginally influenced by virological variables. Insulin concentration was the sole variable among metabolic parameters that demonstrated a significant correlation with serum FASN concentrations. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values correlated significantly with serum FASN concentration and provided the best discrimination with respect to the presence or absence of HCV co-infection. In multivariate analysis, only ALT, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and the presence of antiretroviral treatment regimen significantly contributed to explain serum FASN concentration in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. CONCLUSION: Serum FASN concentration is significantly increased in HIV-infected individuals. The release of FASN into the circulation is further enhanced in patients who are co-infected with HCV. Subsequent studies should explore the usefulness of this indicator to monitor the effect of viral infections on disease progression and survival.

Human immunodeficiency virus-infection induces major changes in high-density lipoprotein particle size distribution and composition: the effect of antiretroviral treatment and disease severity.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with abnormal high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. We evaluated whether HIV infection and antiretroviral treatment promotes changes in cholesterol distribution among subpopulations of HDL particles of defined sizes. METHODS: HDL particles were isolated from 78 HIV infected patients and fractionated by gel permeation chromatography to obtain five subpopulations. Thirty-six patients were antiretroviral treatment naïve, while 42 patients were treated with efavirenz or protease inhibitors. Uninfected individuals were also included as controls. RESULTS: The distribution of cholesterol across HDL particle sizes was affected by HIV infection itself. Antiretroviral therapy reduced these alterations; only minor changes in small and very small HDL particles were observed in treated patients (p=0.01). Untreated patients with low CD4+ T cell counts had less cholesterol in medium (p=0.006), small (p=0.04) and very small (p=0.03) HDL particles. Treated patients with high CD4+ T cell counts had less cholesterol in the largest HDL particles (p=0.04), with overall particle distributions resembling those observed in uninfected participants. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection itself may promote major changes in cholesterol distribution among HDL subpopulations that could be partially attenuated by current antiretroviral treatments. Further studies in larger populations are necessary to confirm the impact of HIV on lipoprotein composition and distribution.

First Lung Transplantation in Jehovah's Witness Patient in Latin America.

Lung transplantation is a life-saving alternative for patients with end-stage lung disease. The procedure itself has a high risk of bleeding. Jehovah's Witness patients refuse to accept blood products due to religious beliefs. A 48-year-old Jehovah's Witness woman presented with an 8-year history of cough, dyspnea along with progressive worsening of her functional class and quality of life. A diagnosis of autoimmune interstitial lung disease was made, for which cyclophosphamide was administered without improvement of symptoms, and the patient was accepted as a transplant candidate. Transplantation was performed without complications, nor blood products requirement, intraoperative cell salvage was performed, and pharmacological agents were used preoperatively for bleeding prevention. The patient only developed anemia after administration of immunosuppressor therapy, which was treated with erythropoietin in the outpatient setting.

Prevalence of COPD in five Colombian cities situated at low, medium, and high altitude (PREPOCOL study).

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of COPD in Colombia is unknown. This study aimed to investigate COPD prevalence in five Colombian cities and measure the association between COPD and altitude. METHODS: A cross-sectional design and a random, multistage, cluster-sampling strategy were used to provide representative samples of adults aged >or= 40 years. Each participant was interviewed (validated Spanish version of the Ferris Respiratory Questionnaire) and performed spirometry before and after 200 microg of inhaled salbutamol, using a portable spirometer according to American Thoracic Society recommendations. COPD definitions were as follows: (1) spirometric: fixed ratio (primary definition): FEV1/FVC < 70% after bronchodilator; (2) medical: a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or COPD made by a physician; (3) clinical: cough and phlegm >or= 3 months every year during >or= 2 consecutive years (chronic bronchitis). Analysis was performed using statistical software. RESULTS: A total of 5,539 orsubjects were included. The overall COPD prevalence using the primary definition (spirometric) was 8.9%, ranging from 6.2% in Barranquilla to 13.5% in Medellín. The prevalence measured by the spirometric definition was higher than medical (2.8%) and clinical (3.2%) definitions. After the logistic regression analysis, the factors related with COPD were age >or= 60 years, male gender, history of tuberculosis, smoking, wood smoke exposure >or= 10 years, and very low education level. There was a nonsignificant tendency toward larger prevalence with higher altitude. CONCLUSION: COPD is an important health burden in Colombia. Additional studies are needed to establish the real influence of altitude on COPD prevalence.

Questions and answers / Preguntas y respuestas

According to Professor Alejandro Jadad in his article "Toward the 'next normal': An opportunity to unlearn and reflect about life, death, and our mental health during the pandemic," 1 Which of the following feelings is perhaps the most important source of unhappiness at the end of life?

Según el profesor Alejandro Jadad en su artículo "Hacia la 'próxima normalidad': una oportunidad para desaprender y reflexionar sobre la vida, la muerte y nuestra salud mental durante la pandemia" 1 ¿Cuál de los siguientes sentimientos es quizás la fuente más importante? de la infelicidad al final de la vida?

Questions and answers / Preguntas y respuestas

With regards to the phantom eye syndrome, is it true that 1

Con respecto al síndrome del ojo fantasma, ¿es cierto que?:

Questions and answers / Preguntas y respuestas

In which country did the first epidemic caused by the avian flu virus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerged.

¿En qué país surgió la primera epidemia causada por el virus de la gripe aviar, conocida como síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS)

Questions and answers / Preguntas y respuestas

A safety culture is needed in healthcare institutions in order to offer patients and staff the right protective conditions that can lead to a maximum reduction in potential adverse events and complications. Which of the following operational definitions describes a clinical incident or near-miss?

La cultura de la seguridad es necesaria en las instituciones sanitarias para ofrecer a los pacientes y al personal las condiciones de protección adecuadas que permitan reducir al máximo los posibles acontecimientos adversos y complicaciones. ¿Cuál de las siguientes definiciones operativas describe un incidente clínico o un cuasi accidente?

Characteristics of patients undergoing robotic-assisted prostatectomy. Observational study / Características de pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía robótica. Estudio observacional

Abstract Introduction Prostatectomy is the standard treatment for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. Currently, robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) is widely used for its advantages, as it provides better visualization, precision, and reduced tissue manipulation. However, RARP requires a multidisciplinary approach in which anesthesia and analgesia management are especially important. Objective This study aims to describe our experience delivering anesthesia for the first cases of patients undergoing RARP in a teaching hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. Methodology An observational study was conducted. We included all patients undergoing RARP from September 2015 to December 2019 at Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá. All patients with incomplete data were excluded. Patient demographics were recorded, and significant perioperative events were reviewed. Results A total of 301 patients were included. At our institution, the mean age for patients undergoing RARP was 61.4 ± 6.7 years. The mean operative time was 205 ± 43 min and mean blood loss was 300 [200400] mL. Only 6 (2%) patients required transfusion. Age and BMI were not associated with clinical outcomes. Conclusions An adequate perioperative approach in RARP is important to minimize complications, which in this study and in this institution were infrequent.

Resumen Introducción La prostatectomía es el tratamiento estándar para pacientes con cáncer de próstata localizado. Actualmente, la prostatectomía radical asistida por robot es ampliamente utilizada por sus ventajas en visualización, precisión y manipulación de los tejidos. Sin embargo, este abordaje requiere un manejo multidisciplinario, pues el enfoque analgésico y anestésico es fundamental para optimizar los desenlaces. Objetivo Describir los primeros casos de prostatectomía radical asistida por robot realizadas en un hospital universitario de cuarto nivel en Bogotá, Colombia. Metodología Estudio observacional en el cual se incluyeron todos los pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía radical asistida por robot (PRAR) en el hospital Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá entre septiembre de 2015 y diciembre de 2019. Se excluyeron los pacientes con historia clínica incompleta. Se registraron los datos demográficos y se revisaron los eventos perioperatorios importantes. Resultados Se analizaron 301 pacientes. La edad media de pacientes sometidos a PRAR fue 61,4 ± 6,7 años. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue 205 ± 43 minutos y la pérdida sanguínea media fue 300 [200-400] mL. Solo 6 pacientes (2 %) requirieron transfusión. La edad y el IMC no mostraron una asociación relevante con los desenlaces clínicos. Conclusiones El adecuado abordaje perioperatorio en PRAR es importante para minimizar las complicaciones, las cuales en este estudio y en esta institución fueron infrecuentes.

Questions and answers / Preguntas y respuestas

In 2019, the Pan-American Federation of Medical Schools (Fepafem, in Spanish), signed a declaration stating that education institutions must promote dynamic, top-quality, competency-based training processes. The name of that declaration is

En 2019, la Federación Panamericana de Facultades de Medicina (Fepafem), firmó una declaración en la que establece que las instituciones educativas deben promover procesos de formación dinámicos, de calidad y basados ​​en competencias. El nombre de esa declaración es:

Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca en pacientes con cardiopatía chagásica / Heart rate variability in patients with Chagas' heart disease

RESUMEN Se estima la prevalencia por Trypanosoma cruzi de 436.000 habitantes en Colombia, con casos anuales de 5.250, en población expuesta de 4.792.000 habitantes. La variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca (VFC) es la variabilidad en el tiempo, de un latido cardiaco, medido en un análisis de periodo temporal determinado. Su análisis permite determinar el equilibrio simpático-vagal de manera indirecta. Este estudio analizó las variables temporales y No lineales, en 19 pacientes Chagásicos y 19 controles, utilizándose un polígrafo de alta resolución y el software Kubios. La variable Desviación Estandar del Intervalo RR (SDRR) en la población control arrojó un promedio de 56,23(29,6ms vs 40,62(30,1ms, en los seropositivos; La Raíz Cuadrada del Promedio de la Suma de las Diferencias al Cuadrado de todos los intervalos Adyacentes (RMSSD) fue de 34,31(21,01ms y 31,94(37,33ms, para controles y Chagas, respectivamente. El número de los intervalos RR consecutivos, que difieren en más de 50ms entre sí (NN50), en controles 76,47(78,3 latidos vs 13,47(36,8 para seropositivos, que correspondió con el porcentaje de NN50 (pNN50) 12,3(13,3% y 2,64(6,0%, respectivamente, para el mismo orden de los grupos. Valores de Entropía Aproximada (ApEn) fueron 1,249(0,134, para controles y 0,959(0,325, para seropositivos y para la Entropía Muestral (SampEn) fue de 1,358(0,264 y 1,102(0,385, para controles y chagásicos, respectivamente. Se encontró mayor irregularidad de HRV en controles, que es reflejo de un mejor estado de salud.

ABSTRACT The prevalence by Trypanosoma cruzi of 436,000 inhabitants in Colombia is estimated, with annual cases of 5,250, in an exposed population of 4,792,000 inhabitants. Heart rate variability (HRV) is the time interval of a beat in a given time analysis. Its analysis allows to determine the sympathetic-vagal balance indirectly. This study analyzed the temporal and non-linear variables in 19 Chagasic patients and 19 controls, using a high-resolution polygraph and the Kubios software. The variable Standard Deviation of the RR Interval (SDRR) in the control population showed an average of 56.23±29.6ms vs 40.62±30.1ms in the seropositive; The Square Root of the Sum of the Square Differences of all Adjacent intervals (RMSSD) was 34.31±21.01ms and 31.94±37.33ms for controls and Chagas respectively. The number of consecutive RR intervals that differ by more than 50ms from each other (NN50) in controls 76.47±78.3 beats vs 13.47±36.8 for seropositives corresponding to the percentage of NN50 (pNN50) 12.3±13.3% and 2.64±6.0%, respectively for the same order of the groups. Approximate Entropy (ApEn) values were 1,249±0,134 for controls and 0,959±0,325 for seropositive, and for Sample Entropy (SampEn) it was 1,358±0,264 and 1,102±0,385 for controls and chagasics respectively. Greater irregularity of HRV was found in controls, which reflects a better state of health.

Análisis de parámetros en señales electrocardiográficas de pacientes con Chagas y de variables del dominio del tiempo de la HRV usando polígrafo de alta resolución / Analysis of parameters in electrocardiographic signals of patients with Chagas and time domain variables of the HRV using high resolution polygraph / Análise de parâmetros em sinais eletrocardiográficos de pacientes com variáveis Chagas e de domínio do tempo da VFC utilizando polígrafo de alta resolução

Resumen Este trabajo presenta los resultados obtenidos de un estudio sobre el análisis de parámetros electrocardiográficos en registros de pacientes seropositivos a la enfermedad de Chagas del Departamento del Meta y medición de las variables en el dominio de tiempo de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca (HRV) y su comparación con registros de población de control. Se obtuvieron un total de 38 registros de 10 minutos en su gran mayoría (57,9%) con un polígrafo de alta resolución entre ambas poblaciones, creándose una base de datos anotada de éstos registros. El presente estudio, permitió encontrar diferencias significativas de parámetros electrocardiográficos para el intervalo QTc entre los grupos, que podría ser consecuencia de alteración de la condución cardiaca que se traduce en un mayor incremento del QTc, así como de afectación de las variables del dominio de tiempo de la Variabilidad de la Frecuencia Cardiaca (HRV), como la SDRR y SEHR, que resultan en valores más bajos para los pacientes seropositivos a enfermedad de Chagas. Se concluye que variables de los registros ECG y de la HRV, presentan alteración en pacientes con enfermedad de Chagas , que podrían ser utilizados como alertas tempranas de la enfermedad no diagnosticada serológicamente.

Abstract This paper presents the results obtained from a study on the analysis of electrocardiographic parameters in records of patients seropositive to Chagas disease of the Department of Meta and measurement of the variables in the time domain of heart rate variability (HRV) and its comparison with population control records. A total of 38 10-minute records were obtained in the vast majority (57,9%) with a high resolution polygraph between both populations, creating an annotated database of these records. The present study allowed us to find significant differences in electrocardiographic parameters for the QTc interval between the groups, which could be a consequence of an alteration of the cardiac conduction that translates into a greater increase in the QTc, as well as the affectation of the time domain variables of Heart Rate Variability (HRV), such as the SDRR and SEHR, which result in lower values ​​for HRV-positive patients with Chagas disease. It is concluded that variables from the ECG and HRV registries present an alteration in patients with Chagas disease, which could be used as early warnings of the serologically undiagnosed disease.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados obtidos em um estudo sobre a análise de parâmetros eletrocardiográficos em prontuários de pacientes soropositivos para a doença de Chagas do Departamento de Meta e mensuração das variáveis ​​no domínio do tempo da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC) e sua comparação com os registros de controle populacional. Um total de 38 registros de 10 minutos foi obtido na grande maioria (57,9%) com um polígrafo de alta resolução entre as duas populações, criando um banco de dados anotado desses registros. O presente estudo permitiu encontrar diferenças significativas nos parâmetros eletrocardiográficos para o intervalo QTc entre os grupos, o que pode ser consequência de uma alteração da condução cardíaca que se traduz em maior aumento no QTc, bem como no comprometimento das variáveis ​​no domínio do tempo Variabilidade da Frequência Cardíaca (VFC), como o SDRR e o SEHR, que resultam em valores mais baixos para pacientes HIV positivos com doença de Chagas. Concluise que as variáveis ​​dos registros de ECG e HRV apresentam alteração nos pacientes com doença de Chagas, que pode ser utilizada como alerta precoce da doença sorologicamente não diagnosticada.

Effect of Lippia alba essential oil administration on obesity and T2DM markers in Wistar rats / Efecto de la administración del aceite esencial de Lippia alba sobre la obesidad y los marcadores T2DM en ratas wistar

SUMMARY Introduction: Lippia alba (Mill) N.E. Brown (Verbenaceae) is an aromatic plant from Central America, South America, and the Caribbean, it is traditionally used by the Colombian population to treat various diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the metabolic effects of Lippia alba essential oil (EO) oral administration on obesity and diabetes markers in Wistar rats. Methods: control and Streptozotocin (STZ) diabetes induced rats were used to evaluate the EO metabolic effects. Glucose and triglycerides were measured using commercial colorimetric kits, the animals' weight was followed for 21 days treatment and TNF-α and adiponectin concentration was determined with ELISA technique. Results: The consumption of EO shows body weight gain regulation, lower glucose and cholesterol levels in normal rats and lower TNF- α in comparison with the Glibenclamide treated rats between the STZ diabetic groups. No toxic effects were founded. Conclusions: The EO exerts a benefical metabolic effect in rats, therefore it is interesting to be evaluate a future in human beings with T2DM or overweight.

RESUMEN Introducción: Lippia alba (Mill) N.E. Brown (Verbenaceae) más conocida como pronto alivio, es una planta aromática de Centro, Sur América y el Caribe que se utiliza tradicionalmente en Colombia para el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades, como la diabetes e hipertensión. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto metabólico del aceite esencial de Lippia alba (Mill), administrado oralmente, sobre moléculas relacionadas con obesidad y diabetes en ratas Wistar. Métodos: Se pesaron los animales diariamente. Después de 21 días de tratamiento con el AE se determinó en plasma la glucosa, triglicéridos con kits comerciales y las adipocitoquinas (adiponectina y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNFα) marcadores de resistencia a la acción de la insulina) por la técnica de ELISA. Resultados: El consumo de AE mostró una regulación en la ganancia de peso corporal y disminución en los niveles de glucosa y triglicéridos en los animales normales que recibieron el AE. Dentro de los grupos con diabetes inducida, el grupo tratado con AE mostró menores valores de TNF-α comparado con el grupo tratado con glibenclamida. Conclusiones: El AE ejerce un efecto benéfico en el metabolismo de los animales, por lo tanto, es interesante para ser evaluado en seres humanos con diabetes o sobrepeso.